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Sultana S, Renjini Devi MR, Rathod MK, Reddy PP, Ananthapur V. Are Altered Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Placental Growth Factor Associated with Placental Angiogenesis in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss? Indian J Clin Biochem 2024; 39:387-391. [PMID: 39005877 PMCID: PMC11239627 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-023-01117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is one of the most important steps during pregnancy for placental and fetal development. Based on the hypothesis that vascular insufficiency and altered angiogenesis may lead to early pregnancy loss, the present study was aimed to understand the role of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) and Placental growth factor (PLGF) gene expression in placental angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Gene expression analysis of VEGFA and PLGF was carried out in the placental tissue collected from 30 women with recurrent pregnancy loss and compared with the placenta obtained from 16 women with medically terminated pregnancy. The mRNA expression of both VEGFA and PLGF genes were significantly downregulated in the placenta of recurrent pregnancy loss in comparison to the placenta of medically terminated pregnancies. In conclusion the results of the present study suggest that altered expression of VEGFA and PLGF genes in placenta disturb the angiogenesis and contribute to the pathogenesis of recurrent pregnancy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehnaz Sultana
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, Telangana India
| | - M R Renjini Devi
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, Telangana India
| | | | - Penagaluru Pardhanandana Reddy
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, A.C. Guards, Hyderabad, Telangana India
- MAA Research Foundation, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana India
| | - Venkateshwari Ananthapur
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, Telangana India
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, Telangana India
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Sun F, Cai H, Tan L, Qin D, Zhang J, Hua J, Fan X, Peng S. Placenta-Specific miR-125b Overexpression Leads to Increased Rates of Pregnancy Loss in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020943. [PMID: 35055127 PMCID: PMC8779150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy loss (PL) is one of the common complications that women can experience during pregnancy, with an occurrence rate of 1 to 5%. The potential causes of pregnancy loss are unclear, with no effective treatment modalities being available. It has been previously reported that the level of miR-125b was significantly increased in placentas of PL patients. However, the role of miR-125b in the development of PL still remains unknown. In the current study, an miR-125b placenta-specific over-expression model was constructed by lentiviral transfecting zona-free mouse embryos followed by embryo transfer. On gestation day 15, it was observed that the placenta was significantly smaller in the miR-125b placenta-specific overexpression group than the control group. Additionally, the abortion rate of the miR-125b placenta-specific overexpression group was markedly higher than in the control group. The blood vessel diameter was larger in the miR-125b-overexpressing specific placenta. In addition, miR-125b-overexpressing HTR8 and JEG3 cell lines were also generated to analyze the migration and invasion ability of trophoblasts. The results showed that miR-125b overexpression significantly suppressed the migration and invasion ability of HTR8 and JEG3 cells. Overall, our results demonstrated that miR-125b can affect embryo implantation through modulating placenta angiogenesis and trophoblast cell invasion capacity that can lead to PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Sun
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (F.S.); (H.C.); (D.Q.); (J.H.)
| | - Hui Cai
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (F.S.); (H.C.); (D.Q.); (J.H.)
| | - Lunbo Tan
- Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Dezhe Qin
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (F.S.); (H.C.); (D.Q.); (J.H.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Jinlian Hua
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (F.S.); (H.C.); (D.Q.); (J.H.)
| | - Xiujun Fan
- Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
- Correspondence: (X.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Sha Peng
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (F.S.); (H.C.); (D.Q.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: (X.F.); (S.P.)
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Zejnullahu VA, Zejnullahu VA, Kosumi E. The role of oxidative stress in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss: a review. Reprod Health 2021; 18:207. [PMID: 34656123 PMCID: PMC8520213 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-021-01257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) presents one of the main problems in the field of reproductive medicine, due to the unknown etiology in 50% of cases, as well as limited evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Recent studies indicate that systemic and placental oxidative stress (OS) represents an essential factor in the etiopathogenesis of RPL. This article is a comprehensive narrative synthesis of previously published studies concerning the role of oxidative stress in the etiology of recurrent pregnancy loss. METHODS We conducted literature search of published studies in the English language focusing on oxidative stress and its association with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) utilizing the Medline and Cochrane databases from 2000 through January 2021. The keywords used were "recurrent pregnancy loss" "oxidative stress and recurrent pregnancy loss" and "oxidative stress biomarkers and recurrent pregnancy loss". RESULTS The search yielded 1116 publications, of which 92 were included in the final analysis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) at basal levels have various physiological functions whereas deviation from redox window is associated with different pathologies including early pregnancy loss. The currently available studies support the concept that increased oxidative stress (OS) and deficient antioxidant protection is implicated in the etiology of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) but underlying mechanisms through which OS affects pregnancy outcome remains largely indefinable. CONCLUSIONS Future research in this field can provide new insights regarding the OS-mediated damage in recurrent pregnancy loss as well as potential applications of antioxidant therapy in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vjosa A Zejnullahu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina, Kosovo.
| | - Valon A Zejnullahu
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Ernad Kosumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo
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Galaziou A, Filidou E, Spathakis M, Arvanitidis K, Arzou BC, Galazios G, Koutlaki N, Nikolettos N, Kolios G. Imbalance of growth factors mRNA expression associated with oxidative stress in the early pregnancy loss. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:6150-6156. [PMID: 33820497 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1907337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the role of growth factors associated with angiogenesis and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of spontaneous miscarriage. METHODS We performed a comparative mRNA expression analysis of VEGF, PlGF, Flt-1, Angiogenin and Endoglin using Real-Time PCR, in the placenta and decidua collected from 12 patients presenting with spontaneous abortion and from 14 women undergoing induced abortion, during the first and second trimester of pregnancy. RESULTS The mRNA expression of Flt-1 was significantly upregulated in the placenta of spontaneous abortions (5.17-fold, IQR: 2.72-9.11, p < 0.01). The placental expression of the soluble isoforms of Flt-1, sFlt-1 e15a and sFlt-1 i13, was also significantly upregulated in spontaneous abortions (sFlt-1 e15a: 2.35-fold, IQR: 0.98-2.83, p < 0.01; sFlt-1 i13: 3.47-fold, IQR: 2.37-5.08, p < 0,05). Placental tmFlt-1, PlGF and Endoglin showed a tendency of higher expression levels in spontaneous abortions, although they did not reach statistical significance (tmFlt-1: 7.42-fold, IQR: 3.58-14.32; PlGF: 2.36-fold, IQR: 0.90-4.12; Endoglin: 1.97-fold, IQR: 1.18-2.43). VEGF and Angiogenin mRNA expression in induced, as well as in spontaneous abortions, did not convey any statistically significant difference. In the decidua, the expression levels of Flt-1 and its splice variants sFlt-1 e15a, sFlt-1 i13 and tmFlt-1 did not show any statistically significant differences, as was the case for the rest of the herein examined growth factors. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed higher levels of sFlt-1 mRNA expression in the placenta of spontaneous abortions, while expression of other growth factors in placenta and decidua remained constant. This suggests that an imbalance of sFlt-1 expression in the placenta might contribute to the pathogenesis of spontaneous abortion, probably via oxidative stress, providing a possible biomarker for prompt identification of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspasia Galaziou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis
| | - Eirini Filidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Michail Spathakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Arvanitidis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Bourazan Chalil Arzou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis
| | - George Galazios
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis
| | - Nikoleta Koutlaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis
| | - Nikos Nikolettos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis
| | - George Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in Human Embryo Implantation: Clinical Implications. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020253. [PMID: 33578823 PMCID: PMC7916576 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a well-known angiogenic factor that plays a critical role in various physiological and pathological processes. VEGF also contributes to the process of embryo implantation by enhancing embryo development, improving endometrial receptivity, and facilitating the interactions between the developing embryo and the endometrium. There is a correlation between the alteration of VEGF expression and reproductive failure, including recurrent implantation failure (RIF) and recurrent miscarriage (RM). In order to clarify the role of VEGF in embryo implantation, we reviewed recent literature concerning the expression and function of VEGF in the reproductive system around the time of embryo implantation and we provide a summary of the findings reported so far. We also explored the effects and the possible underlying mechanisms of action of VEGF in embryo implantation.
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Hashemi M, Danesh H, Bizhani F, Mokhtari M, Bahari G, Tabasi F, Taheri M. The -2549 insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region of VEGF is associated with the risk of recurrent spontaneous abortion. Biomed Rep 2018; 8:297-300. [PMID: 29564127 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is a common health problem affecting women of reproductive age. Altered expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been associated with spontaneous abortion. The present case-control study aimed to evaluate the impact of the 18-bp insertion/deletion (ins/del) polymorphism (rs35569394) in the promoter region of the VEGF gene on idiopathic RSA. Genomic DNA from 93 patients with RSA and 93 healthy fertile women of southeastern Iran was isolated using the salting-out method. Genotyping of the rs35569394 variant was performed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The findings indicated that the VEGF 18-bp ins/del variant significantly increased the risk of RSA under codominant (ins/ins vs. del/del; OR=2.85, 95% CI=1.31-6.22, P=0.019), dominant (del/ins+ins/ins vs. del/del; OR=2.19, 95% CI=1.20-4.01, P=0.015) and allelic (ins vs. del; OR=1.90, 95% CI=1.25-2.88, P=0.003) inheritance models. In summary, the findings propose a significant association between the VEGF 18-bp ins/del polymorphism and risk of RSA in a sample of the southeast Iranian population. Further studies on larger sample sizes and different ethnicities are required to validate the present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hashemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran
| | - Hiva Danesh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bizhani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran
| | - Mojgan Mokhtari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bahari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran
| | - Farhad Tabasi
- Student Research Committee, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taheri
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran
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He X, Chen Q. Reduced expressions of connexin 43 and VEGF in the first-trimester tissues from women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14:46. [PMID: 27535546 PMCID: PMC4989327 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-016-0179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 45-50 % of the recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) remain(s) unexplained that challenges its clinical management. Formation and development of placenta as well as angiogenesis are critical for successful pregnancy. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and connexin 43 (Cx43) play important roles in angiogenesis and placenta development and aberration of these have been linked to RPL. We aimed to investigate whether the expressions of VEGF and Cx43 were altered in the first-trimester tissues (chorionic villi and decidua) collected from women with RPL compared to those from healthy early pregnant women. METHODS First-trimester chorionic villi and decidua were collected from pregnant women diagnosed RPL who ended up with surgical intervention (n = 28) in comparison to those collected from women requesting surgical termination of their unwanted normal first-trimester pregnancies (n = 28). These two groups of women were matched in age and gestational weeks. Tissues were analyzed for the protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expressions of Cx43 and VEGF by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS The expressions of both Cx43 and VEGF at the level of mRNA and protein in the villi and decidua from women with RPL were significantly decreased compared with those from women with normal early pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Reduction of Cx43 and VEGF expressed in the first-trimester tissues might indicate their important roles involved in RPL and thus holds the potential to develop pharmaceutical therapies for treatment of RPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping He
- Department of Family Planning, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Qinfang Chen
- Department of Family Planning, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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Keskin U, Ulubay M, Dede M, Ozgurtas T, Koçyiğit YK, Aydin FN, Ergün A. The relationship between the VEGF/sVEGFR-1 ratio and threatened abortion. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 291:557-61. [PMID: 25200689 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-014-3452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), soluble VEGF receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1) and placenta growth factor (PlGF) and VEGF/SVEGFR-1 ratio in pregnant women with threatened abortion (TA) compared to uncomplicated pregnancies at the same gestational week. METHODS Thirty-three pregnant women with TA and thirty-three pregnant women with uncomplicated pregnancies were included in this case-control study. The level of VEGF, sVEGFR-1, and PIGF was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The primary purpose of this study was to compare the VEGF, sVEGFR- 1, and PlGF levels and VEGF/sVEGFR-1 ratios in pregnant women with TA and pregnant women with uncomplicated pregnancies. The secondary purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between serum levels of these markers and gestational age. RESULTS The serum levels of the sVEGFR-1 [0.60 (0.21-1.68) vs. 0.24 (0.09-0.57) ng/ml], VEGF [39.10 (6.57-163.56) vs. 5.24 (0.84-15.08) ng/ml] and VEGF/SVEGFR-1 ratio [68.64 (6.45-550.48) vs 24.12 (2.63-72.63)] were significantly elevated in women with TA (respectively, p: 0.001, p: 0.001, p: 0.001). However, PlGF did not elevate in women with TA [20.80 (3.13-93.11) vs 20.16 (1.22-49.91) ng/ml] (p: 0.473). CONCLUSION These findings support the hypothesis that increased levels of the VEGF and sVEGFR-1 and VEGF/SVEGFR-1 ratio may be associated with the pathogenesis of TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uğur Keskin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy and Medical School, 06018, Etlik/Ankara, Turkey,
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Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor: Novel markers for unexplained early recurrent pregnancy loss. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2305-0500(13)60181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Pang L, Wei Z, Li O, Huang R, Qin J, Chen H, Fan X, Chen ZJ. An increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF soluble receptor-1 (sFlt-1) are associated with early recurrent spontaneous abortion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75759. [PMID: 24098721 PMCID: PMC3787054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is a health problem that affects approximately 1% to 5% reproductive age woman. Yet, in around half of these patients, the mechanism for RSA is unexplained. Recent studies have indicated that placental ischemia/hypoxia and endothelial dysfunction are important factors in miscarriage. Other studies have indicated that the level and expression of soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt1) is increased under a hypoxic environment. However, decreased sFlt-1 in the maternal circulation during the first trimester has recently been proposed as a potential marker for identifying risk of pregnancy loss. In this prospective study clinical samples were obtained within a short time after the fetal death, protein expression and maternal serum levels of sFlt1 were assessed and compared to samples taken from those with normal pregnancies. Our results indicate that levels of VEGF and sFlt-1 are both increased in women during early pregnancy compared women that are not pregnant (p<0.05) indicating that VEGF and sFlt-1 are both associated with pregnancy. More importantly, we detected a significant (p<0.05) increase in sFlt1 and VEGF levels and expression in the RSA patients who suffered subsequent miscarriages compare to controls. These results demonstrate that there is likely a relationship between VEGF, sFlt-1 and RSA suggesting that the high levels and over expression of sFlt-1 and VEGF might be associated with the pathogenesis of RSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhouling Wei
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ouyang Li
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rudian Huang
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Junzhen Qin
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaojing Fan
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, China
- * E-mail:
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li L, donghong L, shuguang W, hongbo Z, jing Z, shengbin L. Polymorphisms in the vascular endothelial growth factor gene associated with recurrent spontaneous miscarriage. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 26:686-90. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.746305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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