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Mallott MA, Stryker JST, Schmidt NB. Paranoia and Social Anxiety: Predicting Aggressive Behavior. Behav Ther 2024; 55:825-838. [PMID: 38937053 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Aggression is a transdiagnostic behavior that is associated with poor clinical outcomes. As such, it is important to understand factors that contribute to various manifestations of aggressive behavior. Recent research has revealed a subtype of individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) who tend to display relatively high amounts of aggression and experience more severe social anxiety and dysfunction compared to individuals in the prototypical SAD group. The current study used a status threat manipulation along with behavioral indices of aggression to examine the impact of paranoia and social anxiety symptom severity on aggression in a sample of undergraduates with social anxiety (N = 220). Analyses indicated that paranoia uniquely predicted indirect aggression whereas an interaction between social status threat, paranoia, and social anxiety severity uniquely predicted direct aggression. These findings suggest that paranoia may be a particularly important contributor to aggression among individuals with social anxiety.
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Estévez JL, Takács K. Brokering or Sitting Between Two Chairs? A Group Perspective on Workplace Gossip. Front Psychol 2022; 13:815383. [PMID: 35898991 PMCID: PMC9309222 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.815383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brokerage is a central concept in the organization literature. It has been argued that individuals in broker positions—i.e., connecting otherwise disconnected parts within a firm’s social network—can control the flow of information. It would imply their increased relevance in workplace gossip. This allegation, however, has not been addressed empirically yet. To fill this gap, we apply social network analysis techniques to relational data from six organizations in Hungary. First, we identify informal groups and individuals in broker positions. Then, we use this information to predict the likelihood with which positive or negative gossip is reported. We find more gossip when the sender and receiver are part of the same group and more positive gossip about in-group rather than out-group targets. Individuals in broker positions are more likely the senders and targets of negative gossip. Finally, even if both the brokers and the boss(es) are the targets of their colleagues’ negative gossip, the combination of the two categories (bosses in broker positions) does not predict more negative gossip anymore. Results are discussed in relation to the theoretical accounts on brokerage that emphasize its power for information control but fail to recognize the pitfalls of being in such positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Estévez
- Department of Management and Engineering, The Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Department for the Study of Religions, Centre for the Digital Research of Religion, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Károly Takács
- Department of Management and Engineering, The Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Computational Social Science – Research Center for Educational and Network Studies (CSS-RECENS), Centre for Social Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Károly Takács,
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Shinohara A, Kobayashi T. Children’s understanding of friendship formation caused by gossip. J Exp Child Psychol 2022; 217:105370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Geraci A, Franchin L. Is Defensive Behavior a Subtype of Prosocial Behaviors? Front Psychol 2021; 12:678370. [PMID: 34248777 PMCID: PMC8260945 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.678370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Geraci
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Laura Franchin
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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Abstract
The omnipresence of workplace gossip makes understanding gossip processes imperative to understand social life in organizations. Although gossip research has recently increased across the social sciences, gossip is conceptualized in disparate ways in the scientific literature. This conceptual confusion impedes theoretical integration and providing practical advice. To resolve this, we systematically reviewed 6114 scientific articles on gossip and identified 324 articles that define gossip. From these definitions, we extracted two essential characteristics of gossip on which there seems to be agreement within the literature, namely, (1) that gossip is communication between humans involving a sender, a receiver, and a target, and (2) that the target is absent or unaware of the communicated content. These two characteristics formed the basis of a broad, integrative definition of gossip: a sender communicating to a receiver about a target who is absent or unaware of the content. Furthermore, some definitions include characteristics on which there is less agreement: gossip valence (from negative to neutral to positive) and formality (from informal to intermediate to formal). We incorporate these characteristics in a dimensional scaling framework that can guide future research. Our broad, integrative definition of gossip and the dimensional scaling framework provide the building blocks for a systematic, integrated knowledge base on the role of gossip in human social life in general as well as in organizations. This can foster future theory development and hypothesis testing, ultimately helping organizations to manage gossip.
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Liberman Z, Shaw A. Even his friend said he's bad: Children think personal alliances bias gossip. Cognition 2020; 204:104376. [PMID: 32580022 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Children learn about other people through gossip. Although gossip can be a valuable and efficient way to learn about others, evaluating gossip's credibility requires understanding when people may be biased, and using this information to update the truth-value placed on the gossip. For instance, people may be motivated to improve their and their friends' reputations (or to worsen their enemies' reputations). Therefore, testimony that cuts against these social motivations may be more credible. Here, in four studies with 3- to 13-year-old children (total N = 860), we examined (1) children's expectations about the type of gossip people were likely to spread about friends versus enemies, and (2) children's ability to discount testimony that is in line with a speaker's social biases (e.g., negative testimony about a friend). We found that children expect speakers to say nice things about their friends, and mean things about their enemies. And, children were less likely to endorse potentially biased testimony, though the strength of their ability to avoid endorsing biased testimony varied based on the domain of testimony. Overall, these studies suggest that children expect a speaker's testimony to be systematically biased based on her relationships. Our results underscore the importance of tracking and using relationships when evaluating testimony, because relationships have immense power for helping us effectively make sense of an ambiguous world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Liberman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, United States of America.
| | - Alex Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, United States of America
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Shinohara A, Kanakogi Y, Okumura Y, Kobayashi T. How do Children Evaluate the Gossiper of Negative Gossip? JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Moreno Romero CO. DESENTENDIMIENTO MORAL Y ATRIBUCIÓN DE CULPA: ENCUENTROS Y DESENCUENTROS EN EL ESTUDIO DE LA COGNICIÓN MORAL. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSICOLOGÍA 2020. [DOI: 10.15446/.v29n1.76536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
El estudio de la cognición moral pareciera estar marcado por dos tradiciones: una centrada en el estudio del procesamiento de información referente a la causalidad y la intencionalidad, y otra que, con origen en posturas sociocognitivas, privilegia la agencia moral y regulación conductual más allá del procesamiento. Así, pareciera existir una brecha entre el estudio del razonamiento y el estudio de la conducta cuando se habla de moral. La presente propuesta muestra una interacción entre un modelo de culpa (path model) centrado en el procesamiento de información y el Desentendimiento Moral (DM) como un conjunto de mecanismos que surgen para justificar la conducta inmoral. Si bien la integración no es completa, aporta a una visión de la cognición moral centrada en la regulación social y en las interacciones entre juicios y respuestas evidentes en las interacciones sociales. Adicionalmente, como producto de la interacción se presenta una propuesta metodológica para indagar por el origen del DM en el desarrollo.
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Masculinity might be more toxic than we think: The influence of gender roles on trait emotional manipulation. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Haux L, Engelmann JM, Herrmann E, Tomasello M. Do young children preferentially trust gossip or firsthand observation in choosing a collaborative partner? SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lou Haux
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Jan M. Engelmann
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Esther Herrmann
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Michael Tomasello
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig 04103 Germany
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Machluf K, Liddle JR, Bjorklund DF. An introduction to evolutionary developmental psychology. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 12:264-72. [PMID: 25299879 PMCID: PMC10426875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary developmental psychology represents a synthesis of modern evolutionary theory and developmental psychology. Here we introduce the special issue on evolutionary developmental psychology by briefly discussing the history of this field and then summarizing the variety of topics that are covered. In this special issue, leading researchers provide a collection of theoretical and empirical articles that highlight recent findings and propose promising areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Machluf
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - James R. Liddle
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - David F. Bjorklund
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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Abstract
Evolutionary developmental psychology represents a synthesis of modern evolutionary theory and developmental psychology. Here we introduce the special issue on evolutionary developmental psychology by briefly discussing the history of this field and then summarizing the variety of topics that are covered. In this special issue, leading researchers provide a collection of theoretical and empirical articles that highlight recent findings and propose promising areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Machluf
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - James R. Liddle
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - David F. Bjorklund
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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Ingram GPD. Evolutionary developmental explanations of gender differences in interpersonal conflict: A response to Trnka (2013). EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 11:788-90. [PMID: 23893792 PMCID: PMC10426924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In focusing on gender differences in anger expression, Trnka (2013) provides a useful complement to the article by Ingram et al., (2012) analyzing gender differences in children's narratives about peer conflict. I agree that gender differences in anger are more likely to be the result of differential socialization processes regarding the expression of anger than by innate differences in the experience of anger. Gender differences in intersexual anger and aggression are likely to be affected by the social context, and especially whether a female is interacting with a romantic partner or an unknown male. The implication of socialization in anger expression raises the possibility that culture plays a causal role in encouraging cooperative breeding by inhibiting inter-female aggressive displays. Another of Trnka's proposals, that the expression of anger contributes to reconciliation and inhibits long-term relationship damage, is intuitively plausible and supported by the research literature, but not by data from the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon P. D. Ingram
- School of Society, Enterprise and Environment, Bath Spa University, Bath, England
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