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Boswell L, Serés-Noriega T, Mesa A, Perea V, Pané A, Viñals C, Blanco J, Giménez M, Vinagre I, Esmatjes E, Conget I, Amor AJ. Carotid ultrasonography as a strategy to optimize cardiovascular risk management in type 1 diabetes: a cohort study. Acta Diabetol 2022; 59:1563-1574. [PMID: 36006487 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-022-01959-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality in type 1 diabetes (T1D), the use of cardioprotective drugs is scarce. We aimed to evaluate the impact of carotid ultrasonography (US) on the improvement in cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) in T1D. METHODS AND RESULTS T1D patients without CVD meeting criteria for lipid treatment according to guidelines (age ≥ 40 years, nephropathy and/or ≥ 10 years of diabetes duration with ≥ 1 additional CVRFs) were included. The carotid-US group (US-G) underwent a standardized US protocol and CVRF assessment; recommendations were made according to subclinical atherosclerosis status. The control group (CG) followed usual clinical practice. Changes in CVRFs, specially statin use and LDL cholesterol levels, at 1 year were analysed. A total of 318 patients were included (51.3% female, mean age of 49.1 years and 25.5 years of diabetes duration): 211 in the US-G and 107 in the CG. Participants in the US-G had a higher baseline LDL cholesterol than controls (114 vs. 102 mg/dL; p < 0.001). Lipid-lowering treatment was modified in 38.9% in the US-G and 6.5% in the CG (p < 0.001). At 1 year, the US-G was more frequently on statins, had lower LDL cholesterol and 27% had stopped smoking (p < 0.001 for all). Changes were more pronounced in those with plaques (p < 0.001). In multivariate analyses adjusted for age, sex and other CVRFs, belonging to the US-G was independently associated with the intensification of lipid-lowering treatment (OR 10.47 [4.06-27.01]). Propensity score-matching analysis yielded similar results (OR 20.09 [7.86-51.37]). CONCLUSION Carotid-US is independently associated with an intensification of lipid-lowering therapy in a high-risk T1D population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Boswell
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Althaia University Health Network, Manresa, Spain.
| | - Tonet Serés-Noriega
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Mesa
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Perea
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Adriana Pané
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Viñals
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Blanco
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Diabetes Unit, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marga Giménez
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Diabetes Unit, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Vinagre
- Diabetes Unit, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Esmatjes
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Diabetes Unit, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Conget
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Diabetes Unit, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio J Amor
- Diabetes Unit, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Epidemiology and Management of Cardiovascular Risk. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081798. [PMID: 33924265 PMCID: PMC8074744 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, and cardiovascular risk (CVR) remains high even in T1DM patients with good metabolic control. The underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood and known risk factors seem to operate differently in T1DM and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. However, evidence of cardiovascular risk assessment and management in T1DM patients often is extrapolated from studies on T2DM patients or the general population. In this review, we examine the existing literature about the prevalence of clinical and subclinical CVD, as well as current knowledge about potential risk factors involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis in T1DM patients. We also discuss current approaches to the stratification and therapeutic management of CVR in T1DM patients. Chronic hyperglycemia plays an important role, but it is likely that other potential factors are involved in increased atherosclerosis and CVD in T1DM patients. Evidence on the estimation of 10-year and lifetime risk of CVD, as well as the efficiency and age at which current cardiovascular medications should be initiated in young T1DM patients, is very limited and clearly insufficient to establish evidence-based therapeutic approaches to CVD management.
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Aranda G, Fernandez-Ruiz R, Palomo M, Romo M, Mora M, Halperin I, Casals G, Enseñat J, Vidal O, Diaz-Ricart M, Hanzu FA. Translational evidence of prothrombotic and inflammatory endothelial damage in Cushing syndrome after remission. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2018; 88:415-424. [PMID: 29154455 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sustained evidence from observational studies indicates that after remission of Cushing syndrome (CS) a cardiovascular risk phenotype persists. Here, we performed a translational study in active CS and CS in remission (RCS) to evaluate the subclinical cardiometabolic burden and to explore the direct pro-inflammatory and prothrombotic potential of their sera on the endothelium in an in vitro translational atherothrombotic cell model. PATIENTS Cross sectional study. The groups were (n = 9/group): I. RCS; II. Active CS (ACS) and III. Controls (CTR), all matched for age, body mass index, sex, without other hormonal deficits. DESIGN We evaluated in vivo: cardiometabolic profile; endothelial markers (sVCAM-1, NO); endothelial dysfunction (FMD); intima-media thickness and body composition (DEXA). In vitro endothelial cells (EC) were exposed to sera taken from the different subjects to evaluate inflammatory EC response (tisVCAM) and thrombogenicity of the generated extracellular matrix (ECM): von Willebrand factor (VWF) and platelet reactivity. RESULTS Three of the 9 RCS subjects were on glucocorticoid replacement therapy (GC-RT). Patients on GC-RT had a shorter period of time in stable remission. In vivo analysis ACS showed typically metabolic features, while cardiometabolic markers reached statistical significance for RCS only for Hs-CRP (P < .01). In vitro:EC exposed to ACS and RCS sera displayed increased tisVCAM-1 (P < .01 for ACS and P < .05 for RCS vs CTR), VWF (P < .01 for ACS and P < .05 for RCS vs CTR) and platelet adhesion on ECM (P < .01 for ACC and P < .05 for RCS vs CTR). No statistically significant differences were observed between GC-RT RSC and RCS without GC-RT. CONCLUSIONS The sera of premenopausal women with CS in remission, without atherothrombotic disease, contain circulatory endothelial deleterious factors with a direct thrombogenic and pro-inflammatory endothelial effect that could increase cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Aranda
- Group of Endocrine Disorders, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marta Palomo
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Hospital Clinic/University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Hemotherapy and Hemostasis, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Romo
- Group of Endocrine Disorders, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Mora
- Group of Endocrine Disorders, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Halperin
- Group of Endocrine Disorders, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregori Casals
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Enseñat
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Vidal
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maribel Diaz-Ricart
- Department of Hemotherapy and Hemostasis, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felicia A Hanzu
- Group of Endocrine Disorders, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Tacito LHB, Pires AC, Yugar-Toledo JC. Impaired flow-mediated dilation response and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with a mean disease duration of 4.1 years. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2017; 61:542-549. [PMID: 28724057 PMCID: PMC10522057 DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed at assessing the endothelial function in patients with Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) response and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study enrolled 32 T1DM patients (mean disease duration 4.1 years) and 28 age-matched controls (CTL Group). Endothelial function and CIMT were assessed with high-resolution ultrasound using standardized offline measurements. RESULTS FMD was significantly lower in patients in the T1DM Group (8.9 ± 3.2%) compared with those in the CTL Group (13.3 ± 4.3%; P-value < 0.0001). Similarly, CIMT differed significantly between T1DM patients (0.525 ± 0.03 mm) and controls (0.508 ± 0.03 mm; P-value = 0.041). Even though, the values are within the normal range for age. CONCLUSIONS Patients with T1DM have impaired endothelial function characterized by reduced FMD when compared to controls. However, vascular remodeling as seen by increases in CIMT was not found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lúcia Helena Bonalume Tacito
- Departamento de MedicinaFaculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio PretoSão PauloSPBrasil Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (Famerp), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Antonio Carlos Pires
- Departamento de MedicinaFaculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio PretoSão PauloSPBrasil Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (Famerp), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo
- Instituto de Cardiologia e Endocrinologia de São José do Rio PretoSão PauloSPBrasil Endocor – Instituto de Cardiologia e Endocrinologia de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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do Nascimento AMMDA, Sequeira IJ, Vasconcelos DF, Gandolfi L, Pratesi I, Nóbrega YKDM. Endothelial dysfunction in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2017; 61:476-483. [PMID: 28658349 PMCID: PMC10522258 DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to verify the presence of endothelial dysfunction and initial structural atherosclerotic changes in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study population comprised 31 diabetic children aged 6 to 12 years, divided into two subgroups according to the duration of the T1DM diagnosis: subgroup 1, with less than 5 years elapsed since diagnosis, and subgroup 2, with more than 5 years elapsed since diagnosis. The control group comprised 58 age-matched healthy children. Ultrasonographic techniques were used to measure the flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery and the intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid arteries. RESULTS Children with T1DM with longer disease duration showed significantly decreased mean values of FMD compared with those in the control group. No significant differences between the groups were found in relation to IMT. The FMD percentage presented a moderate negative correlation with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting glucose levels. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that endothelial dysfunction may be already present in children with 5 years or more elapsed since diagnosis, even in the absence of atherosclerotic structural changes. The decreased vasodilation response correlated with hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Márcia Mercadante de Albuquerque do Nascimento
- Universidade de BrasíliaCampus Universitário Darcy RibeiroBrasíliaDFBrasilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brasil
- Hospital Universitário de BrasíliaCampus Universitário Darcy RibeiroBrasíliaDFBrasilHospital Universitário de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brasil
- Faculdade de Ciências da SaúdeUnBCampus Universitário Darcy RibeiroBrasíliaDFBrasilDepartamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, UnB, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Inês Jorge Sequeira
- Escola de Ciências e TecnologiaDepartamento de Matemática, Matemática e AplicaçõesUniversidade Nova de LisboaCaparicaLisboaPortugalEscola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Matemática, Matemática e Aplicações, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniel França Vasconcelos
- Hospital Universitário de BrasíliaCampus Universitário Darcy RibeiroBrasíliaDFBrasilHospital Universitário de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Lenora Gandolfi
- Universidade de BrasíliaCampus Universitário Darcy RibeiroBrasíliaDFBrasilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brasil
- Laboratório de Metodologias Aplicadas às Doenças InfecciosasUnBCampus Universitário Darcy RibeiroBrasíliaDFBrasilMetodologias Aplicadas, Laboratório de Metodologias Aplicadas às Doenças Infecciosas, UnB, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - iccardo Pratesi
- Universidade de BrasíliaCampus Universitário Darcy RibeiroBrasíliaDFBrasilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brasil
- Laboratório de Metodologias Aplicadas às Doenças InfecciosasUnBCampus Universitário Darcy RibeiroBrasíliaDFBrasilMetodologias Aplicadas, Laboratório de Metodologias Aplicadas às Doenças Infecciosas, UnB, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Yanna Karla de Medeiros Nóbrega
- Universidade de BrasíliaCampus Universitário Darcy RibeiroBrasíliaDFBrasilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brasil
- Faculdade de Ciências da SaúdeUnBCampus Universitário Darcy RibeiroBrasíliaDFBrasilDepartamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, UnB, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brasil
- Laboratório de Metodologias Aplicadas às Doenças InfecciosasUnBCampus Universitário Darcy RibeiroBrasíliaDFBrasilMetodologias Aplicadas, Laboratório de Metodologias Aplicadas às Doenças Infecciosas, UnB, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brasil
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Sun YP, Cai YY, Li HM, Deng SM, Leng RX, Pan HF. Increased carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) levels in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM): A meta-analysis. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:724-30. [PMID: 25890843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM To derive a more precise estimation of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) levels in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) by meta-analysis. METHODS PubMed and Embase databases were searched to identify all available studies comparing CIMT levels between T1DM group and control group. Meta-analysis was performed to compare the difference of overall mean CIMT levels between the two groups. Publication bias was evaluated by funnel plot, Begg' test and Egger' test. Meta-regression analysis was conducted to investigate the influential factors on CIMT difference. The meta-analysis was conducted by STATA 12.0 software. RESULTS A total of 1840 articles were obtained after searching databases; 47 studies were finally included in the meta-analysis. Significant heterogeneity was observed among these studies (Q = 768.75, P < 0.001, I(2) = 94.0%). Compared with the control group, the T1DM group had significantly higher CIMT levels (standardized mean difference: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.75-1.28; P < 0.001). A likely source of heterogeneity was Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) scores and sample size ratio of patents and controls. The funnel plot did not show a skewed or asymmetrical shape, and the result of Begg' test and Egger' test was P = 0.178 and P = 0.145 respectively. Accordingly, it could be assumed that publication bias was not present. CONCLUSION T1DM patients have significantly increased CIMT levels compared to control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Peng Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China; Faculty of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China; Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hong-Miao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sen-Miao Deng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rui-Xue Leng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Ortega E, Amor AJ, Rojo-Martínez G, Castell C, Giménez M, Conget I. [Cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Spain]. Med Clin (Barc) 2015; 145:233-8. [PMID: 25561182 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and to compare it with that observed in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and normal population in Spain. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study (18-70 years-old). Information on CVD was available from a nurse-administered questionnaire (Di@bet.es Study, NORMAL=3,430, T2DM=312) and from a physician reporting form (T1DM=1,382). Differences in the crude and adjusted prevalence of coronary heart (CHD), cerebrovascular (CNSD), peripheral vascular (PVD) and overall CV (CVD) disease were investigated between T1DM vs. NORMAL, and T1DM vs. T2DM groups. RESULTS We found differences in age, body mass index, proportion of women, dyslipemia and antihypertensive medication between T1DM vs. NORMAL and T1DM vs. T2DM (all P<.001). Smoking prevalence was not different between T1DM vs. T2DM and it was lower in T1DM compared to NORMAL (P<.0001). The percentage of CHD, CNSD, PVD, and overall CVD in T1DM vs. NORMAL was 3.0 vs. 2.5 (P=.31), 0.70 vs. 1.10 (P=.22), 2.61 vs. 0.20 (P<.0001), and 5.1 vs. 3.44 (P<.01), respectively. The prevalence in T2DM (vs. T1DM) was 11.3 (P<.0001), 3.5 (P<.0001), 4.2 (P=.13), and 17% (P<.0001), respectively. Multiple logistic regression adjusted models showed a higher prevalence of CHD (odds ratio [OR] 2.27, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.41-3.67), PVD (OR 15.35, 95% CI 5.61-42.04), and overall CVD (OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.55-3.46), but not for CNSD (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.19-1.27) in T1DM compared to NORMAL. No differences were found between T1DM and T2DM. CONCLUSIONS We found a higher prevalence of CVD in a Mediterranean population of T1DM individuals compared with non-diabetic subjects. This prevalence was similar to that observed in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Ortega
- Unidad de Diabetes, Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), España
| | - Antonio J Amor
- Unidad de Diabetes, Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España
| | - Gemma Rojo-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), España
| | - Conxa Castell
- Departament de Salut, Servei Català de la Salut, Barcelona, España
| | - Marga Giménez
- Unidad de Diabetes, Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), España
| | - Ignacio Conget
- Unidad de Diabetes, Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), España.
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