The prevalence and assessment of pain and dyspnoea in acute exacerbations of COPD: A systematic review

Beyond breathing: Systematic review of global chronic obstructive pulmonary disease guidelines for pain management

CONTEXT

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experience pain as both symptom and comorbidity. There has been no evaluation of the recommendations for pain management in updated clinical practice guidelines (CPGs).

OBJECTIVES

Update the evidence on pain management, determine alignment of pain management recommendations with best-practice, and advocate for optimal pain management in patients with COPD.

METHODS

PubMed, Guideline International Network, Guideline Portal, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, National Institute for Healthcare Excellence, Scottish International Guidelines Network, Institute of Medicine, grey literature, national websites, and bibliographies were searched. CPGs available online for stable COPD produced by organizations representing reputable knowledge of COPD management were included. CPGs unavailable online, not translatable into English, or not including techniques within the defined scope were excluded. Researchers performed frequency counts for the verbatim terms "pain," "physical activity," "exercise," "rehabilitation," "physical therap(ist)/(y), "physiotherap(ist)/(y)," recorded context, and collected recommendations for pain management/treatment when present.

RESULTS

Of 32 CPGs, 24 included "pain" verbatim. Of these, 13 included recommendations for pain treatment/management. Common recommendations included opioids, pharmacological management, further medical assessment, and surgical intervention. Two CPGs referred to palliative care, one CPG discussed treating cough, and one discussed massage, relaxation, and breathing.

CONCLUSIONS

Pain management recommendations vary and are not aligned with evidence. Pain should be addressed in patients with COPD, whether directly or indirectly related to the disease. Reduction of variability in pain management and the disease burden is necessary. Pain management should include referrals to providers who can maximize benefit of their services.

Use of Ecological Momentary Assessment to Measure Dyspnea in COPD

Dyspnea is an unpredictable and distressing symptom of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea is challenging to measure due to the heterogeneity of COPD and recall bias associated with retrospective reports. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) is a technique used to collect symptoms in real-time within a natural environment, useful for monitoring symptom trends and risks of exacerbation in COPD. EMA can be integrated into mobile health (mHealth) platforms for repeated data collection and used alongside physiological measures and behavioral activity monitors. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the use of mHealth and EMA for dyspnea measurement, consider clinical implications of EMA in COPD management, and identify needs for future research in this area.