Silencing of ENO1 by shRNA Inhibits the Proliferation of Gastric Cancer Cells

α-Enolase inhibits apoptosis and promotes cell invasion and proliferation of skin cutaneous melanoma

BACKGROUND

The glycolytic enzyme, α-Enolase (ENO1), catalyzes the production of phosphoenolpyruvate from 2-phosphoglycerate, thereby enhancing glycolysis and contributing to tumor progression. In the present study, we aimed to determine the role of ENO1 in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) and the potential underlying mechanism.

METHODS

The Sangerbox database was used to analyze the mRNA expression of ENO1 in SKCM. Western blotting was used to assess the levels of ENO1, c-Myc, β-catenin, MMP-9, PGAM1, and MMP-13 in SKCM-derived cell lines or tumor tissues from patients with SKCM. The pCMV-SPORT6-ENO1 and pET-28a-ENO1siRNA plasmids were used to overexpress and knockdown ENO1 in SKCM cells, respectively. To determine the function of ENO1 in the malignant behavior of SKCM cells, we performed a wound-healing assay, cell counting kit 8 assay, and transwell chamber analyses. The production of pyruvate and lactic acid in tumor cells was evaluated using their respective kits.

RESULTS

Compared with non-tumor tissues, ENO1 was found to be overexpressed in SKCM tissues. In SKCM cells, ENO1 overexpression promoted invasion, migration, and proliferation of tumor cells; increased pyruvate and lactate production; and increased β-catenin, MMP-9, MMP-13, and c-Myc levels. The opposite effects were observed in SKCM cells silenced for ENO1.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate that ENO1 is involved in SKCM progression by enhancing the invasion and proliferation of tumor cells. In addition, ENO1 might have an important function in tumor cell glycolysis. Therefore, ENO1 represents a potential therapeutic target for treatment of SKCM.

Effects of urolithin A on osteoclast differentiation induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand via bone morphogenic protein 2

Urolithin A (UA) is an intestinal microbial metabolite derived from ellagitannins and a promising agent for treating osteoarthritis. However, its effects on osteoporosis are unclear. This study explored the effects of urolithin A (UA) on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclasts and its underlying molecular mechanisms. RANKL treatment significantly increased tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) or osteoclast marker levels (P < 0.05), while adding UA decreased the RANKL-induced levels (P < 0.05) in RAW264.7 cells. Total RNA isolated from RANKL- or RANKL + UA-treated cells was sequenced, and the obtained transcriptome dataset revealed 2,399 differentially expressed genes. They were enriched in multiple pathways involved in rheumatoid arthritis, ERK1 and ERK2 cascade, regulation of inflammatory response, ECM-receptor interactions, and TNF signaling. Scanning electron microscopy showed that RANKL promoted bone resorption pits in bone biopsy specimens, whereas UA inhibited their formation. When bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) was shRNA-silenced, the bone resorption pits were restored. Moreover, while RANKL significantly enhanced the levels of p-ERK2/ERK2, p-p38/p38, p-Akt1/Akt1, p-ERK1/ERK1, and osteoclast-related proteins (P < 0.05), UA reduced them. BMP2 silencing also reversed the UA inhibitory effect. Thus, UA represses the RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation of RAW264.7 cells by regulating Akt1, p38, and ERK1/2 signaling, and BMP2 likely reverses the UA inhibitory effect via these pathways. We propose BMP2 as a potential drug target for treating bone metabolic diseases, such as osteoporosis.

Salidroside Induces Apoptosis in Human Gastric Cancer Cells via the Downregulation of ENO1/PKM2/GLUT1 Expression

Salidroside is reported to have a wide range of pharmacological properties and has been proven to play a key anti-cancer effect. This study investigated the effects of purified salidroside, an ingredient of Rhodiola rosea, on the proliferation of two human gastric cancer cell lines and further investigating its possible molecular mechanisms. We verified that salidroside exerts a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of SGC-7901 and MKN-45 human gastric cancer cells. Moreover, salidroside can induce cell apoptosis, which was accompanied by an increase in nuclear fragmentation. In addition, salidroside inhibited glycolysis, as evidenced by the reduced expression levels of the glycolysis-related enzymes pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 (PKM2), enolase 1 (ENO1) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), which could play important roles in the metabolism of gastric cancer cells. Further investigation showed that salidroside exerted potent anti-proliferative effects by inhibiting glycolysis in human gastric cancer cells in vitro. In vivo, xenograft tumors treated with salidroside were significantly smaller than those in the control animals. Therefore, salidroside could be a promising therapeutic prospect in the treatment of gastric cancer.

Extracellular Vesicle Transmission of Chemoresistance to Ovarian Cancer Cells Is Associated with Hypoxia-Induced Expression of Glycolytic Pathway Proteins, and Prediction of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Disease Recurrence

Simple Summary

Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal cancers affecting women worldwide. Its high mortality rate is often attributed to the non-specific nature of early symptoms of the disease. Developing a better understanding of the disease progression and identifying clinically useful biomarkers that aid in clinical management are requisite to reducing the mortality rate of ovarian cancer. Reduced oxygen tension (i.e., hypoxia) is not only a characteristic of solid tumors but may also enhance the metastatic capacity of tumors by inducing the release of tumor growth promoting factors. Recently, it has been proposed that small tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (sEVs) facilitate cancer progression. In this study, we established that sEVs produced under low oxygen tension induce a metabolic switch in ovarian cancer cells associated with changes in glycolytic pathway proteins that promote resistance to carboplatin. Significantly, we identified a suite of sEV-associated glycolysis pathway proteins that are present in patients with ovarian cancer that can predict disease recurrence with over 90% accuracy.

Abstract

Hypoxia is a key regulator of cancer progression and chemoresistance. Ambiguity remains about how cancer cells adapt to hypoxic microenvironments and transfer oncogenic factors to surrounding cells. In this study, we determined the effects of hypoxia on the bioactivity of sEVs in a panel of ovarian cancer (OvCar) cell lines. The data obtained demonstrate a varying degree of platinum resistance induced in OvCar cells when exposed to low oxygen tension (1% oxygen). Using quantitative mass spectrometry (Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment Ion Mass Spectra, SWATH) and targeted multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), we identified a suite of proteins associated with glycolysis that change under hypoxic conditions in cells and sEVs. Interestingly, we identified a differential response to hypoxia in the OvCar cell lines and their secreted sEVs, highlighting the cells’ heterogeneity. Proteins are involved in metabolic reprogramming such as glycolysis, including putative hexokinase (HK), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1–6 (UD16), and 6-phosphogluconolactonase (6 PGL), and their presence correlates with the induction of platinum resistance. Furthermore, when normoxic cells were exposed to sEVs from hypoxic cells, platinum-resistance increased significantly (p < 0.05). Altered chemoresistance was associated with changes in glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis. Finally, sEVs isolated from a clinical cohort (n = 31) were also found to be enriched in glycolysis-pathway proteins, especially in patients with recurrent disease. These data support the hypothesis that hypoxia induces changes in sEVs composition and bioactivity that confers carboplatin resistance on target cells. Furthermore, we propose that the expression of sEV-associated glycolysis-pathway proteins is predictive of ovarian cancer recurrence and is of clinical utility in disease management.

CSNK2A1-mediated phosphorylation of HMGA2 modulates cisplatin resistance in cervical cancer

The development of chemoresistance reduces the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs. Cervical cancer is still one of the most common cancer types in developing countries. The oncogenic protein high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) is involved in the development and progression of tumors, although its role in chemoresistance of cervical cancer remains unclear. Here, we report that HMGA2 is highly expressed in cervical cancer and negatively correlated with cisplatin-induced cell death. We performed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to demonstrate that HMGA2 has high potential to interact with casein kinase II A1 (CSNK2A1). Moreover, we observed that HMGA2 co-localizes with CSNK2A1 in the nucleus by immunofluorescence. Binding of HMGA2-CSNK2A1 was detected by immunoprecipitation assays. In addition, we identified that cisplatin induces an interaction between CSNK2A1 and HMGA2, thereby promoting the phosphorylation of HMGA2. CX-4945, a CSNK2A1 inhibitor, could inhibit the phosphorylation of HMGA2 and sensitize tumor cells to cisplatin. Our results reveal that CSNK2A1-dependent HMGA2 phosphorylation may partially underlie cisplatin-resistance in cervical cancer, suggesting that HMGA2 phosphorylation may have potential as a predicative biomarker and therapeutic target to improve chemotherapeutic efficacy.

Penalized logistic regression based on L1/2 penalty for high-dimensional DNA methylation data

BACKGROUND:

DNA methylation is a molecular modification of DNA that is vital and occurs in gene expression. In cancer tissues, the 5’–C–phosphate–G–3’(CpG) rich regions are abnormally hypermethylated or hypomethylated. Therefore, it is useful to find out the diseased CpG sites by employing specific methods. CpG sites are highly correlated with each other within the same gene or the same CpG island.

OBJECTIVE:

Based on this group effect, we proposed an efficient and accurate method for selecting pathogenic CpG sites.

METHODS:

Our method aimed to combine a L1/2 regularized solver and a central node fully connected network to penalize group constrained logistic regression model. Consequently, both sparsity and group effect were brought in with respect to the correlated regression coefficients.

RESULTS:

Extensive simulation studies were used to compare our proposed approach with existing mainstream regularization in respect of classification accuracy and stability. The simulation results show that a greater predictive accuracy was attained in comparison to previous methods. Furthermore, our method was applied to over 20000 CpG sites and verified using the ovarian cancer data generated from Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation 27K Beadchip. In the result of the real dataset, not only the indicators of predictive accuracy are higher than the previous methods, but also more CpG sites containing genes are confirmed pathogenic. Additionally, the total number of CpG sites chosen is less than other methods and the results show higher accuracy rates in comparison to other methods in simulation and DNA methylation data.

CONCLUSION:

The proposed method offers an advanced tool to researchers in DNA methylation and can be a powerful tool for recognizing pathogenic CpG sites.

Parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor regulates osteosarcoma K7M2 Cell growth by interacting with angiotensinogen

This study aimed to determine the interactions between parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor (PTHR1) and angiotensinogen (AGT) and the effects of these agents on osteosarcoma (OS). We constructed a stably transfected mouse OS K7M2 cell line (shPTHR1- K7M2) using shRNA and knocked down AGT in these cells using siRNA-AGT. The transfection efficiency and expression of AGT, chemokine C-C motif receptor 3 (CCR3), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 9 (CCL9) were determined using real-time quantitative PCR. Cell viability and colony formation were assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8 and crystal violet staining, respectively. Cell apoptosis and cycle phases were assessed by flow cytometry, and cell migration and invasion were evaluated using Transwell assays. Interference with PTHR1 upregulated the expression of AGT and CCR3, and downregulated that of CCL9, which was further downregulated by AGT knockdown. Cell viability, migration, invasion and colony formation were significantly decreased, while cell apoptosis was significantly increased in shPTHR1-K7M2, compared with those in K7M2 cells (P < .05 for all). However, AGT knockdown further inhibited cell viability after 72 h of culture but promoted cell migration and invasion. PTHR1 interference decreased and increased the numbers of cells in the G0/G1 and G2/M phases, respectively, compared with those in K7M2 cells. Angiotensinogen knockdown increased the number of cells in the G0/G1 phase compared with that in the shPTHR1-K7M2 cells. Therefore, PTHR1 affects cell viability, apoptosis, migration, invasion and colony formation, possibly by regulating AGT/CCL9 in OS cells.

Alpha-Enolase: Emerging Tumor-Associated Antigen, Cancer Biomarker, and Oncotherapeutic Target

Alpha-enolase, also known as enolase-1 (ENO1), is a glycolytic enzyme that “moonlights” as a plasminogen receptor in the cell surface, particularly in tumors, contributing to cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. ENO1 also promotes other oncogenic events, including protein-protein interactions that regulate glycolysis, activation of signaling pathways, and resistance to chemotherapy. ENO1 overexpression has been established in a broad range of human cancers and is often associated with poor prognosis. This increased expression is usually accompanied by the generation of anti-ENO1 autoantibodies in some cancer patients, making this protein a tumor associated antigen. These autoantibodies are common in patients with cancer associated retinopathy, where they exert pathogenic effects, and may be triggered by immunodominant peptides within the ENO1 sequence or by posttranslational modifications. ENO1 overexpression in multiple cancer types, localization in the tumor cell surface, and demonstrated targetability make this protein a promising cancer biomarker and therapeutic target. This mini-review summarizes our current knowledge of ENO1 functions in cancer and its growing potential as a cancer biomarker and guide for the development of novel anti-tumor treatments.

Introducing physical exercise as a potential strategy in liver cancer prevention and development

AIM

This study aimed to investigate the anticancer properties of physical activity by network analysis in trained rats.

BACKGROUND

Much evidence supports the benefits of physical activity, most of which are related to metabolism regulation and body health. Deeper investigation deals with other features of physical activity, such as its anticancer properties.

METHODS

Protein-protein interaction network analysis was applied to investigate the proteome profile of livers of rats subjected to physical activity through bioinformatics. Twelve differentially expressed proteins were searched and analyzed by Cytoscape 3.7.2 and its plug-ins. The network was analyzed to identify hub-bottleneck nodes. An action map was constructed for the central proteins.

RESULTS

Among the queried proteins, Eno1 and Pgm1 were only assigned as hubs by Network Analzyer. Gpi, Pkm, Aldoa, and Aldoart2 were identified as central nodes among the first neighbors of network elements. Furthermore, the glycolytic, carbohydrate catabolic, and glucose metabolic processes are key elements that could be imperative in the mechanism of exercise in liver function. The anticancer properties of the central nodes were highlighted.

CONCLUSION

The network findings indicate the anticancer properties of physical activity, which has also been supported by previous investigations.

Enolase 1 regulates stem cell-like properties in gastric cancer cells by stimulating glycolysis

Recent studies have demonstrated that gastric cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare sub-group of gastric cancer (GC) cells and have an important role in promoting the tumor growth and progression of GC. In the present study, we demonstrated that the glycolytic enzyme Enolase 1 (ENO1) was involved in the regulation of the stem cell-like characteristics of GC cells, as compared to the parental cell lines PAMC-82 and SNU16, the expression of ENO1 in spheroids markedly increased. We then observed that ENO1 could enhance stem cell-like characteristics, including self-renewal capacity, cell invasion and migration, chemoresistance, and even the tumorigenicity of GC cells. ENO1 is known as an enzyme that is involved in glycolysis, but our results showed that ENO1 could markedly promote the glycolytic activity of cells. Furthermore, inhibiting glycolysis activity using 2-deoxy-D-glucose treatment significantly reduced the stemness of GC cells. Therefore, ENO1 could improve the stemness of CSCs by enhancing the cells' glycolysis. Subsequently, to further confirm our results, we found that the inhibition of ENO1 using AP-III-a4 (ENOblock) could reduce the stemness of GC cells to a similar extent as the knockdown of ENO1 by shRNA. Finally, increased expression of ENO1 was related to poor prognosis in GC patients. Taken together, our results demonstrated that ENO1 is a significant biomarker associated with the stemness of GC cells.

The circ-AMOTL1/ENO1 Axis Implicated in the Tumorigenesis of OLP-Associated Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) may develop from a variety of oral potentially malignant disorders, but the mechanism of malignant transformation is still unknown. Among them, oral lichen planus (OLP) has a high prevalence. Previous studies have shown that α-enolase (ENO1) can promote cell proliferation and play an important role in tumorigenesis. In this study, we aim to explore the mechanism of ENO1 regulation in the process of OSCC tumorigenesis from OLP.

METHODS

ENO1 expression in tissues was determined by real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. ENO1 was knocked down in cal-27 to observe the change in cell proliferation. Then, RNA-seq and bioinformatics analyses were conducted between OLP and OSCC samples. The expression of circ-AMOTL1, miRNA-22-3p, and miRNA-1294 was assessed using the real-time quantitative PCR. With knockdown and overexpression of circ-AMOTL1 in vitro, the change of ENO1 in the mRNA level was also assessed.

RESULTS

ENO1 was enhanced in the OSCC samples in comparison with OLP. Immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR results showed that ENO1 was significantly higher in OSCC tissue than in the OLP group, with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). When ENO1 was knocked down in cal-27, cell proliferation was inhibited (p<0.05). The expression of miR-22-3p and miR-1294 was decreased in OSCC tissues, whereas ENO1 and circ-AMOTL1 increased. In an in vitro study, knockdown of circ-AMOTL1 resulted in a decrease of ENO1, while overexpression of circ-AMOTL1 led to an increase of ENO1 in the mRNA level.

CONCLUSION

We confirmed that ENO1 expression was elevated in OSCC and increased cell proliferation. In an in vitro study, ENO1 expression was promoted by circ-AMOTL1. ENO1 may play a role as a tumor-promoting gene in OSCC through the circ-AMOTL1/miR-22-3p/miR-1294 network. These novel findings may shed further light on the pathogenesis from OLP to OSCC and the potential precursor markers.

Prognostic Value of Enolase Gene Family in Colon Cancer

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC), the most common gastrointestinal cancer, is associated with high mortality rates. Enolase is a major enzyme present in the glycolytic pathway. However, the functional significance of the enolase (ENO) gene family in the pathogenesis of CRC has been unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS The data associated with 438 CRC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas database were extracted for analysis. Survival analyses with Cox regression was performed to construct a prognostic signature. We investigated the processes that underlies the correlation between ENO genes and overall survival (OS) using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). We then developed a connectivity map to identify candidate target drugs for CRC. RESULTS The multivariate survival analysis showed that low expression of ENO2 and ENO3 had a significant correlation with longer OS. The joint-effects survival analysis indicated that the combined low expression of ENO2 and ENO3 was highly correlated with favorable OS. As indicated by the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), the ENO gene is involved in various biological pathways and has multiple roles. Potential pharmacological targets of ENO2 and ENO3 were constructed as well. CONCLUSIONS Low expression levels of both ENO2 and ENO3 were linked to a positive prognosis for CRC. Both ENO2 and ENO3 show promise as prognostic biomarkers for colon cancer patients.

Metabolic Pathways Enhancement Confers Poor Prognosis in p53 Exon Mutant Hepatocellular Carcinoma

RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq), the most commonly used sequencing application tool, is not only a method for measuring gene expression but also an excellent media to detect important structural variants such as single nucleotide variants (SNVs), insertion/deletion (Indels), or fusion transcripts. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) contains genomic data from a variety of cancer types and also provides the raw data generated by TCGA consortium. p53 is among the top 10 somatic mutations associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the present study was to analyze concordant different gene profiles and the priori defined set of genes based on p53 mutation status in HCC using RNA-Seq data. In the study, expression profile of 11 799 genes on 42 paired tumor and adjacent normal tissues was collected, processed, and further stratified by the mutated versus normal p53 expression. Furthermore, we used a knowledge-based approach Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to compare between normal and p53 mutation gene expression profiles. The statistical significance (nominal P value) of the enrichment score (ES) genes was calculated. The ranked gene list that reflects differential expression between p53 wild-type and mutant genotypes was then mapped to metabolic process by KEGG, an encyclopedia of genes and genomes to assign functional meanings. These approaches enable us to identify pathways and potential target gene/pathways that are highly expressed in p53 mutated HCC. Our analysis revealed 2 genes, the hexokinase 2 (HK2) and Enolase 1 (ENO1), were conspicuous of red pixel in the heatmap. To further explore the role of these genes in HCC, the overall survival plots by Kaplan-Meier method were performed for HK2 and ENO1 that revealed high HK2 and ENO1 expression in patients with HCC have poor prognosis. These results suggested that these glycolysis genes are associated with mutated-p53 in HCC that may contribute to poor prognosis. In this proof-of-concept study, we proposed an approach for identifying novel potential therapeutic targets in human HCC with mutated p53. These approaches can take advantage of the massive next-generation sequencing (NGS) data generated worldwide and make more out of it by exploring new potential therapeutic targets.

Hyperglycemia promotes Snail-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer via activating ENO1 expression

Background

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies worldwide. Emerging evidence indicates that hyperglycemia promotes tumor progression, especially the processes of migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the underlying mechanisms of GC remain unclear.

Method

Data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases were used to detect the expression of glycolysis-related enzymes and EMT-related transcription factors. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection was performed to decrease ENO1 expression. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blot and qRT-PCR analyses were used to measure gene expression at the protein or mRNA level. CCK-8, wound-healing and Transwell assays were used to assess cell proliferation, migration and invasion.

Results

Among the glycolysis-related genes, ENO1 was the most significantly upregulated in GC, and its overexpression was correlated with poor prognosis. Hyperglycemia enhanced GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. ENO1 expression was also upregulated with increasing glucose concentrations. Moreover, decreased ENO1 expression partially reversed the effect of high glucose on the GC malignant phenotype. Snail-induced EMT was promoted by hyperglycemia, and suppressed by ENO1 silencing. Moreover, ENO1 knockdown inhibited the activation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway in GC.

Conclusions

Our results indicated that hyperglycemia induced ENO1 expression to trigger Snail-induced EMT via the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in GC.

Up-regulated ENO1 promotes the bladder cancer cell growth and proliferation via regulating β-catenin

Bladder cancer (BC) is the ninth most common malignancy throughout the world. The molecular mechanisms of this disease remain largely unclear. The glycolytic enzyme enolase 1 (ENO1) has been shown to regulate the development of various cancers. However, the significance of ENO1 in BC is underdetermined. In this study, we found that ENO1 was highly expressed in BC tissues and cells. High expression of ENO1 was associated with the poor survival of BC patients. Using lentivirus-mediated knockdown and over-expression, we revealed that ENO1 was critical for the growth and proliferation of BC cells. ENO1 over-expression also promoted the proliferation of SV-HUC-1 cells. At the molecular level, the cell cycle and apoptosis related genes were regulated by ENO1. β-catenin expression was positively regulated by ENO1. Furthermore, ectopic expression of β-catenin reversed the effect of ENO1 knockdown on T24 cell proliferation and growth. Opposite results were observed in β-catenin knockdown T24 cells. Our findings suggested that ENO1 functioned as an oncogene in BC through regulating cell cycle, apoptosis and β-catenin. Targeting ENO1/β-catenin cascade may benefit for BC patients.

Alpha-enolase promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation and metastasis via regulating AKT signaling pathway

Increased aerobic glycolysis is considered as a hallmark of cancer and targeting key glycolytic enzymes will be a promising therapeutic approach in cancer treatment. Alpha-enolase (ENO1), as a prominent glycolytic enzyme, is upregulated in multiple cancers and its overexpression is involved in tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the potential role of ENO1 in the development and progression of gastric cancer (GC). Here, we found that ENO1 expression was upregulated in human GC and was associated with Lauren type, lymph node metastasis (LNM) and TNM stage. Knockdown of ENO1 attenuated GC cell proliferation and metastasis and reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progress in vitro while ENO1 overexpression did the opposite. ENO1 could modulate AKT signaling pathway in GC cells and the enhanced proliferation and migration ability induced by ENO1 overexpression was impaired after incubation with PI3K inhibitor Ly294002 in SGC7901 cells. Our data demonstrated that ENO1 enhances GC cell proliferation and metastasis through the protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway, indicating that ENO1/AKT signaling axis may serve as a potential target for treatment of GC.