PVT1 Expression Is a Predictor for Poor Survival of Prostate Cancer Patients

Natural products and long non-coding RNAs in prostate cancer: insights into etiology and treatment resistance

Globally, the incidence and death rates associated with cancer persist in rising, despite considerable advancements in cancer therapy. Although some malignancies are manageable by a mix of chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, and targeted therapy, most malignant tumors either exhibit poor responsiveness to early identification or endure post-treatment survival. The prognosis for prostate cancer (PCa) is unfavorable since it is a perilous and lethal malignancy. The capacity of phytochemical and nutraceutical chemicals to repress oncogenic lncRNAs and activate tumor suppressor lncRNAs has garnered significant attention as a possible strategy to diminish the development, proliferation, metastasis, and invasion of cancer cells. A potential technique to treat cancer and enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to existing conventional therapies is the use of phytochemicals with anticancer characteristics. Functional studies indicate that lncRNAs modulate drug resistance, stemness, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and proliferation via interactions with tumor suppressors and oncoproteins. Among them, numerous lncRNAs, such as HOTAIR, PlncRNA1, GAS5, MEG3, LincRNA-21, and POTEF-AS1, support the development of PCa through many molecular mechanisms, including modulation of tumor suppressors and regulation of various signal pathways like PI3K/Akt, Bax/Caspase 3, P53, MAPK cascade, and TGF-β1. Other lncRNAs, in particular, MALAT-1, CCAT2, DANCR, LncRNA-ATB, PlncRNA1, LincRNA-21, POTEF-AS1, ZEB1-AS1, SChLAP1, and H19, are key players in regulating the aforementioned processes. Natural substances have shown promising anticancer benefits against PCa by altering essential signaling pathways. The overexpression of some lncRNAs is associated with advanced TNM stage, metastasis, chemoresistance, and reduced survival. LncRNAs possess crucial clinical and transitional implications in PCa, as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as medicinal targets. To impede the progression of PCa, it is beneficial to target aberrant long non-coding RNAs using antisense oligonucleotides or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). This prevents them from transmitting harmful messages. In summary, several precision medicine approaches may be used to rectify dysfunctional lncRNA regulatory circuits, so improving early PCa detection and eventually facilitating the conquest of this lethal disease. Due to their presence in biological fluids and tissues, they may serve as novel biomarkers. Enhancing PCa treatments mitigates resistance to chemotherapy and radiation.

Upregulation of the interferon-inducible antiviral gene RSAD2 in neuroendocrine prostate cancer via PVT1 exon 9 dependent and independent pathways

PVT1 exon 9 overexpression is a newly uncovered aberration in prostate cancer (PCa). We have previously demonstrated the exon 9 region of PVT1 is overexpressed in some patient PCa tissues and caused development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we focused on elucidating downstream mechanisms induced by PVT1 exon 9 overexpression with the goal of further understanding its role in NEPC development. RNA-seq analysis of a PVT1 exon 9 overexpressing PCa model revealed significant enrichment of genes responsible for inducing inflammatory processes including RSAD2. We observed RSAD2 overexpression in all NEPC models examined whereas PVT1 exon 9 was overexpressed only in a subset of the NEPC models. We identified two distinct pathways in which RSAD2 is overexpressed: one dependent and one independent on PVT1 exon 9 overexpression. Knockdown of RSAD2 suppressed cell proliferation and migration suggestive of its role as a therapeutic target in NEPC. We identified RSAD2 induces increased cell proliferation, colony formation, and may be involved in the transition between CRPC and NEPC. Distinct differences between PVT1 exon 9-dependent and PVT1 exon 9-independent NEPC models include differences in type II interferon signaling and AR modulation. PVT1 exon 9 binds to RSAD2 protein and disruption of binding significantly impedes downstream interferon gamma secretion by PVT1 exon 9-dependent NEPC cells. These novel findings indicate the importance of these two independent pathways in NEPC, the need to identify relevant NEPC patient populations and study strategies for targeting PVT1 exon 9 and/or RSAD2.

Construction of lncRNA/Pseudogene-miRNA Network Based on In Silico Approaches for Glycolysis Pathway to Identify Prostate Adenocarcinoma-Related Potential Biomarkers

LncRNAs, pseudogenes, and miRNAs participate a fundamental function in tumorigenesis, metabolism, and invasion of cancer cells, although their regulation of tumor glycolysis in prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) is thoroughly not well studied. In this study, we applied transcriptomic, proteomic, and medical information to identify glycolysis-related key genes and modules associated with PRAD. Then, the glycolysis-related lncRNA/lncRNAs/pseudogenes-miRNA-mRNA network was constructed. Analysis of DNA methylation status and expression data determined a DNA methylation-dysregulated three-DE-mRNAs signature for predicting diagnosis, ANGPTL4, GNE, and HSPA in PRAD patients and healthy control. Several lncRNAs/pseudogenes, significantly correlated with the overall survival PVT1, CA5BP1, MIRLET7BHG, SNHG12, and ZNF37BP and disease-free survival status, MALAT1, GUSBP11, MIRLET7BHG, and SNHG1, of patients with PRAD were determined. The methylation profile of DE-lncRNA/pseudogenes was significantly proper for predicting PRAD prognostic model. The transcription level of 6 DE-mRNA ANGPTL4, QSOX1, BIK, CLDN3, DDIT4, and TFF3 was correlated with cancer-related fibroblast infiltration in PRAD. The mutated form of 7 mRNAs, COL5A1, IDH1, HK2, DDIT4, GNE, and QSOX1, was associated with PRAD. In addition to the glycolysis pathway, DE-RNAs play regulatory roles on several pathways, including DNA damage, RTK, cell cycle, RAS/MAPK, TSC/mTOR and PI3K/AKT, AR hormone, and EMT. Overall, our study improves our knowledge of the relation between lncRNAs/pseudogenes and miRNA related to glycolysis and PRAD pathogenesis.

Importance of long non-coding RNAs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of prostate cancer

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are regulatory transcripts with essential roles in the pathogenesis of almost all types of cancers, including prostate cancer. They can act as either oncogenic lncRNAs or tumor suppressor ones in prostate cancer. Small nucleolar RNA host genes are among the mostly assessed oncogenic lncRNAs in this cancer. PCA3 is an example of oncogenic lncRNAs that has been approved as a diagnostic marker in prostate cancer. A number of well-known oncogenic lncRNAs in other cancers such as DANCR, MALAT1, CCAT1, PVT1, TUG1 and NEAT1 have also been shown to act as oncogenes in prostate cancer. On the other hand, LINC00893, LINC01679, MIR22HG, RP1-59D14.5, MAGI2-AS3, NXTAR, FGF14-AS2 and ADAMTS9-AS1 are among lncRNAs that act as tumor suppressors in prostate cancer. LncRNAs can contribute to the pathogenesis of prostate cancer via modulation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling, ubiquitin-proteasome degradation process of AR or other important signaling pathways. The current review summarizes the role of lncRNAs in the evolution of prostate cancer with an especial focus on their importance in design of novel biomarker panels and therapeutic targets.

Oncogenic Long Noncoding RNAs in Prostate Cancer, Osteosarcoma, and Metastasis

Prostate cancer (PC) is a common malignancy and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in men worldwide. Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone cancer, representing 20-40% of all bone malignancy cases. Cancer metastasis is a process by which malignant tumor cells detach from the primary tumor site via a cascade of processes and migrate to secondary sites through the blood circulation or lymphatic system to colonize and form secondary tumors. PC has a specific affinity to the bone based on the "seed and soil" theory; once PC reach the bone, it becomes incurable. Several studies have identified long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as potential targets for cancer therapy or as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The dysregulation of various lncRNAs has been found in various cancer types, including PC, OS, and metastasis. However, the mechanisms underlying lncRNA oncogenic activity in tumor progression and metastasis are extremely complex and remain incompletely understood. Therefore, understanding oncogenic lncRNAs and their role in OS, PC, and metastasis and the underlying mechanism may help better manage and treat this malignancy. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge of oncogenic lncRNAs and their involvement in PC, OS, and bone metastasis.

Long non-coding RNA PVT1: A promising chemotherapy and radiotherapy sensitizer

The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) PVT1 was first found to activate variant translocations in the plasmacytoma of mice. Human lncPVT1 is located on chromosome 8q24.21, at the same locus as the well-known MYC oncogene. LncPVT1 has been found to promote the progression of various malignancies. Chemoresistance and radioresistance seriously affect tumor treatment efficacy and are associated with the dysregulation of physiological processes in cancer cells, including apoptosis, autophagy, stemness (for cancer stem cells, CSC), hypoxia, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and DNA damage repair. Previous studies have also implicated lncPVT1 in the regulation of these physiological mechanisms. In recent years, lncPVT1 was found to modulate chemoresistance and radioresistance in some cancers. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of lncPVT1-mediated regulation of cellular chemoresistance and radioresistance. Due to its high expression in malignant tumors and sensitization effect in chemotherapy and radiotherapy, lncPVT1 is expected to become an effective antitumor target and chemotherapy and radiotherapy sensitizer, which requires further study.

The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Related Signaling Pathways in Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common male malignancies with frequent remote invasion and metastasis, leading to high mortality. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process in embryonic development and plays a key role in tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Numerous long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) could regulate the occurrence and development of EMT through various complex molecular mechanisms involving multiple signaling pathways in PCa. Given the importance of EMT and lncRNAs in the progression of tumor metastasis, we recapitulate the research progress of EMT-related signaling pathways regulated by lncRNAs in PCa, including AR signaling, STAT3 signaling, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling, TGF-β/Smad and NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, we summarize four modes of how lncRNAs participate in the EMT process of PCa via regulating relevant signaling pathways.