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Ferrario N, Marras E, Vivona V, Randisi F, Fallica AN, Marrazzo A, Perletti G, Gariboldi MB. Mechanisms of the Antineoplastic Effects of New Fluoroquinolones in 2D and 3D Human Breast and Bladder Cancer Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2227. [PMID: 38927932 PMCID: PMC11201967 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial fluoroquinolones have emerged as potential anticancer drugs, thus prompting the synthesis of novel molecules with improved cytotoxic characteristics. Ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin derivatives, previously synthesized by our group, showed higher anticancer potency than their progenitors. However, no information about their mechanisms of action was reported. In this study, we selected the most active among these promising molecules and evaluated, on a panel of breast (including those triple-negative) and bladder cancer cell lines, their ability to induce cell cycle alterations and apoptotic and necrotic cell death through cytofluorimetric studies. Furthermore, inhibitory effects on cellular migration, metalloproteinase, and/or acetylated histone protein levels were also evaluated by the scratch/wound healing assay and Western blot analyses, respectively. Finally, the DNA relaxation assay was performed to confirm topoisomerase inhibition. Our results indicate that the highest potency previously observed for the derivatives could be related to their ability to induce G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptotic and/or necrotic cell death. Moreover, they inhibited cellular migration, probably by reducing metalloproteinase levels and histone deacetylases. Finally, topoisomerase inhibition, previously observed in silico, was confirmed. In conclusion, structural modifications of progenitor fluoroquinolones resulted in potent anticancer derivatives possessing multiple mechanisms of action, potentially exploitable for the treatment of aggressive/resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ferrario
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.F.); (E.M.); (V.V.); (F.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Emanuela Marras
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.F.); (E.M.); (V.V.); (F.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Veronica Vivona
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.F.); (E.M.); (V.V.); (F.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Federica Randisi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.F.); (E.M.); (V.V.); (F.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Antonino Nicolò Fallica
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.N.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Agostino Marrazzo
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.N.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Gianpaolo Perletti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.F.); (E.M.); (V.V.); (F.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Marzia Bruna Gariboldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.F.); (E.M.); (V.V.); (F.R.); (G.P.)
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Safi A, Saberiyan M, Sanaei MJ, Adelian S, Davarani Asl F, Zeinaly M, Shamsi M, Ahmadi R. The role of noncoding RNAs in metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:37. [PMID: 37161350 PMCID: PMC10169341 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a well-known feature of cancer that allows malignant cells to alter metabolic reactions and nutrient uptake, thereby promoting tumor growth and spread. It has been discovered that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNA (miRNA), long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA), have a role in a variety of biological functions, control physiologic and developmental processes, and even influence disease. They have been recognized in numerous cancer types as tumor suppressors and oncogenic agents. The role of ncRNAs in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells has recently been noticed. We examine this subject, with an emphasis on the metabolism of glucose, lipids, and amino acids, and highlight the therapeutic use of targeting ncRNAs in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Safi
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Saberiyan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Javad Sanaei
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Adelian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fateme Davarani Asl
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahsa Zeinaly
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mahdi Shamsi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Reza Ahmadi
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Rahmatiyeh Region, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Jałbrzykowska K, Chrzanowska A, Roszkowski P, Struga M. The New Face of a Well-Known Antibiotic: A Review of the Anticancer Activity of Enoxacin and Its Derivatives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133056. [PMID: 35804828 PMCID: PMC9264829 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Enoxacin is a second-generation quinolone with promising anticancer activity. In contrast to other members of the quinolone group, it exhibits an extraordinary cytotoxic mechanism of action. Enoxacin enhances RNA interference and promotes microRNA processing, as well as the production of free radicals. Interestingly, apart from its proapoptotic, cell cycle arresting and cytostatic effects, enoxacin manifests a limitation of cancer invasiveness. The underlying mechanisms are the competitive inhibition of vacuolar H+-ATPase subunits and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway suppression. The newly synthesized enoxacin derivatives have shown a magnified cytotoxic effect with an emphasis on prooxidative, proapoptotic and microRNA interference actions. The mentioned mechanisms seem to contribute to a safer, more selective and more effective anticancer therapy. Abstract Enoxacin as a second-generation synthetic quinolone is known for its antibacterial action; however, in recent years there have been studies focusing on its anticancer potential. Interestingly, it turns out that compared to other fluoroquinolones, enoxacin exhibits uncommon cytotoxic properties. Besides its influence on apoptosis, the cell cycle and cell growth, it exhibits a regulatory action on microRNA biogenesis. It was revealed that the molecular targets of the enoxacin-mediated inhibition of osteoclastogenesis are vacuolar H+-ATPase subunits and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway, causing a decrease in cell invasiveness. Interestingly, the prooxidative nature of the subjected fluoroquinolone enhanced the cytotoxic effect. Crucial for the anticancer activity were the carboxyl group at the third carbon atom, fluorine at the seventh carbon atom and nitrogen at the eighth position of naphyridine. Modifications of the parent drug improved the induction of oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest and the dysregulation of microRNA. The inhibition of V-ATPase–microfilament binding was also observed. Enoxacin strongly affected various cancer but not normal cells, excluding keratinocytes, which suffered from phototoxicity. It seems to be an underestimated anticancer drug with pleiotropic action. Furthermore, its usage as a safe antibiotic with well-known pharmacokinetics and selectivity will enhance the development of anticancer treatment strategies. This review covers articles published within the years 2000–2021, with a strong focus on the recent years (2016–2021). However, some canonical papers published in twentieth century are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jałbrzykowska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Alicja Chrzanowska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.S.); Tel.: +48-22-5720693 (A.C. & M.S.)
| | - Piotr Roszkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Struga
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.S.); Tel.: +48-22-5720693 (A.C. & M.S.)
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Ashrafizadeh M, Paskeh MDA, Mirzaei S, Gholami MH, Zarrabi A, Hashemi F, Hushmandi K, Hashemi M, Nabavi N, Crea F, Ren J, Klionsky DJ, Kumar AP, Wang Y. Targeting autophagy in prostate cancer: preclinical and clinical evidence for therapeutic response. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:105. [PMID: 35317831 PMCID: PMC8939209 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and new estimates revealed prostate cancer as the leading cause of death in men in 2021. Therefore, new strategies are pertinent in the treatment of this malignant disease. Macroautophagy/autophagy is a “self-degradation” mechanism capable of facilitating the turnover of long-lived and toxic macromolecules and organelles. Recently, attention has been drawn towards the role of autophagy in cancer and how its modulation provides effective cancer therapy. In the present review, we provide a mechanistic discussion of autophagy in prostate cancer. Autophagy can promote/inhibit proliferation and survival of prostate cancer cells. Besides, metastasis of prostate cancer cells is affected (via induction and inhibition) by autophagy. Autophagy can affect the response of prostate cancer cells to therapy such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, given the close association between autophagy and apoptosis. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that upstream mediators such as AMPK, non-coding RNAs, KLF5, MTOR and others regulate autophagy in prostate cancer. Anti-tumor compounds, for instance phytochemicals, dually inhibit or induce autophagy in prostate cancer therapy. For improving prostate cancer therapy, nanotherapeutics such as chitosan nanoparticles have been developed. With respect to the context-dependent role of autophagy in prostate cancer, genetic tools such as siRNA and CRISPR-Cas9 can be utilized for targeting autophagic genes. Finally, these findings can be translated into preclinical and clinical studies to improve survival and prognosis of prostate cancer patients. • Prostate cancer is among the leading causes of death in men where targeting autophagy is of importance in treatment; • Autophagy governs proliferation and metastasis capacity of prostate cancer cells; • Autophagy modulation is of interest in improving the therapeutic response of prostate cancer cells; • Molecular pathways, especially involving non-coding RNAs, regulate autophagy in prostate cancer; • Autophagy possesses both diagnostic and prognostic roles in prostate cancer, with promises for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mahshid Deldar Abad Paskeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, 34396, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Farid Hashemi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417466191, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urological Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Francesco Crea
- Cancer Research Group-School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute & Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore. .,NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Urological Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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