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Bhattacharjee P, Sarkar P, Bhadra K. Evaluation of therapeutic role of harmaline: in vitro cytotoxicity targeting nucleic acids. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024; 26:519-533. [PMID: 37656039 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2023.2251116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Use of small molecules as valuable drugs against diseases is still an indefinable purpose due to the lack of in-detail knowledge regarding proper bio-target identification, specificity aspects, mode-mechanism of binding and proper in vitro study. Harmaline, an important beta-carboline alkaloid, shows effective anti-proliferative action against different types of human cancers and is also found to be a nucleic acid targeting natural molecule. This review sought to address the different signal pathways of apoptosis by harmaline in different cancer cell lines and simultaneously to characterize the structure activity aspects of the alkaloid with different motifs of nucleic acid to show its preference, biological efficacy and genotoxicity. The results open up new insights for the design and development of small molecule-based nucleic acid therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paromita Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Nadia, W. Bengal 741235, India
| | - Kakali Bhadra
- Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Nadia, W. Bengal 741235, India
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2
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Moradi Kashkooli F, Jakhmola A, Hornsby TK, Tavakkoli JJ, Kolios MC. Ultrasound-mediated nano drug delivery for treating cancer: Fundamental physics to future directions. J Control Release 2023; 355:552-578. [PMID: 36773959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The application of biocompatible nanocarriers in medicine has provided several benefits over conventional treatment methods. However, achieving high treatment efficacy and deep penetration of nanocarriers in tumor tissue is still challenging. To address this, stimuli-responsive nano-sized drug delivery systems (DDSs) are an active area of investigation in delivering anticancer drugs. While ultrasound is mainly used for diagnostic purposes, it can also be applied to affect cellular function and the delivery/release of anticancer drugs. Therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) has shown potential as both a stand-alone anticancer treatment and a method to induce targeted drug release from nanocarrier systems. TUS approaches have been used to overcome various physiological obstacles, including endothelial barriers, the tumor microenvironment (TME), and immunological hurdles. Combining nanomedicine and ultrasound as a smart DDS can increase in situ drug delivery and improve access to impermeable tissues. Furthermore, smart DDSs can perform targeted drug release in response to distinctive TMEs, external triggers, or dual/multi-stimulus. This results in enhanced treatment efficacy and reduced damage to surrounding healthy tissue or organs at risk. Integrating DDSs and ultrasound is still in its early stages. More research and clinical trials are required to fully understand ultrasound's underlying physical mechanisms and interactions with various types of nanocarriers and different types of cells and tissues. In the present review, ultrasound-mediated nano-sized DDS, specifically focused on cancer treatment, is presented and discussed. Ultrasound interaction with nanoparticles (NPs), drug release mechanisms, and various types of ultrasound-sensitive NPs are examined. Additionally, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical applications of TUS are reviewed in light of the critical challenges that need to be considered to advance TUS toward an efficient, secure, straightforward, and accessible cancer treatment. This study also presents effective TUS parameters and safety considerations for this treatment modality and gives recommendations about system design and operation. Finally, future perspectives are considered, and different TUS approaches are examined and discussed in detail. This review investigates drug release and delivery through ultrasound-mediated nano-sized cancer treatment, both pre-clinically and clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anshuman Jakhmola
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler K Hornsby
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jahangir Jahan Tavakkoli
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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Kari S, Subramanian K, Altomonte IA, Murugesan A, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M. Programmed cell death detection methods: a systematic review and a categorical comparison. Apoptosis 2022; 27:482-508. [PMID: 35713779 PMCID: PMC9308588 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is considered a key player in a variety of cellular processes that helps to regulate tissue growth, embryogenesis, cell turnover, immune response, and other biological processes. Among different types of cell death, apoptosis has been studied widely, especially in the field of cancer research to understand and analyse cellular mechanisms, and signaling pathways that control cell cycle arrest. Hallmarks of different types of cell death have been identified by following the patterns and events through microscopy. Identified biomarkers have also supported drug development to induce cell death in cancerous cells. There are various serological and microscopic techniques with advantages and limitations, that are available and are being utilized to detect and study the mechanism of cell death. The complexity of the mechanism and difficulties in distinguishing among different types of programmed cell death make it challenging to carry out the interventions and delay its progression. In this review, mechanisms of different forms of programmed cell death along with their conventional and unconventional methods of detection of have been critically reviewed systematically and categorized on the basis of morphological hallmarks and biomarkers to understand the principle, mechanism, application, advantages and disadvantages of each method. Furthermore, a very comprehensive comparative analysis has been drawn to highlight the most efficient and effective methods of detection of programmed cell death, helping researchers to make a reliable and prudent selection among the available methods of cell death assay. Conclusively, how programmed cell death detection methods can be improved and can provide information about distinctive stages of cell death detection have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Kari
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kumar Subramanian
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilenia Agata Altomonte
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai, 625002, India
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Institute for Systems Biology, 1441N 34th Street, Seattle, WA, USA.,Computational Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland. .,Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai, 625002, India.
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Samei E, Mozdarani H, Samiei F, Javadi G. Radioprotective Effects of Combined Melatonin and Famotidine Treatment on Radiation Induced Apoptosis in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes of Breast Cancer Patients and Normal Individuals. CELL JOURNAL 2021; 23:562-567. [PMID: 34837684 PMCID: PMC8588819 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2021.7378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of individual or combined use of two antioxidants, melatonin and famotidine on radiation induced apoptosis in leukocytes from breast cancer (BC) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, the DPPH assay was used to determine the appropriate doses of melatonin and famotidine for treatment of BC and control leukocytes. The leukocytes were cultured in complete RPMI1640 medium and treated with either agent for two hours. Cells were exposed to 4 Gy gamma rays generated from a Co-60 source at a dose rate of 0.85 Gy for 48 hours before harvesting. The cells were placed on slides and the neutral comet assay was performed. A total of 500 cells were stained with ethidium bromide and assessed for the amount of apoptosis under a fluorescent microscope x400 magnification. RESULTS We observed significantly more apoptosis following radiation alone in the leukocytes from BC patients compared with normal individuals (P<0.01). Individual use of famotidine and melatonin induced very low frequencies of apoptosis that was not significantly different from the control (P>0.05). However, when combined with radiation, there was a decreased frequency of apoptosis in leukocytes of both normal and BC patients (P<0.05). The effect of famotidine was more pronounced than melatonin. CONCLUSION Melatonin, despite its potent antioxidant property, does not significantly affect radiation induced apoptosis in leukocytes derived from normal individuals; however, it has a moderately significant protective effect on in leukocytes derived from BC patients. Therefore, when used with radiation it might not intervene with the radiotherapy (RT) regimen of BC cancer patients. Famotidine is a good radioprotector for normal tissue. However, the efficacy of RT might be reduced with an accumulation of famotidine in tumour tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Samei
- Department of Genetics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mozdarani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran,Department of Medical GeneticsFaculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Farhad Samiei
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Javadi
- Department of Genetics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Awad N, Paul V, AlSawaftah NM, ter Haar G, Allen TM, Pitt WG, Husseini GA. Ultrasound-Responsive Nanocarriers in Cancer Treatment: A Review. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:589-612. [PMID: 33860189 PMCID: PMC8033618 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The safe and effective delivery of anticancer agents to diseased tissues is one of the significant challenges in cancer therapy. Conventional anticancer agents are generally cytotoxins with poor pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Nanocarriers are nanosized particles designed for the selectivity of anticancer drugs and gene transport to tumors. They are small enough to extravasate into solid tumors, where they slowly release their therapeutic load by passive leakage or biodegradation. Using smart nanocarriers, the rate of release of the entrapped therapeutic(s) can be increased, and greater exposure of the tumor cells to the therapeutics can be achieved when the nanocarriers are exposed to certain internally (enzymes, pH, and temperature) or externally (light, magnetic field, and ultrasound) applied stimuli that trigger the release of their load in a safe and controlled manner, spatially and temporally. This review gives a comprehensive overview of recent research findings on the different types of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers and their application in cancer treatment with a particular focus on ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid
S. Awad
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, American University
of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vinod Paul
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, American University
of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nour M. AlSawaftah
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, American University
of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gail ter Haar
- Joint
Department of Physics, The Institute of
Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Theresa M. Allen
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - William G. Pitt
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Ghaleb A. Husseini
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, American University
of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Malhotra L, Goyal HKV, Jhuria S, Dev K, Kumar S, Kumar M, Kaur P, Ethayathulla AS. Curcumin rescue p53Y220C in BxPC-3 pancreatic adenocarcinomas cell line: Evidence-based on computational, biophysical, and in vivo studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129807. [PMID: 33278547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The p53, tumor suppressor protein is inactivated upon mutation in the DNA-binding domain and the non-functional protein leads to cancers. The p53Y220C is one of the most frequently observed mutations in p53 with a scope of rescuing the protein function using small molecules. METHODS Using computational modeling, biophysical, and experimental cell-based studies we tried to understand the molecular basis of Curcumin as a potential small molecule to stabilize p53Y220C mutant and restore its function. The pancreatic adenocarcinomas BxPC-3 p53Y220C mutant cell line was used for cell-based assays to determine the therapeutic potential of Curcumin to restore mutant p53 to function like wild type. RESULTS Our results showed that the Curcumin binds p53Y220C with Kd = 3.169 ± 0.257 μM and it increases the DNA binding affinity of the mutant by 4-fold with Kd = 851.29 ± 186.27 nM. By Fluorescence, CD, and IR spectroscopy, we could characterize the secondary structural changes and stabilization of the p53Y220C DNA binding domain upon Curcumin binding. By caspase-3 and Annexin V assays, we could demonstrate that Curcumin at 3 μM to 8 μM concentration could initiate p53 mediated apoptosis in BxPC-3 cell line. Based on our experimental studies, we propose a mechanism for the activation of ATM/Chk1 kinases pathways for apoptosis and/or G2/M cell cycle arrest in the BxPC-3 cell line mediated by functionally restored p53Y220C. CONCLUSION The study indicated that the natural compound Curcumin could rescue mutant p53Y220C in BxPC-3 pancreatic adenocarcinomas cell line to function like wild-type and activate apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshay Malhotra
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Harsh K V Goyal
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sunita Jhuria
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Kapil Dev
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Abdul S Ethayathulla
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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7
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Novel miRNA biomarkers for genotoxicity screening in mouse. Toxicology 2018; 404-405:68-75. [PMID: 29777724 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The genotoxic potential of drugs is a serious problem, and its evaluation is one of the most critical processes of drug development. Although the comet assay of compound-exposed tissue is a frequently used genotoxicity test, its high false-positive rate is a major complication, and we consistently obtained false-positive results using the comet assay of mouse liver for nine hepatotoxic non-genotoxins (NGTXs). To identify novel genotoxin (GTX)-specific biomarkers, we screened the expression of 750 microRNAs (miRNAs) in the livers of mice treated with GTXs or NGTXs. Three miRNAs, miR-22-3p, miR-409-3p, and miR-543-3p, were significantly down-regulated in GTX-treated mouse liver. In contrast, these three miRNAs were significantly up-regulated in plasma. A discrimination model based on the expression levels of these biomarkers successfully identified GTXs and NGTXs. This novel biomarker expression-based discrimination model analysis using both liver and plasma is effective for detecting genotoxicity with high sensitivity and reliability to support drug development.
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8
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Daga M, Ullio C, Argenziano M, Dianzani C, Cavalli R, Trotta F, Ferretti C, Zara GP, Gigliotti CL, Ciamporcero ES, Pettazzoni P, Corti D, Pizzimenti S, Barrera G. GSH-targeted nanosponges increase doxorubicin-induced toxicity "in vitro" and "in vivo" in cancer cells with high antioxidant defenses. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:24-37. [PMID: 27184956 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several reports indicate that chemo-resistant cancer cells become highly adapted to intrinsic oxidative stress by up-regulating their antioxidant systems, which causes an increase of intracellular GSH content. Doxorubicin is one of the most widely used drugs for tumor treatment, able to kill cancer cells through several mechanisms. However, doxorubicin use is limited by its toxicity and cancer resistance. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies able to reduce doses and to overcome chemo-resistance are needed. A new class of glutathione-responsive cyclodextrin nanosponges (GSH-NS), is able to release anticancer drugs preferentially in cells having high GSH content. Doxorubicin-loaded GSH-NS, in the cancer cells with high GSH content, inhibited clonogenic growth, cell viability, topoisomerase II activity and induced DNA damage with higher effectiveness than free drug. Moreover, GSH-NS reduced the development of human tumor in xenograft models more than free drug. These characteristics indicate that GSH-NS can be a suitable drug delivery carrier for future applications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Daga
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Ullio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Argenziano
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Department of Chemistry - University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferretti
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Zara
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Casimiro L Gigliotti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont'A Avogadro', Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Eric S Ciamporcero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Pettazzoni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Denise Corti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry, Human Health Medical School University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Pizzimenti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Barrera
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Cytotoxicity and apoptotic activities of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienol isomers on human cancer cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:469. [PMID: 25480449 PMCID: PMC4295404 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Tocotrienols, especially the gamma isomer was discovered to possess cytotoxic effects associated with the induction of apoptosis in numerous cancers. Individual tocotrienol isomers are believed to induce dissimilar apoptotic mechanisms in different cancer types. This study was aimed to compare the cytotoxic potency of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols, and to explore their resultant apoptotic mechanisms in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 and glioblastoma U87MG cells which are scarcely researched. Methods The cytotoxic effects of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols in both A549 and U87MG cancer cells were first determined at the cell viability and morphological aspects. DNA damage types were then identified by comet assay and flow cytometric study was carried out to support the incidence of apoptosis. The involvements of caspase-8, Bid, Bax and mitochondrial membrane permeability (MMP) in the execution of apoptosis were further expounded. Results All tocotrienols inhibited the growth of A549 and U87MG cancer cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. These treated cancer cells demonstrated some hallmarks of apoptotic morphologies, apoptosis was further confirmed by cell accumulation at the pre-G1 stage. All tocotrienols induced only double strand DNA breaks (DSBs) and no single strand DNA breaks (SSBs) in both treated cancer cells. Activation of caspase-8 leading to increased levels of Bid and Bax as well as cytochrome c release attributed by the disruption of mitochondrial membrane permeability in both A549 and U87MG cells were evident. Conclusions This study has shown that delta-tocotrienol, in all experimental approaches, possessed a higher efficacy (shorter induction period) and effectiveness (higher induction rate) in the execution of apoptosis in both A549 and U87MG cancer cells as compared to alpha- and gamma-tocotrienols. Tocotrienols in particular the delta isomer can be an alternative chemotherapeutic agent for treating lung and brain cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-469) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Husseini GA, Pitt WG, Martins AM. Ultrasonically triggered drug delivery: breaking the barrier. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:364-86. [PMID: 25454759 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The adverse side-effects of chemotherapy can be minimized by delivering the therapeutics in time and space to only the desired target site. Ultrasound offers one fairly non-invasive method of accomplishing such precise delivery because its energy can disrupt nanosized containers that are designed to sequester the drug until the ultrasonic event. Such containers include micelles, liposomes and solid nanoparticles. Conventional micelles and liposomes are less acoustically sensitive to ultrasound because the strongest forces associated with ultrasound are generated by gas-liquid interfaces, which both of these conventional constructs lack. Acoustically activated carriers often incorporate a gas phase, either actively as preformed bubbles, or passively such as taking advantage of dissolved gasses that form bubbles upon insonation. Newer concepts include using liquids that form gas when insonated. This review focuses on the ultrasonically activated delivery of therapeutics from micelles, liposomes and solid particles. In vitro and in vivo results are summarized and discussed. Novel structural concepts from micelles and liposomes are presented. Mechanisms of ultrasonically activated release are discussed. The future of ultrasound in drug delivery is envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana M Martins
- American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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11
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Lim SW, Loh HS, Ting KN, Bradshaw TD, Zeenathul NA. Antiproliferation and induction of caspase-8-dependent mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by β-tocotrienol in human lung and brain cancer cell lines. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:1105-15. [PMID: 25456851 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pure vitamin isomer, β-tocotrienol has the least abundance among the other vitamin E isomers that are present in numerous plants. Hence, it is very scarcely studied for its bioactivity. In this study, the antiproliferative effects and primary apoptotic mechanisms of β-tocotrienol on human lung adenocarcinoma A549 and glioblastoma U87MG cells were investigated. It was evidenced that β-tocotrienol had inhibited the growth of both A549 (GI50=1.38±0.334μM) and U87MG (GI50=2.53±0.604μM) cells at rather low concentrations. Cancer cells incubated with β-tocotrienol were also found to exhibit hallmarks of apoptotic morphologies including membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation and formation of apoptotic bodies. The apoptotic properties of β-tocotrienol in both A549 and U87MG cells were the results of its capability to induce significant (P<0.05) double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) without involving single-strand DNA breaks (SSBs). β-Tocotrienol is said to induce activation of caspase-8 in both A549 and U87MG cells guided by no activation when caspase-8 inhibitor, z-IETD-fmk was added. Besides, disruption on the mitochondrial membrane permeability of the cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner had occurred. The induction of apoptosis by β-tocotrienol in A549 and U87MG cells was confirmed to involve both the death-receptor mediated and mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathways. These findings could potentiate the palm oil derived β-tocotrienol to serve as a new anticancer agent for treating human lung and brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Wen Lim
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500 Semenyih, Malaysia.
| | - Hwei-San Loh
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500 Semenyih, Malaysia.
| | - Kang Nee Ting
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500 Semenyih, Malaysia.
| | - Tracey D Bradshaw
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Nazariah A Zeenathul
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
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Chandran PR, Sandhyarani N. An electric field responsive drug delivery system based on chitosan–gold nanocomposites for site specific and controlled delivery of 5-fluorouracil. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07551j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Ahmed SE, Martins AM, Husseini GA. The use of ultrasound to release chemotherapeutic drugs from micelles and liposomes. J Drug Target 2014; 23:16-42. [PMID: 25203857 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2014.954119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Several drug delivery systems have been investigated to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy by encapsulating the therapeutic agent in a nanosized carrier until it reaches the tumor site. Many of these particles are designed to be responsive to the mechanical and thermal perturbations delivered by ultrasound. Once the nanoparticle reaches the desired location, ultrasound is applied to release the chemotherapy drug only in the vicinity of the targeted (cancer) site, thus avoiding any detrimental interaction with healthy cells in the body. Studies using liposomes and micelles have shown promising results in this area, as these nanoparticles with simple, yet effective structures, showed high efficiency as drug delivery vehicles both in vitro and in vivo. This article reviews the design and application of two novel nanosized chemotherapeutic carriers (i.e. micelles and liposomes) intended to be actuated by ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma E Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah , Sharjah , United Arab Emirates
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Pitt WG, Husseini GA, Kherbeck LN. Ultrasound-triggered Release from Micelles. SMART MATERIALS FOR DRUG DELIVERY 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849736800-00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound is an ideal trigger for site-actuated drug delivery because it can be focused through the skin to internal targets without surgery. Thermal or mechanical energy can be delivered via tissue heating or bubble cavitation, respectively. Bubble cavitation, which concentrates energy that can trigger drug release from carriers, occurs more readily at low frequencies and at bubble resonant frequencies. Other mechanical and physical consequences of cavitation are reviewed. Micelles are nanosized molecular assemblies of amphiphilic molecules that spontaneously form in aqueous solution and possess a hydrophobic core capable of sequestering hydrophobic drugs. Micelles have traditionally been used to increase the solubility of hydrophobic therapeutics for oral and intravenous administration. For ultrasonic drug delivery, polymeric micelles containing polyethylene oxide blocks are preferred because they have longer circulation time in vivo. Passive delivery occurs when micelles accumulate in tumor tissues that have malformed capillaries with porous walls. In active delivery targeting ligands are attached to the micelles, which directs their binding to specific cells. Actuated delivery occurs when ultrasound causes drug release from micelles and is attributed to bubble cavitation since the amount released correlates with acoustic signatures of cavitation. The mechanisms of ultrasonic drug release are discussed, including the prevalent theory that gas bubble cavitation events create high shear stress and shock waves that transiently perturb the structure of the micelles and allow drug to escape from the hydrophobic core. Ultrasound also perturbs cell membranes, rendering them more permeable to drug uptake. Tumors in rats and mice have been successfully treated using low-frequency ultrasound and chemotherapeutics in polymeric micelles. Ultrasonically activated drug delivery has great clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G. Pitt
- Chemical Engineering Department Brigham Young University, Provo, UT84602 USA
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15
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Saha S, Venkata Ramana Reddy C, Chiranjeevi T, Addepally U, Chinta Rao T, Patro B. The first total synthesis and biological evaluation of marine natural products ma’edamines A and B. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1013-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Diaz de la Rosa MA, Husseini GA, Pitt WG. Comparing microbubble cavitation at 500 kHz and 70 kHz related to micellar drug delivery using ultrasound. ULTRASONICS 2013; 53:377-386. [PMID: 22901396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that ultrasonic drug release at 70kHz was found to correlate with the presence of subharmonic emissions. No evidence of drug release or of the subharmonic emissions were detected in experiments at 500kHz. In an attempt to understand the difference in drug release behavior between low- and mid-frequency ultrasound, a mathematical model of a bubble oscillator was developed to explore the difference in the behavior of a single 10-μm bubble under 500- and 70-kHz ultrasound. The dynamics were found to be fundamentally different; the 500-kHz bubble follows a period-doubling route to chaos while a 70-kHz bubble follows an intermittent route to chaos. We propose that this type of "intermittent subharmonic" oscillation behavior is associated with the drug release observed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Diaz de la Rosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
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Freiburghaus C, Lindmark-Månsson H, Paulsson M, Oredsson S. Reduction of ultraviolet light-induced DNA damage in human colon cancer cells treated with a lactoferrin-derived peptide. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:5552-60. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Singh R, Husseini GA, Pitt WG. Phase transitions of nanoemulsions using ultrasound: experimental observations. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2012; 19:1120-5. [PMID: 22444691 PMCID: PMC3329591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasound-induced transformation of perfluorocarbon liquids to gases is of interest in the area of drug and gene delivery. In this study, three independent parameters (temperature, size, and perfluorocarbon species) were selected to investigate the effects of 476-kHz and 20-kHz ultrasound on nanoemulsion phase transition. Two levels of each factor (low and high) were considered at each frequency. The acoustic intensities at gas bubble formation and at the onset of inertial cavitation were recorded and subsequently correlated with the acoustic parameters. Experimental data showed that low frequencies are more effective in forming and collapsing a bubble. Additionally, as the size of the emulsion droplet increased, the intensity required for bubble formation decreased. As expected, perfluorohexane emulsions require greater intensity to form cavitating bubbles than perfluoropentane emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Singh
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Ghaleb A. Husseini
- Chemical Engineering Department, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - William G. Pitt
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
- Corresponding Author: Dr. William G. Pitt, Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 USA, 801-422-2589 office, 801-422-0151 FAX,
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19
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Husseini GA, Velluto D, Kherbeck L, Pitt WG, Hubbell JA, Christensen DA. Investigating the acoustic release of doxorubicin from targeted micelles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 101:153-5. [PMID: 22796785 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The main problem associated with the administration of anti-cancer medication is that the drug is delivered throughout the body causing undesirable side effects. Therefore, it is important to synthesize drug carriers capable of minimizing the adverse side effects of chemotherapy by preferentially targeting tumor cells both actively (e.g. a folate receptor) and using external stimulus (e.g. ultrasound). In this paper, we report the synthesis of Pluronic P105 micelles with a folate targeting moiety (with a yield of 48%) containing doxorubicin (Dox). We applied low frequency ultrasound as an external stimulus and measured the amount of release of Dox from these folated micelles. The results showed that the percent drug release increases as the power intensity of ultrasound increases. The maximum amount of release (14%) was measured at 5.4 W/cm(2). A power density threshold at approximately 0.55 W/cm(2) exists below which no statistically significant release was observed. This lower threshold suggests that cavitation plays an important role in triggering drug release from targeted micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaleb A Husseini
- Chemical Engineering Department, American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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20
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Lim SW, Ting KN, Bradshaw TD, Zeenathul NA, Wiart C, Khoo TJ, Lim KH, Loh HS. Acalypha wilkesiana extracts induce apoptosis by causing single strand and double strand DNA breaks. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:616-23. [PMID: 22008878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The seeds of Acalypha wilkesiana have been used empirically by traditional healers in Southwest Nigeria together with other plants as a powder mixture to treat patients with breast tumours and inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY There is an increasing interest among researchers in searching for new anticancer drugs from natural resources, particularly plants. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer properties of Acalypha wilkesiana extracts and the characteristics of DNA damage against brain and lung cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antiproliferative activity of Acalypha wilkesiana extracts (ethyl acetate, hexane, and ethanol) was examined on human glioma (U87MG), human lung carcinoma (A549), and human lung fibroblast (MRC5) cells. RESULTS Cell viability MTT assay revealed that ethyl acetate extract of the plant possessed significant antiproliferative effects against both U87MG (GI(50)=28.03 ± 6.44 μg/ml) and A549 (GI(50)=89.63 ± 2.12 μg/ml) cells (p value<0.0001). The hexane extract was found to exhibit crucial antiproliferative effects on U87MG (GI(50)=166.30 ± 30.50 μg/ml) (p value<0.0001) but not on A549 cells. Neither plant extract possessed noticeable antiproliferative effects on the non-cancerous MRC5 cells (GI(50)>300 μg/ml). The ethanol extract showed no antiproliferative effects on any cell line examined. Haematoxylin & Eosin (H & E) staining and single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) comet assay confirmed that plant extract-treated cells underwent apoptosis and not necrosis. SCGE comet assays confirmed that plant extracts caused both single strand (SSB) and double strand (DSB) DNA breaks that led to the execution of apoptosis. CONCLUSION The extracts (especially ethyl acetate and hexane) of Acalypha wilkesiana possess valuable cytotoxic effects that trigger apoptosis in U87MG and A549 cancer cells through induction of DNA SSBs and DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Lim
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Malaysia
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Oerlemans C, Bult W, Bos M, Storm G, Nijsen JFW, Hennink WE. Polymeric micelles in anticancer therapy: targeting, imaging and triggered release. Pharm Res 2010; 27:2569-89. [PMID: 20725771 PMCID: PMC2982955 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Micelles are colloidal particles with a size around 5-100 nm which are currently under investigation as carriers for hydrophobic drugs in anticancer therapy. Currently, five micellar formulations for anticancer therapy are under clinical evaluation, of which Genexol-PM has been FDA approved for use in patients with breast cancer. Micelle-based drug delivery, however, can be improved in different ways. Targeting ligands can be attached to the micelles which specifically recognize and bind to receptors overexpressed in tumor cells, and chelation or incorporation of imaging moieties enables tracking micelles in vivo for biodistribution studies. Moreover, pH-, thermo-, ultrasound-, or light-sensitive block copolymers allow for controlled micelle dissociation and triggered drug release. The combination of these approaches will further improve specificity and efficacy of micelle-based drug delivery and brings the development of a 'magic bullet' a major step forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Oerlemans
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Husseini GA, Mjalli FS, Pitt WG, Abdel-Jabbar NM. Using Artificial Neural Networks and Model Predictive Control to Optimize Acoustically Assisted Doxorubicin Release from Polymeric Micelles. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2009; 8:479-88. [DOI: 10.1177/153303460900800609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have been developing a drug delivery system that uses Pluronic P105 micelles to sequester a chemotherapeutic drug - namely, Doxorubicin (Dox) - until it reaches the cancer site. Ultrasound is then applied to release the drug directly to the tumor and in the process minimize the adverse side effects of chemotherapy on non-tumor tissues. Here, we present an artificial neural network (ANN) model that attempts to model the dynamic release of Dox from P105 micelles under different ultrasonic power intensities at two frequencies. The developed ANN model is then utilized to optimize the ultrasound application to achieve a target drug release at the tumor site via an ANN-based model predictive control. The parameters of the controller are then tuned to achieve good reference signal tracking. We were successful in designing and testing a controller capable of adjusting the ultrasound frequency, intensity, and pulse length to sustain constant Dox release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaleb A. Husseini
- Chemical Engineering Department, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah USA 84602
| | - Farouq S. Mjalli
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - William G. Pitt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah USA 84602
| | - Nabil M. Abdel-Jabbar
- Chemical Engineering Department, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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23
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Husseini GA, Pitt WG. Ultrasonic-activated micellar drug delivery for cancer treatment. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:795-811. [PMID: 18506804 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles and ultrasound in medicine continues to evolve. Great strides have been made in the areas of producing micelles, nanoemulsions, and solid nanoparticles that can be used in drug delivery. An effective nanocarrier allows for the delivery of a high concentration of potent medications to targeted tissue while minimizing the side effect of the agent to the rest of the body. Polymeric micelles have been shown to encapsulate therapeutic agents and maintain their structural integrity at lower concentrations. Ultrasound is currently being used in drug delivery as well as diagnostics, and has many advantages that elevate its importance in drug delivery. The technique is noninvasive, thus no surgery is needed; the ultrasonic waves can be easily controlled by advanced electronic technology so that they can be focused on the desired target volume. Additionally, the physics of ultrasound are widely used and well understood; thus ultrasonic application can be tailored towards a particular drug delivery system. In this article, we review the recent progress made in research that utilizes both polymeric micelles and ultrasonic power in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaleb A Husseini
- Chemical Engineering Department, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Yu T, Yang Y, Liu S, Yu H. Ultrasound increases DNA damage attributable to cisplatin in cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2009; 33:355-359. [PMID: 19204912 DOI: 10.1002/uog.6258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An increased capacity for DNA repair plays a very important role in cisplatin (DDP) resistance in ovarian cancers. Ultrasound is a potential chemotherapy sensitizer. The aim of this study was to determine whether ultrasound in conjunction with chemotherapy increases DNA damage in chemoresistant human ovarian cancer cells. METHODS Ultrasound and/or cyclosporin A were used to overcome chemoresistance in a DDP-resistant human ovarian cancer cell line, COC1/DDP. DNA damage was quantified by comet assay, a form of single-cell gel electrophoresis in which the length of the comet tail reflects the level of DNA damage. RESULTS Neither ultrasound nor cyclosporin A alone led to detectable DNA breakage. The use of ultrasound increased DNA breakage due to DDP, while the use of cyclosporin A did not. The addition of ultrasound and cyclosporin A in conjunction with DDP resulted in a 2.55 times increase in the length of comet tail compared with using DDP alone, while their combined use resulted in a 1.73 times increase compared with the combination of just DDP and insonation. CONCLUSIONS Insonation increases DNA breakage attributable to DDP in chemoresistant human ovarian cancer cells, and might sensitize cyclosporin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Ultrasonics, Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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25
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Johansson VM, Oredsson SM, Alm K. Polyamine depletion with two different polyamine analogues causes DNA damage in human breast cancer cell lines. DNA Cell Biol 2008; 27:511-6. [PMID: 18554080 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2008.0750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the positively charged polyamines have a DNA-stabilizing function and that polyamine depletion alters chromatin function. We have previously shown that polyamine depletion causes an S phase prolongation, and others have shown that there is an accumulation of Okazaki-like fragments in polyamine-depleted cells. In the present study, we have used the comet assay to investigate polyamine depletion-induced DNA strand breaks. Three breast cancer cell lines and one normal-like breast cell line were treated with the polyamine analogue N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine or with the polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor 4-amidinoindan-1-one 2'-amidinohydrazone (CGP 48664). The comet assay showed that polyamine depletion resulted in DNA strand breaks. We also show that these DNA strand breaks occurred in cells where there was no expression of gamma-H2AX, which is a marker of DNA double-strand breaks. Thus, our conclusion is that polyamine depletion causes DNA single-strand breaks, which may be the cause for the observed delay in S phase progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M Johansson
- Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Animal Physiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Husseini GA, Pitt WG. Micelles and nanoparticles for ultrasonic drug and gene delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:1137-52. [PMID: 18486269 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery research employing micelles and nanoparticles has expanded in recent years. Of particular interest is the use of these nanovehicles that deliver high concentrations of cytotoxic drugs to diseased tissues selectively, thus reducing the agent's side effects on the rest of the body. Ultrasound, traditionally used in diagnostic medicine, is finding a place in drug delivery in connection with these nanoparticles. In addition to their non-invasive nature and the fact that they can be focused on targeted tissues, acoustic waves have been credited with releasing pharmacological agents from nanocarriers, as well as rendering cell membranes more permeable. In this article, we summarize new technologies that combine the use of nanoparticles with acoustic power both in drug and gene delivery. Ultrasonic drug delivery from micelles usually employs polyether block copolymers and has been found effective in vivo for treating tumors. Ultrasound releases drug from micelles, most probably via shear stress and shock waves from the collapse of cavitation bubbles. Liquid emulsions and solid nanoparticles are used with ultrasound to deliver genes in vitro and in vivo. The small packaging allows nanoparticles to extravasate into tumor tissues. Ultrasonic drug and gene delivery from nanocarriers has tremendous potential because of the wide variety of drugs and genes that could be delivered to targeted tissues by fairly non-invasive means.
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Husseini GA, Pitt WG. The use of ultrasound and micelles in cancer treatment. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 8:2205-15. [PMID: 18572632 PMCID: PMC2519605 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2008.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The high toxicity of potent chemotherapeutic drugs like Doxorubicin (Dox) limits the therapeutic window in which they can be applied. This window can be expanded by controlling the drug delivery in both space and time such that non-targeted tissues are not adversely affected. Recent research has shown that ultrasound (US) can be used to control the release of Dox and other hydrophobic drugs from polymeric micelles in both time and space. It has also been shown using an in vivo rat tumor model that Dox activity can be enhanced by ultrasound in one region, while in an adjacent region there is little or no effect of the drug. In this article, we review the in vivo and in vitro research being conducted in the area of using ultrasound to enhance and target micellar drug delivery to cancerous tissues. Additionally, we summarize our previously published mathematical models that attempt to represent the release and re-encapsulation phenomena of Dox from Pluronic P105 micelles upon the application of ultrasound. The potential benefits of such controlled chemotherapy compels a thorough investigation of the role of ultrasound (US) and the mechanisms by which US accomplishes drug release and/or enhances drug potency. Therefore we will summarize our findings related to the mechanism involved in acoustically activated micellar drug delivery to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaleb A. Husseini
- Chemical Engineering Department, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - William G. Pitt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
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Zahedi K, Bissler JJ, Wang Z, Josyula A, Lu L, Diegelman P, Kisiel N, Porter CW, Soleimani M. Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase overexpression in kidney epithelial cells disrupts polyamine homeostasis, leads to DNA damage, and causes G2 arrest. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 292:C1204-15. [PMID: 17065202 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00451.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Expression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) increases in kidneys subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Increased expression of SSAT in vitro leads to alterations in cellular polyamine content, depletion of cofactors and precursors of polyamine synthesis, and reduced cell proliferation. In our model system, a >28-fold increase in SSAT levels in HEK-293 cells leads to depletion of polyamines and elevation in the enzymatic activities of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, suggestive of a compensatory reaction to increased polyamine catabolism. Increased expression of SSAT also led to DNA damage and G2 arrest. The increased DNA damage was primarily due to the depletion of polyamines. Other factors such as increased production of H2O2 due to polyamine oxidase activity may play a secondary role in the induction of DNA lesions. In response to DNA damage the ATM/ATR → Chk1/2 DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint pathways were activated, mediating the G2 arrest in SSAT-expressing cells. In addition, the activation of ERK1 and ERK2, which play integral roles in the G2/M transition, is impaired in cells expressing SSAT. These results indicate that the disruption of polyamine homeostasis due to enhanced SSAT activity leads to DNA damage and reduced cell proliferation via activation of DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint and disruption of Raf → MEK → ERK pathways. We propose that in kidneys subjected to IRI, one mechanism through which increased expression of SSAT may cause cellular injury and organ damage is through induction of DNA damage and the disruption of cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Zahedi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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