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Kanagasabai T, Venkatesan T, Natarajan U, Alobid S, Alhazzani K, Algahtani M, Rathinavelu A. Regulation of cell cycle by MDM2 in prostate cancer cells through Aurora Kinase-B and p21WAF1 /CIP1 mediated pathways. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109435. [PMID: 31706019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of MDM2 oncoprotein has been detected in a large number of diverse human malignancies and has been shown to play both p53-dependent and p53-independent roles in oncogenesis. Our study was designed to explore the impact of MDM2 overexpression on the levels of various cell cycle regulatory proteins including Aurora kinase-B (AURK-B), CDC25C and CDK1, which are known to promote tumor progression and increase metastatic potential. Our data from human cell cycle RT2 profiler PCR array experiments revealed significant changes in the expression profile of genes that are involved in different phases of cell cycle regulation in LNCaP-MST (MDM2 transfected) prostate cancer cells. Our current study has demonstrated a significant increase in the expression level of AURK-B, CDC25C, Cyclin A2, Cyclin B and CDK1 in LNCaP-MST cells as compared with wild type LNCaP cells that were modulated by MDM2 specific inhibitor Nutlin-3. In fact, the expression levels of the above- mentioned proteins were significantly altered at both mRNA and protein levels after treating the cells with 20 μM Nutlin-3 for 24h. Additionally, the pro-apoptotic proteins including p53, p21, and Bax were elevated with the concomitant decrease in the key anti-apoptotic proteins following MDM2 inhibitor treatment. Also, Nutlin-3 treated cells demonstrated caspase-3 activation was observed with an in-vitro caspase-3 fluorescent assay performed with caspase 3/7 specific DEVD-amc substrate. Our results offer significant evidence towards the effectiveness of MDM2 inhibition in causing cell cycle arrest via blocking the transmission of signals through AURKB-CDK1 axis and inducing apoptosis in LNCaP-MST cancer cells. It is evident from our data that MDM2 overexpression probably is the primary cause for CDK1 up-regulation in the LNCaP-MST cells, which might have occurred possibly through activation of AURK-B. However, further studies in this direction should shed more light on the intracellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of Aurora kinase-B and CDK1 axis in MDM2 positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Thiagarajan Venkatesan
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Umamaheswari Natarajan
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; VRR Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Kattupakkam, Chennai, TN 600056, India
| | - Saad Alobid
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 12371, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alhazzani
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 12371, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Algahtani
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 12371, Saudi Arabia
| | - Appu Rathinavelu
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA.
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Liu X, Chen Y, Li Y, Petersen RB, Huang K. Targeting mitosis exit: A brake for cancer cell proliferation. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:179-191. [PMID: 30611728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The transition from mitosis to interphase, referred to as mitotic exit, is a critical mitotic process which involves activation and inactivation of multiple mitotic kinases and counteracting protein phosphatases. Loss of mitotic exit checkpoints is a common feature of cancer cells, leading to mitotic dysregulation and confers cancer cells with oncogenic characteristics, such as aberrant proliferation and microtubule-targeting agent (MTA) resistance. Since MTA resistance results from cancer cells prematurely exiting mitosis (mitotic slippage), blocking mitotic exit is believed to be a promising anticancer strategy. Moreover, based on this theory, simultaneous inhibition of mitotic exit and additional cell cycle phases would likely achieve synergistic antitumor effects. In this review, we divide the molecular regulators of mitotic exit into four categories based on their different regulatory functions: 1) the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C, a ubiquitin ligase), 2) cyclin B, 3) mitotic kinases and phosphatases, 4) kinesins and microtubule-binding proteins. We also review the regulators of mitotic exit and propose prospective anticancer strategies targeting mitotic exit, including their strengths and possible challenges to their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Liu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yangkai Li
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Robert B Petersen
- Foundational Sciences, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48858, USA
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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