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Ferreira AH, Marques FLN, Real CC, Thipe VC, Freitas LF, Lima CSA, de Souza LE, Junqueira MS, de Paula Faria D, Varca GHC, Lugão AB, Katti KV. Green Nanotechnology Through Papain Nanoparticles: Preclinical in vitro and in vivo Evaluation of Imaging Triple-Negative Breast Tumors. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2024; 17:211-226. [PMID: 39346128 PMCID: PMC11439364 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s474194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Recent advancements in nanomedicine and nanotechnology have expanded the scope of multifunctional nanostructures, offering innovative solutions for targeted drug delivery and diagnostic agents in oncology and nuclear medicine. Nanoparticles, particularly those derived from natural sources, hold immense potential in overcoming biological barriers to enhance therapeutic efficacy and diagnostic accuracy. Papain, a natural plant protease derived from Carica papaya, emerges as a promising candidate for green nanotechnology-based applications due to its diverse medicinal properties, including anticancer properties. Purpose This study presents a novel approach in nanomedicine and oncology, exploring the potential of green nanotechnology by developing and evaluating technetium-99m radiolabeled papain nanoparticles (99mTc-P-NPs) for imaging breast tumors. The study aimed to investigate the efficacy and specificity of these nanoparticles in breast cancer models through preclinical in vitro and in vivo assessments. Methods Papain nanoparticles (P-NPs) were synthesized using a radiation-driven method and underwent thorough characterization, including size, surface morphology, surface charge, and cytotoxicity assessment. Subsequently, P-NPs were radiolabeled with technetium-99m (99mTc), and in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate cellular uptake at tumor sites, along with biodistribution, SPECT/CT imaging, autoradiography, and immunohistochemistry assays, using breast cancer models. Results The synthesized P-NPs exhibited a size mean diameter of 9.3 ± 1.9 nm and a spherical shape. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of native papain and P-NPs showed low cytotoxicity in HUVEC, MDA-MB231, and 4T1 cells. The achieved radiochemical yield was 94.2 ± 3.1% that were sufficiently stable (≥90%) for 6 h. The tumor uptake achieved in the 4T1 model was 2.49 ± 0.32% IA/g at 2 h and 1.51 ± 0.20% IA/g at 6 h. In the spontaneous breast cancer model, 1.19 ± 0.20% IA/g at 2 h and 0.86 ± 0.31% IA/g at 6 h. SPECT/CT imaging has shown substantial tumor uptake of the new nanoradiopharmaceutical and clear tumor visualization. 99mTc-P-NPs exhibited a high affinity to tumoral cells confirmed by ex vivo autoradiography and immunohistochemistry assays. Conclusion The findings underscore the potential of green nanotechnology-driven papain nanoparticles as promising agents for molecular imaging of breast and other tumors through SPECT/CT imaging. The results represent a substantial step forward in the application of papain nanoparticles as carriers of diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides to deliver diagnostic/therapeutic payloads site-specifically to tumor sites for the development of a new generation of nanoradiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryel H Ferreira
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
- MackGraphe - Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
- Mackenzie Evangelical College of Paraná - Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Curitiba-PR, 80730-000, Brazil
| | - Fábio L N Marques
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM-43), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05403-911, Brazil
| | - Caroline C Real
- Aarhus University, Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET-Centre, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Velaphi C Thipe
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Lucas F Freitas
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
- MackGraphe - Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
| | - Caroline S A Lima
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
- MackGraphe - Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
| | - Larissa Estessi de Souza
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM-43), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05403-911, Brazil
| | - Mara S Junqueira
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Cancer Institute of the State of Sao Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele de Paula Faria
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM-43), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05403-911, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H C Varca
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ademar B Lugão
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Kattesh V Katti
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Pezzani R, Jiménez-Garcia M, Capó X, Sönmez Gürer E, Sharopov F, Rachel TYL, Ntieche Woutouoba D, Rescigno A, Peddio S, Zucca P, Tsouh Fokou PV, Martorell M, Gulsunoglu-Konuskan Z, Ydyrys A, Bekzat T, Gulmira T, Hano C, Sharifi-Rad J, Calina D. Anticancer properties of bromelain: State-of-the-art and recent trends. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1068778. [PMID: 36698404 PMCID: PMC9869248 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1068778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bromelain is a key enzyme found in pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.); a proteolytic substance with multiple beneficial effects for human health such as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anticarcinogenic, traditionally used in many countries for its potential therapeutic value. The aim of this updated and comprehensive review focuses on the potential anticancer benefits of bromelain, analyzing the cytotoxic, apoptotic, necrotic, autophagic, immunomodulating, and anti-inflammatory effects in cancer cells and animal models. Detailed information about Bromelain and its anticancer effects at the cellular, molecular and signaling levels were collected from online databases such as PubMed/MedLine, TRIP database, GeenMedical, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The results of the analyzed studies showed that Bromelain possesses corroborated pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, anti-edema, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-coagulant, anti-osteoarthritis, anti-trauma pain, anti-diarrhea, wound repair. Nonetheless, bromelain clinical studies are scarce and still more research is needed to validate the scientific value of this enzyme in human cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Pezzani
- Phytotherapy Lab, Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca Oncologica di Base (AIROB), Padova, Italy
| | - Manuel Jiménez-Garcia
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Department, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Xavier Capó
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress and Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Eda Sönmez Gürer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- Research Institution “Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products” of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | | | - David Ntieche Woutouoba
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Antonio Rescigno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefania Peddio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Zucca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy,*Correspondence: Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Christophe Hano, ; Daniela Calina, ; Paolo Zucca,
| | | | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile,Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Concepción, Chile
| | - Zehra Gulsunoglu-Konuskan
- Faculty of Health Science, Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alibek Ydyrys
- Biomedical Research Centre, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan,The Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Tynybekov Bekzat
- Department of Biodiversity and Bioresources, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Tussupbekova Gulmira
- Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Christophe Hano
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Orleans, Chartres, France,*Correspondence: Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Christophe Hano, ; Daniela Calina, ; Paolo Zucca,
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador,*Correspondence: Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Christophe Hano, ; Daniela Calina, ; Paolo Zucca,
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania,*Correspondence: Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Christophe Hano, ; Daniela Calina, ; Paolo Zucca,
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Cladosporium protease/doxorubicin decorated Fe3O4@SiO2 nanocomposite: An efficient nanoparticle for drug delivery and combating breast cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Henrotin YE, Michlmayr C, Rau SM, Quirke AM, Bigoni M, Ueberall MA. Combination of Enzymes and Rutin to Manage Osteoarthritis Symptoms: Lessons from a Narrative Review of the Literature. Rheumatol Ther 2022; 9:1305-1327. [PMID: 35881306 PMCID: PMC9510077 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-022-00472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disorder affecting over 300 million people worldwide. It typically affects the knees and the hips, and is characterized by a loss in normal joint movement, stiffness, swelling, and pain in patients. The current gold standard therapy for osteoarthritis targets pain management using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs are associated with several potentially serious side effects, the most common being gastrointestinal perforation and bleeding. Owing to the side effects, NSAID treatment doses need to be as low as possible and should be continued for the shortest duration possible, which is problematic in a chronic condition like osteoarthritis, which requires long-term management. Numerous clinical trials have examined oral enzyme combinations as a potential new approach in managing pain in patients with osteoarthritis. Oral enzyme combinations containing bromelain in combination with trypsin, both proteolytic enzymes, as well as the plant flavonoid rutin, may be an effective alternative to typical NSAIDs. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize and discuss the evidence on the efficacy of oral enzyme combinations compared to the gold standard (NSAID) in the management of osteoarthritis symptoms. Nine randomized controlled trials identified in this review assessed the efficacy and safety of the oral enzyme combination containing bromelain, trypsin, and rutin in patients with osteoarthritis. Most of the studies assessed the impact of the oral enzyme combination on the improvement of the Lequesne Algofunctional index score, treatment-related pain intensity alterations and adverse events compared to patients receiving NSAIDs. Although largely small scale, the study outcomes suggest that this combination is as effective as NSAIDs in the management of osteoarthritis, without the adverse events associated with NSAID use. INFOGRAPHIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves E Henrotin
- musculoSKeletal Innovative Research Lab (mSKIL), Institute of Pathology, Level 5, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Motricity Sciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Princess Paola Hospital, Vivalia, Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium.,Artialis SA, GIGA Tower, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Marco Bigoni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Michael A Ueberall
- Institute of Neurological Sciences IFNAP, Nordostpark 51, 90411, Nuremberg, Germany.
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de Lima CSA, Varca JPRO, Nogueira KM, Fazolin GN, de Freitas LF, de Souza EW, Lugão AB, Varca GHC. Semi-Solid Pharmaceutical Formulations for the Delivery of Papain Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121170. [PMID: 33271859 PMCID: PMC7761214 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Papain is a therapeutic enzyme with restricted applications due to associated allergenic reactions. Papain nanoparticles have shown to be safe for biomedical use, although a method for proper drug loading and release remains to be developed. Thus, the objective of this work was to develop and assess the stability of papain nanoparticles in a prototype semi-solid formulation suitable for dermatological or topical administrations. Papain nanoparticles of 7.0 ± 0.1 nm were synthesized and loaded into carboxymethylcellulose- and poly(vinyl alcohol)-based gels. The formulations were then assayed for preliminary stability, enzyme activity, cytotoxicity studies, and characterized according to their microstructures and protein distribution. The formulations were suitable for papain nanoparticle loading and provided a stable environment for the nanoparticles. The enzyme distribution along the gel matrix was homogeneous for all the formulations, and the proteolytic activity was preserved after the gel preparation. Both gels presented a slow release of the papain nanoparticles for four days. Cell viability assays revealed no potential cytotoxicity, and the presence of the nanoparticles did not alter the microstructure of the gel. The developed systems presented a potential for biomedical applications, either as drug delivery systems for papain nanoparticles and/or its complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S. A. de Lima
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (J.P.R.O.V.); (K.M.N.); (G.N.F.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.B.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.S.A.d.L.); (G.H.C.V.)
| | - Justine P. R. O. Varca
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (J.P.R.O.V.); (K.M.N.); (G.N.F.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.B.L.)
| | - Kamila M. Nogueira
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (J.P.R.O.V.); (K.M.N.); (G.N.F.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.B.L.)
| | - Gabriela N. Fazolin
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (J.P.R.O.V.); (K.M.N.); (G.N.F.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.B.L.)
| | - Lucas F. de Freitas
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (J.P.R.O.V.); (K.M.N.); (G.N.F.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.B.L.)
| | - Eliseu W. de Souza
- Department of Polymers, Technology College (Fatec), São Paulo 03694-000, Brazil;
| | - Ademar B. Lugão
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (J.P.R.O.V.); (K.M.N.); (G.N.F.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.B.L.)
| | - Gustavo. H. C. Varca
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (J.P.R.O.V.); (K.M.N.); (G.N.F.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.B.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.S.A.d.L.); (G.H.C.V.)
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Dotivo NC, Rezende RP, Pessoa TBA, Salay LC, Huachaca NSM, Romano CC, Marques EDLS, Costa MS, de Moura SR, Pirovani CP, Dias JCT. Immobilization of PR4A3 enzyme in pluronic F127 polymeric micelles against colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and increase of in vitro bioavailability. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1238-1245. [PMID: 33202272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Traditional therapy for malignant neoplasms involving surgical procedures, radiotherapy and chemotherapy aims to kill neoplastic cells, but also affects normal cells. Therefore, exogenous proteases are the target of studies in cancer therapy, as they have been shown to be effective in suppressing tumors and reducing metastases. Pluronic F127 (F127) is a copolymer of amphiphilic blocks that has shown significant potential for drug administration, as it is capable of incorporating hydrophobic drugs and self-assembling in micrometers of nanometric size. This study investigated the effects of immobilization of the alkaline protease PR4A3 with pluronic F127 micelles on the enzyme-induced cytotoxicity. Protease immobilization was demonstrated through UV-visible and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies, as the enzyme interacts with the polymeric micelle of Pluronic F127 without changing its secondary structure. In addition, the immobilized form of the enzyme showed greater bioavailability after passing through the simulated gastrointestinal transit. Cell viability was assessed using the tetrazoic methylthiazole (MTT) assay. The results open perspectives for new research and development for PR4A3 in the treatment of colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Passos Rezende
- Departament of biological science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Carlos Salay
- Departament of Exact and Technological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Cristina Romano
- Departament of biological science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Moara Silva Costa
- Departament of biological science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
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Fazolin GN, Varca GH, Kadlubowski S, Sowinski S, Lugão AB. The effects of radiation and experimental conditions over papain nanoparticle formation: Towards a new generation synthesis. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tabrez S, Jabir NR, Khan MI, Khan MS, Shakil S, Siddiqui AN, Zaidi SK, Ahmed BA, Kamal MA. Association of autoimmunity and cancer: An emphasis on proteolytic enzymes. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 64:19-28. [PMID: 31100322 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer and autoimmune diseases are the two devastating conditions that together constitute a leading health problem worldwide. The rising burden of these disorders in the developing world demands a multifaceted approach to address the challenges it poses. Understanding the root causes and specific molecular mechanisms by which the progression of the diseases takes place is need of the hour. A strong inflammatory background and common developmental pathways, such as activation of immune cells, proliferation, increased cell survival and migration which are controlled by growth factors and inflammatory cytokines have been considered as the critical culprits in the progression and complications of these disorders. Enzymes are the potential immune modulators which regulate various inflammatory events and can break the circulating immune complexes via macrophages production. In the current manuscript, we have uncovered the possible role of proteolytic enzymes in the pathogenesis and progression of cancer and autoimmune diseases. In the light of the available scientific literature, we advocate in-depth comprehensive studies which will shed light towards the role of proteolytic enzymes in the modulation of inflammatory responses in cancer and autoimmune diseases together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nasimudeen R Jabir
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Khan
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shazi Shakil
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Syed Kashif Zaidi
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Li H, Yoo W, Park HM, Lim SY, Shin DH, Kim S, Park HY, Jeong TS. Arazyme Suppresses Hepatic Steatosis and Steatohepatitis in Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Like Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092325. [PMID: 31083413 PMCID: PMC6539878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arazyme, a metalloprotease from the spider Nephila clavata, exerts hepatoprotective activity in CCL4-induced acute hepatic injury. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-like C57BL/6J mice. The mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10/group): the normal diet group, the HFD group, the arazyme group (HFD with 0.025% arazyme), and the milk thistle (MT) group (HFD with 0.1% MT). Dietary supplementation of arazyme for 13 weeks significantly lowered plasma triglyceride (TG) and non-esterified fatty acid levels. Suppression of HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in the arazyme group was caused by the reduced hepatic TG and total cholesterol (TC) contents. Arazyme supplementation decreased hepatic lipogenesis-related gene expression, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription protein 1 (Srebf1), fatty acid synthase (Fas), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (Acc1), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (Scd1), Scd2, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (Gpam), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (Dgat1), and Dgat2. Arazyme directly reduced palmitic acid (PA)-induced TG accumulation in HepG2 cells. Arazyme suppressed macrophage infiltration and tumor necrosis factor α (Tnfa), interleukin-1β (Il1b), and chemokine-ligand-2 (Ccl2) expression in the liver, and inhibited secretion of TNFα and expression of inflammatory mediators, Tnfa, Il1b, Ccl2, Ccl3, Ccl4, and Ccl5, in PA-induced RAW264.7 cells. Arazyme effectively protected hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis by inhibiting SREBP-1-mediated lipid accumulation and macrophage-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Wonbeak Yoo
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Hye-Mi Park
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Soo-Youn Lim
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | | | - Seokho Kim
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Ho-Yong Park
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Tae-Sook Jeong
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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Cysteine Proteases from V. cundinamarcensis ( C. candamarcensis) Inhibit Melanoma Metastasis and Modulate Expression of Proteins Related to Proliferation, Migration and Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102846. [PMID: 30241282 PMCID: PMC6212992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that P1G10, a proteolytic fraction from Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis latex, reduced the tumor mass in animals bearing melanoma, increased in vitro DNA fragmentation and decreased cell adhesion. Here, we present some molecular and cellular events related to the antimetastatic effect induced by the CMS-2 fraction derived from P1G10 in metastatic melanoma B16-F10 and melanocyte Melan-a. Using difference gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, we identified four proteins overexpressed in tumor cells, all of them related to proliferation, survival, migration and cell invasion, that had their expression normalized upon treatment with CMS-2: nucleophosmin 1, heat shock protein 65, calcyclin binding protein and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H. In addition, some antioxidant and glycolytic enzymes show increased expression after exposure to CMS-2, along with an induction of melanogenesis (differentiation marker). The down regulation of cofilin 1, a protein involved in cell motility, may explain the inhibition of cell migration and dendritic-like outgrowth in B16-F10 and Melan-a, observed after CMS-2 treatment. Taken together, it is argued that CMS-2 modulates the expression of proteins related to metastatic development, driving the cell to a more differentiated-like state. These effects support the CMS-2 antimetastatic activity and place this fraction in the category of anticancer agent.
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Ross CA. Future Research Directions for the Trophoblast Model of Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:755-760. [PMID: 29746191 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1470652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The trophoblast model of cancer is incorporated into The Gonzalez Protocol for treatment of cancer and a range of noncancer chronic diseases. The other main component of the Protocol involves the prescription of detailed diets and supplementation. The foundation of the diet and supplementation component of the Protocol is the theory of autonomic types, which range from parasympathetic-dominant, through balanced, to sympathetic-dominant; a person's autonomic type determines the details of the prescribed diet and supplements. The core anticancer component of the Protocol is pancreatic enzymes. Dr. Nicholas Gonzalez died in 2015; a research program studying the main components of The Gonzalez Protocol™ would contribute to his work being remembered and used by other practitioners. The author reviews the evidence base for the clinical effectiveness of The Gonzalez Protocol, which consists of Level II evidence, and outlines future research directions for the trophoblast model of cancer and the theory of autonomic types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Ross
- a Institute for Psychological Trauma , Richardson , Texas , USA
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12
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Balakireva AV, Kuznetsova NV, Petushkova AI, Savvateeva LV, Zamyatnin AA. Trends and Prospects of Plant Proteases in Therapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2017; 26:465-486. [PMID: 29173148 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666171123204403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The main function of proteases in any living organism is the cleavage of proteins resulting in the degradation of damaged, misfolded and potentially harmful proteins and therefore providing the cell with amino acids essential for the synthesis of new proteins. Besides this main function, proteases may play an important role as signal molecules and participate in numerous protein cascades to maintain the vital processes of an organism. Plant proteases are no exception to this rule. Moreover, in contrast to humanencoded enzymes, many plant proteases possess exceptional features such as higher stability, unique substrate specificity and a wide pH range for enzymatic activity. These valuable features make plant-derived proteolytic enzymes suitable for many biomedical applications, and furthermore, the plants can serve as factories for protein production. Plant proteases are already applied in the treatment of several pathological conditions in the human organism. Some of the enzymes possess antitumour, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The collagenolytic activity of plant proteases determines important medical applications such as the healing of wounds and burn debridement. Plant proteases may affect blood coagulation processes and can be applied in the treatment of digestive disorders. The present review summarizes recent advances and possible applications for plant proteases in biomedicine, and proposes further development of plant-derived proteolytic enzymes in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Balakireva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia V Kuznetsova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | | | - Lyudmila V Savvateeva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119992, Russian Federation
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Nanodiamond-chymotrypsin and nanodiamond-papain conjugates, their synthesis and activity and visualization of their interaction with cells using optical and electron microscopy. Biointerphases 2017; 12:031004. [PMID: 28754039 DOI: 10.1116/1.4996108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel conjugates of detonation nanodiamonds (dNDs) with the proteolytic enzymes chymotrypsin and papain were synthesized. The synthesis was performed via functionalization of the dNDs' surface with acidic/alkali treatment followed by carbodiimide-mediated protein binding. Covalent binding of the enzymes was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrographic analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) amino acid analysis. HPLC also proved the preservation of the enzymes' composition during synthesis. The same assay was used to determine the binding ratios. The ratios were 12% (mass to mass) for chymotrypsin and 7.4% for papain. The enzymatic activity of the conjugates was measured using chromogenic substrates and appeared to be approximately 40% of that of the native enzymes. The optimum pH values and stability under various conditions were determined. The sizes of resulting particles were measured using dynamic light scattering and direct electron microscopic observation. The enzyme conjugates were shown to be prone to aggregation, resulting in micrometer-sized particles. The ζ-potentials were measured and found to be positive for the conjugates. The conjugated enzymes were tested for biological activity using an in vitro model of cultured transformed human epithelial cells (HeLa cell line). It was shown that dND-conjugated enzymes effectively bind to the surface of the cells and that enzymes attack exposed proteins on the plasma membrane, including cell adhesion molecules. Incubation with conjugated enzymes results in morphological changes of the cells but does not affect cell viability, as judged by monitoring the cell division index and conducting ultrastructural studies. dNDs are internalized by the cells via endocytosis, being enclosed in forming coated vesicles by chance, and they accumulate in single membrane-bound vacuoles, presumably late endosomes/phagosomes, along with multimembranous onionlike structures. The authors propose a model of a stepwise conjugate binding to the cell membrane and gradual release of the enzymes.
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Pereira FV, Melo ACL, de Melo FM, Mourão-Sá D, Silva P, Berzaghi R, Herbozo CCA, Coelho-Dos-Reis J, Scutti JA, Origassa CST, Pereira RM, Juliano L, Juliano MA, Carmona AK, Câmara NOS, Tsuji M, Travassos LR, Rodrigues EG. TLR4-mediated immunomodulatory properties of the bacterial metalloprotease arazyme in preclinical tumor models. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1178420. [PMID: 27622031 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1178420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent approval of new agents for metastatic melanoma, its treatment remains challenging. Moreover, few available immunotherapies induce a strong cellular immune response, and selection of the correct immunoadjuvant is crucial for overcoming this obstacle. Here, we studied the immunomodulatory properties of arazyme, a bacterial metalloprotease, which was previously shown to control metastasis in a murine melanoma B16F10-Nex2 model. The antitumor activity of arazyme was independent of its proteolytic activity, since heat-inactivated protease showed comparable properties to the active enzyme; however, the effect was dependent on an intact immune system, as antitumor properties were lost in immunodeficient mice. The protective response was IFNγ-dependent, and CD8(+) T lymphocytes were the main effector antitumor population, although B and CD4(+) T lymphocytes were also induced. Macrophages and dendritic cells were involved in the induction of the antitumor response, as arazyme activation of these cells increased both the expression of surface activation markers and proinflammatory cytokine secretion through TLR4-MyD88-TRIF-dependent, but also MAPK-dependent pathways. Arazyme was also effective in the murine breast adenocarcinoma 4T1 model, reducing primary and metastatic tumor development, and prolonging survival. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a bacterial metalloprotease interaction with TLR4 and subsequent receptor activation that promotes a proinflammatory and tumor protective response. Our results show that arazyme has immunomodulatory properties, and could be a promising novel alternative for metastatic melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe V Pereira
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center (ADARC), Rockefeller University, NY, USA
| | - Amanda C L Melo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Filipe M de Melo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Mourão-Sá
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute , London, UK
| | - Priscila Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Berzaghi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina C A Herbozo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jordana Coelho-Dos-Reis
- HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center (ADARC), Rockefeller University, NY, USA; Rene Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jorge A Scutti
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice S T Origassa
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosana M Pereira
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana K Carmona
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center (ADARC), Rockefeller University , NY, USA
| | - Luiz R Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine G Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
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Alcantara J, Leach MJ. Chiropractic Attitudes and Utilization of Evidence-Based Practice: The Use of the EBASE Questionnaire. Explore (NY) 2015; 11:367-76. [PMID: 26231303 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the attitudes and utilization of evidence-based practice by chiropractors. METHODS Utilizing a descriptive survey implemented as an online questionnaire, we examined chiropractors׳ perception, skills, and level of training, their engagement in, the barriers and facilitators to, and possible interventions to evidence-based practice. RESULTS A total of 162 of 500 chiropractors completed the survey, providing a response rate of 32.4%. The majority of respondents were 30-39 years old, female, and worked in solo practice. A high proportion agreed/strongly agreed that evidence-based practice was necessary in the practice of chiropractic. Most respondents considered themselves to have above-average skills in locating professional literature, identifying answerable clinical questions, and identifying knowledge gaps in practice. However, many indicated receiving either no training or minimal education for conducting clinical research and systematic reviews and meta-analyses Most respondents had read or reviewed one to five professional articles and/or clinical research reports pertinent to their practice in the preceding month. Identified minor to moderate barriers to evidence-based practice were lack of time and lack of clinical evidence. Activities "very useful" in participating in evidence-based practice were access to free online databases and the ability to download full-text journal articles. CONCLUSIONS The responders of our survey embraced and considered themselves skillful in evidence-based practice. They utilized a number of resources to practice in such a manner and were not deterred by identified barriers. We support continued research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Alcantara
- International Chiropractic Pediatric Association, 327 N Middletown Rd, Media, PA 19063; Chair of Pediatric Research, Life West College of Chiropractic, Hayward, CA.
| | - Matthew J Leach
- Health Economics & Policy Research Group, School of Nursing &Midwifery, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia
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Dittz D, Figueiredo C, Lemos FO, Viana CTR, Andrade SP, Souza-Fagundes EM, Fujiwara RT, Salas CE, Lopes MTP. Antiangiogenesis, loss of cell adhesion and apoptosis are involved in the antitumoral activity of Proteases from V. cundinamarcensis (C. candamarcensis) in murine melanoma B16F1. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7027-44. [PMID: 25826531 PMCID: PMC4425002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteolytic enzymes from V. cundinamarcensis latex, (P1G10), display healing activity in animal models following various types of lesions. P1G10 or the purified isoforms act as mitogens on fibroblast and epithelial cells by stimulating angiogenesis and wound healing in gastric and cutaneous ulcers models. Based on evidence that plant proteinases act as antitumorals, we verified this effect on a murine melanoma model. The antitumoral effect analyzed mice survival and tumor development after subcutaneous administration of P1G10 into C57BL/6J mice bearing B16F1 low metastatic melanoma. Possible factors involved in the antitumoral action were assessed, i.e., cytotoxicity, cell adhesion and apoptosis in vitro, haemoglobin (Hb), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity. We observed that P1G10 inhibited angiogenesis measured by the decline of Hb and VEGF within the tumor, and TGF-β displayed a non-significant increase and TNF-α showed a minor non-significant reduction. On the other hand, there was an increase in NAG activity. In treated B16F1 cells, apoptosis was induced along with decreased cell binding to extracellular matrix components (ECM) and anchorage, without impairing viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton Dittz
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.D.); (C.F.); (F.O.L.); (M.T.P.L.)
| | - Cinthia Figueiredo
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.D.); (C.F.); (F.O.L.); (M.T.P.L.)
| | - Fernanda O. Lemos
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.D.); (C.F.); (F.O.L.); (M.T.P.L.)
| | - Celso T. R. Viana
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.T.R.V.); (S.P.A.); (E.M.S.-F.)
| | - Silvia P. Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.T.R.V.); (S.P.A.); (E.M.S.-F.)
| | - Elaine M. Souza-Fagundes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.T.R.V.); (S.P.A.); (E.M.S.-F.)
| | - Ricardo T. Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Carlos E. Salas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +55-31-3409-2646
| | - Miriam T. P. Lopes
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.D.); (C.F.); (F.O.L.); (M.T.P.L.)
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Kinetics studies with fruit bromelain (Ananas comosus) in the presence of cysteine and divalent ions. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 52:5954-60. [PMID: 26345013 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of cysteine and divalent ion modulation viz. Ca(2+), Cu(2+), Hg(2+) of fruit bromelain (EC 3.4.22.33) have been investigated in the present study. Kinetic studies revealed that at pH 4.5, cysteine induced V-type activation of bromelain catalyzed gelatin hydrolysis. At pH 3.5, Ca(2+) inhibited the enzyme noncompetitively, whereas, both K-and V-type activations of bromelain were observed in the presence of 0.5 mM Ca(2+) at pH 4.5 and 7.5. Bromelain was inhibited competitively at 0.6 mM Cu(2+) ions at pH 3.5, which changed to an uncompetitive inhibition at pH 4.5 and 7.5. An un-competitive inhibition of bromelain catalyzed gelatin hydrolysis was observed in the presence of 0.6 mM Hg(2+) at pH 3.5 and 4.5. These findings suggest that divalent ions modulation of fruit bromelain is pH dependent.
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Pillai K, Akhter J, Chua TC, Morris DL. Anticancer property of bromelain with therapeutic potential in malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. Cancer Invest 2013; 31:241-50. [PMID: 23570457 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2013.784777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes that is capable of hydrolyzing glycosidic linkages in glycoprotein. Glycoprotein's are ubiquitously distributed throughout the body and serve a variety of physiologic functions. Faulty glycosylation of proteins may lead to cancer. Antitumor properties of bromelain have been demonstrated in both, in vitro and in vivo studies, along with scanty anecdotal human studies. Various mechanistic pathways have been proposed to explain the anticancer properties of bromelain. However, proteolysis by bromelain has been suggested as a main pathway by some researchers. MUC1 is a glycoprotein that provides tumor cells with invasive, metastatic, and chemo-resistant properties. To date, there is no study that examines the effect of bromelain on MUC1. However, the viability of MUC1 expressing pancreatic and breast cancer cells are adversely affected by bromelain. Further, the efficacy of cisplatin and 5-FU are enhanced by adjuvant treatment with bromelain, indicating that the barrier function of MUC1 may be affected. Other studies have also indicated that there is a greater accumulation of 5-FU in the cell compartment on treatment with 5-FU and bromelain. Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) expresses MUC1 and initial studies have shown that the viability of MPM cells is adversely affected by exposure to bromelain. Further, bromelain in combination with either 5-FU or cisplatin, the efficacy of the chemotherapeutic drug is enhanced. Hence, current evidence indicates that bromelain may have the potential of being developed into an effective anticancer agent for MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Pillai
- Department of Surgery, University of New South Wales, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
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Trejo-Becerril C, Pérez-Cárdenas E, Taja-Chayeb L, Anker P, Herrera-Goepfert R, Medina-Velázquez LA, Hidalgo-Miranda A, Pérez-Montiel D, Chávez-Blanco A, Cruz-Velázquez J, Díaz-Chávez J, Gaxiola M, Dueñas-González A. Cancer progression mediated by horizontal gene transfer in an in vivo model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52754. [PMID: 23285175 PMCID: PMC3532306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that cancer progresses by vertical gene transfer, but this paradigm ignores that DNA circulates in higher organisms and that it is biologically active upon its uptake by recipient cells. Here we confirm previous observations on the ability of cell-free DNA to induce in vitro cell transformation and tumorigenesis by treating NIH3T3 recipient murine cells with serum of colon cancer patients and supernatant of SW480 human cancer cells. Cell transformation and tumorigenesis of recipient cells did not occur if serum and supernatants were depleted of DNA. It is also demonstrated that horizontal cancer progression mediated by circulating DNA occurs via its uptake by recipient cells in an in vivo model where immunocompetent rats subjected to colon carcinogenesis with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine had increased rate of colonic tumors when injected in the dorsum with human SW480 colon carcinoma cells as a source of circulating oncogenic DNA, which could be offset by treating these animals with DNAse I and proteases. Though the contribution of biologically active molecules other than DNA for this phenomenon to occur cannot be ruled out, our results support the fact that cancer cells emit into the circulation biologically active DNA to foster tumor progression. Further exploration of the horizontal tumor progression phenomenon mediated by circulating DNA is clearly needed to determine whether its manipulation could have a role in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucía Taja-Chayeb
- Division of Basic Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Luis A. Medina-Velázquez
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Delia Pérez-Montiel
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alma Chávez-Blanco
- Division of Basic Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - José Díaz-Chávez
- Division of Basic Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Gaxiola
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Dueñas-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Dhandayuthapani S, Perez HD, Paroulek A, Chinnakkannu P, Kandalam U, Jaffe M, Rathinavelu A. Bromelain-induced apoptosis in GI-101A breast cancer cells. J Med Food 2011; 15:344-9. [PMID: 22191568 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme extracted from the stems and the immature fruits of pineapple that was found to be antitumorigenic in different in vitro models. Bromelain has been reported to promote apoptosis, particularly in breast cancer cells, with the up-regulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 kinase. Our study was designed to determine if bromelain could induce apoptosis in GI-101A breast cancer cells. GI-101A cells were treated with increasing concentrations of bromelain for 24 hours. The effect of bromelain for inducing cell death via activation of the apoptosis mechanism in GI-101A cells was further determined by using caspase-9 and caspase-3 assays along with the M30-Apoptosense assay to measure cytokeratin 18 (CK18) levels in the cytoplasm of the cultured cancer cells. A dose-dependent increase in the activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3 coinciding with elevation of CK18 levels was found in bromelain-treated cells compared with control cells. Furthermore, the apoptosis induction by bromelain was confirmed by DNA fragmentation analysis and 4,6'-diamino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride fluorescence staining of the nucleus. Our results indicate an increase in apoptosis-related cell death in breast cancer cells with increasing concentrations of bromelain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivanesan Dhandayuthapani
- Rumbaugh Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33313, USA
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Obregón WD, Lufrano D, Liggieri CS, Trejo SA, Vairo-Cavalli SE, Avilés FX, Priolo NS. Biochemical characterization, cDNA cloning, and molecular modeling of araujiain aII, a papain-like cysteine protease from Araujia angustifolia latex. PLANTA 2011; 234:293-304. [PMID: 21424535 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1399-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Araujiain aII, the protease with highest specific activity purified from latex of Araujia angustifolia (Apocynaceae), shows optimum proteolytic activity at alkaline pH, and it is completely inhibited by the irreversible inhibitor of cysteine proteases trans-epoxysucciny-L: -leucyl-amido(4-guanidino) butane. It exhibits esterolytic activity on several N-α-Cbz-amino acid p-nitrophenyl esters with a preference for Gln, Ala, and Gly derivatives. Kinetic enzymatic assays were performed with the thiol proteinase substrate p-Glu-Phe-Leu-p-nitroanilide (K (m) = 0.18 ± 0.03 mM, k (cat) = 1.078 ± 0.055 s(-1), k (cat)/K (m) = 5.99 ± 0.57 s(-1) mM(-l)). The enzyme has a pI value above 9.3 and a molecular mass of 23.528 kDa determined by mass spectrometry. cDNA of the peptidase was obtained by reverse transcription-PCR starting from total RNA isolated from latex. The deduced amino acid sequence was confirmed by peptide mass fingerprinting analysis. The N-terminus of the mature protein was determined by automated sequencing using Edman's degradation and compared with the sequence deduced from cDNA. The full araujiain aII sequence was thus obtained with a total of 213 amino acid residues. The peptidase, as well as other Apocynaceae latex peptidases, is a member of the subfamily C1A of cysteine proteases. The enzyme belongs to the alpha + beta class of proteins, with two disulfide bridges (Cys22-Cys63 and Cys56-Cys95) in the alpha domain, and another one (Cys150-Cys201) in the beta domain, as was suggested by molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter D Obregón
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 s/N, C.C. 711, B1900AVW, La Plata, Argentina
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Native and Biotechnologically Engineered Plant Proteases with Industrial Applications. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-010-0431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Zhang C, Chia SM, Ong SM, Zhang S, Toh YC, van Noort D, Yu H. The controlled presentation of TGF-β1 to hepatocytes in a 3D-microfluidic cell culture system. Biomaterials 2009; 30:3847-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Complementary medicine is currently widely debated by the oncologic community, because the required scientific proof of safety and effectiveness for most of the therapeutic approaches ha s not yet been met with definite results. In the past years, basic research and clinical evaluation of defined complementary therapeutic concepts in oncology have been intensified in an attempt to integrate these procedures into evidence-based medicine. According to definition, scientifically-based therapies of complementary medicine cannot replace the well-studied conventional cancer-destructive therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or hormone therapy. Complementary approaches in oncology that are recommended as an addition to standard cancer-destructive therapies claim to optimize this therapy. A great body of data emerging from scientifically sound clinical trials prove that defined complementary procedures are beneficial for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Beuth
- Institute for Naturopathy, University of Cologne, Germany
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