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Tavsanli N, Erözden AA, Çalışkan M. Evaluation of small-molecule modulators of the circadian clock: promising therapeutic approach to cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:848. [PMID: 39046562 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The circadian clock is an important regulator of human homeostasis. Circadian rhythms are closely related to cell fate because they are necessary for regulating the cell cycle, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis. Clock dysfunction can result in the development of diseases such as cancer. Although certain tumors have been shown to have a malfunctioning clock, which may affect prognosis or treatment, this has been postulated but not proven in many types of cancer. Recently, important information has emerged about the basic characteristics that underpin the overt circadian rhythm and its influence on physiological outputs. This information implies that the circadian rhythm may be managed by using particular small molecules. Small-molecule clock modulators target clock components or different physiological pathways that influence the clock. Identifying new small-molecule modulators will improve our understanding of critical regulatory nodes in the circadian network and cancer. Pharmacological manipulation of the clock may be valuable for treating cancer. The discoveries of small-molecule clock modulators and their possible application in cancer treatment are examined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalan Tavsanli
- Division of Biotechnology, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, Istanbul, 34134, Turkey
- Program of Biotechnology, Biology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies in Sciences, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, Istanbul, 34134, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Arıhan Erözden
- Division of Biotechnology, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, Istanbul, 34134, Turkey
- Program of Biotechnology, Biology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies in Sciences, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, Istanbul, 34134, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Çalışkan
- Division of Biotechnology, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, Istanbul, 34134, Turkey.
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Wagner PM, Fornasier SJ, Guido ME. Pharmacological Modulation of the Cytosolic Oscillator Affects Glioblastoma Cell Biology. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:51. [PMID: 38907776 PMCID: PMC11193694 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The circadian system is a conserved time-keeping machinery that regulates a wide range of processes such as sleep/wake, feeding/fasting, and activity/rest cycles to coordinate behavior and physiology. Circadian disruption can be a contributing factor in the development of metabolic diseases, inflammatory disorders, and higher risk of cancer. Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive grade 4 brain tumor that is resistant to conventional therapies and has a poor prognosis after diagnosis, with a median survival of only 12-15 months. GBM cells kept in culture were shown to contain a functional circadian oscillator. In seeking more efficient therapies with lower side effects, we evaluated the pharmacological modulation of the circadian clock by targeting the cytosolic kinases glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and casein kinase 1 ε/δ (CK1ε/δ) with specific inhibitors (CHIR99021 and PF670462, respectively), the cryptochrome protein stabilizer (KL001), or circadian disruption after Per2 knockdown expression in GBM-derived cells. CHIR99021-treated cells had a significant effect on cell viability, clock protein expression, migration, and cell cycle distribution. Moreover, cultures exhibited higher levels of reactive oxygen species and alterations in lipid droplet content after GSK-3 inhibition compared to control cells. The combined treatment of CHIR99021 with temozolomide was found to improve the effect on cell viability compared to temozolomide therapy alone. Per2 disruption affected both GBM migration and cell cycle progression. Overall, our results suggest that pharmacological modulation or molecular clock disruption severely affects GBM cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Wagner
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Santiago J Fornasier
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mario E Guido
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Lellupitiyage Don SS, Mas-Rosario JA, Lin HH, Nguyen EM, Taylor SR, Farkas ME. Macrophage circadian rhythms are differentially affected based on stimuli. Integr Biol (Camb) 2022; 14:62-75. [PMID: 35652485 PMCID: PMC9175639 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are white blood cells that play disparate roles in homeostasis and immune responses. They can reprogram their phenotypes to pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) states in response to their environment. About 8-15% of the macrophage transcriptome has circadian oscillations, including genes closely related to their functioning. As circadian rhythms are associated with cellular phenotypes, we hypothesized that polarization of macrophages to opposing subtypes might differently affect their circadian rhythms. We tracked circadian rhythms in RAW 264.7 macrophages using luminescent reporters. Cells were stably transfected with Bmal1:luc and Per2:luc reporters, representing positive and negative components of the molecular clock. Strength of rhythmicity, periods and amplitudes of time series were assessed using multiple approaches. M1 polarization decreased amplitudes and rhythmicities of Bmal1:luc and Per2:luc, but did not significantly affect periods, while M2 polarization increased periods but caused no substantial alterations to amplitudes or rhythmicity. As macrophage phenotypes are also altered in the presence of cancer cells, we tested circadian effects of conditioned media from mouse breast cancer cells. Media from highly aggressive 4T1 cells caused loss of rhythmicity, while media from less aggressive EMT6 cells yielded no changes. As macrophages play roles in tumors, and oncogenic features are associated with circadian rhythms, we tested whether conditioned media from macrophages could alter circadian rhythms of cancer cells. Conditioned media from RAW 264.7 cells resulted in lower rhythmicities and periods, but higher amplitudes in human osteosarcoma, U2OS-Per2:luc cells. We show that phenotypic changes in macrophages result in altered circadian characteristics and suggest that there is an association between circadian rhythms and macrophage polarization state. Additionally, our data demonstrate that macrophages treated with breast cancer-conditioned media have circadian phenotypes similar to those of the M1 subtype, and cancer cells treated with macrophage-conditioned media have circadian alterations, providing insight to another level of cross-talk between macrophages and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier A Mas-Rosario
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Hui-Hsien Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Michelle E Farkas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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Lee Y. Roles of circadian clocks in cancer pathogenesis and treatment. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1529-1538. [PMID: 34615982 PMCID: PMC8568965 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are ubiquitous timing mechanisms that generate approximately 24-h rhythms in cellular and bodily functions across nearly all living species. These internal clock systems enable living organisms to anticipate and respond to daily changes in their environment in a timely manner, optimizing temporal physiology and behaviors. Dysregulation of circadian rhythms by genetic and environmental risk factors increases susceptibility to multiple diseases, particularly cancers. A growing number of studies have revealed dynamic crosstalk between circadian clocks and cancer pathways, providing mechanistic insights into the therapeutic utility of circadian rhythms in cancer treatment. This review will discuss the roles of circadian rhythms in cancer pathogenesis, highlighting the recent advances in chronotherapeutic approaches for improved cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yool Lee
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202 USA
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Abstract
Circadian clocks are biological timing mechanisms that generate 24-h rhythms of physiology and behavior, exemplified by cycles of sleep/wake, hormone release, and metabolism. The adaptive value of clocks is evident when internal body clocks and daily environmental cycles are mismatched, such as in the case of shift work and jet lag or even mistimed eating, all of which are associated with physiological disruption and disease. Studies with animal and human models have also unraveled an important role of functional circadian clocks in modulating cellular and organismal responses to physiological cues (ex., food intake, exercise), pathological insults (e.g. virus and parasite infections), and medical interventions (e.g. medication). With growing knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying circadian physiology and pathophysiology, it is becoming possible to target circadian rhythms for disease prevention and treatment. In this review, we discuss recent advances in circadian research and the potential for therapeutic applications that take patient circadian rhythms into account in treating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yool Lee
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Jeffrey M Field
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Ribeiro RFN, Cavadas C, Silva MMC. Small-molecule modulators of the circadian clock: Pharmacological potentials in circadian-related diseases. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1620-1641. [PMID: 33781946 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of circadian oscillations has a wide-ranging impact on health, with the potential to induce the development of clock-related diseases. Small-molecule modulators of the circadian clock (SMMCC) target core or noncore clock proteins, modulating physiological effects as a consequence of agonist, inverse agonist, or antagonist interference. These pharmacological modulators are usually identified using chemical screening of large libraries of active compounds. However, target-based screens, chemical optimization, and circadian crystallography have recently assisted in the identification of these compounds. In this review, we focus on established and novel SMMCCs targeting both core and noncore clock proteins, identifying their circadian targets, detailed circadian effects, and specific physiological effects. In addition, we discuss their therapeutic potential for the treatment of diverse clock-related disorders (such as metabolic-associated disorders, autoimmune diseases, mood disorders, and cancer) and as chronotherapeutics. Future perspectives are also considered, such as clinical trials, and potential safety hazards, including those in the absence of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo F N Ribeiro
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Cavadas
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria Manuel C Silva
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Lellupitiyage Don SS, Robertson KL, Lin HH, Labriola C, Harrington ME, Taylor SR, Farkas ME. Nobiletin affects circadian rhythms and oncogenic characteristics in a cell-dependent manner. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236315. [PMID: 32706791 PMCID: PMC7380617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural product nobiletin is a small molecule, widely studied with regard to its therapeutic effects, including in cancer cell lines and tumors. Recently, nobiletin has also been shown to affect circadian rhythms via their enhancement, resulting in protection against metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that nobiletin's anti-oncogenic effects, such as prevention of cell migration and formation of anchorage independent colonies, are correspondingly accompanied by modulation of circadian rhythms. Concurrently, we wished to determine whether the circadian and anti-oncogenic effects of nobiletin differed across cancer cell lines. In this study, we assessed nobiletin's circadian and therapeutic characteristics to ascertain whether these effects depend on cell line, which here also varied in terms of baseline circadian rhythmicity. Three cell culture models where nobiletin's effects on cell proliferation and migration have been studied previously were evaluated: U2OS (bone osteosarcoma), which possesses robust circadian rhythms; MCF7 (breast adenocarcinoma), which has weak circadian rhythms; and MDA-MB-231 (breast adenocarcinoma), which is arrhythmic. We found that circadian, migration, and proliferative effects following nobiletin treatment were subtle in the U2OS and MCF7 cells. On the other hand, changes were clear in MDA-MB-231s, where nobiletin rescued rhythmicity and substantially reduced oncogenic features, specifically two-dimensional cell motility and anchorage-independent growth. Based on these results and those previously described, we posit that the effects of nobiletin are indeed cell-type dependent, and that a positive correlation may exist between nobiletin's circadian and therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly L. Robertson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Hui-Hsien Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Caroline Labriola
- Department of Psychology, Smith College, Northampton, MA, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Harrington
- Department of Psychology, Smith College, Northampton, MA, United States of America
| | - Stephanie R. Taylor
- Department of Computer Science, Colby College, Waterville, ME, United States of America
| | - Michelle E. Farkas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America
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