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Fairchild PJ, Horton C, Lahiri P, Shanmugarajah K, Davies TJ. Beneath the sword of Damocles: regenerative medicine and the shadow of immunogenicity. Regen Med 2016; 11:817-829. [DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Few topics in regenerative medicine have inspired such impassioned debate as the immunogenicity of cell types and tissues differentiated from pluripotent stem cells. While early predictions suggested that tissues derived from allogeneic sources may evade immune surveillance altogether, the pendulum has since swung to the opposite extreme, with reports that the ectopic expression of a few developmental antigens may prompt rejection, even of tissues differentiated from autologous cell lines. Here we review the evidence on which these contradictory claims are based in order to reach an objective assessment of the likely magnitude of the immunological challenges ahead. Furthermore, we discuss how the inherent properties of pluripotent stem cells may inform strategies for reducing the impact of immunogenicity on the future ambitions of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Fairchild
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Christopher Horton
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Priyoshi Lahiri
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Kumaran Shanmugarajah
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Timothy J Davies
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
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Golas MM, Sander B. Use of human stem cells in Huntington disease modeling and translational research. Exp Neurol 2016; 278:76-90. [PMID: 26826449 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a devastating neurological disorder caused by an extended CAG repeat in exon 1 of the gene that encodes the huntingtin (HTT) protein. HD pathology involves a loss of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and progressive neurodegeneration affects the striatum and other brain regions. Because HTT is involved in multiple cellular processes, the molecular mechanisms of HD pathogenesis should be investigated on multiple levels. On the cellular level, in vitro stem cell models, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from HD patients and HD embryonic stem cells (ESCs), have yielded progress. Approaches to differentiate functional MSNs from ESCs, iPSCs, and neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) have been established, enabling MSN differentiation to be studied and disease phenotypes to be recapitulated. Isolation of target stem cells and precursor cells may also provide a resource for grafting. In animal models, transplantation of striatal precursors differentiated in vitro to the striatum has been reported to improve disease phenotype. Initial clinical trials examining intrastriatal transplantation of fetal neural tissue suggest a more favorable clinical course in a subset of HD patients, though shortcomings persist. Here, we review recent advances in the development of cellular HD models and approaches aimed at cell regeneration with human stem cells. We also describe how genome editing tools could be used to correct the HTT mutation in patient-specific stem cells. Finally, we discuss the potential and the remaining challenges of stem cell-based approaches in HD research and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Golas
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Bjoern Sander
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Awe JP, Gschweng EH, Vega-Crespo A, Voutila J, Williamson MH, Truong B, Kohn DB, Kasahara N, Byrne JA. Putative immunogenicity expression profiling using human pluripotent stem cells and derivatives. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:136-45. [PMID: 25575527 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) should allow cellular therapeutics without an associated immune response. This concept has been controversial since the original report that syngeneic mouse iPSCs elicited an immune response after transplantation. However, an investigative analysis of any potential acute immune responses in hiPSCs and their derivatives has yet to be conducted. In the present study, we used correlative gene expression analysis of two putative mouse "immunogenicity" genes, ZG16 and HORMAD1, to assay their human homologous expression levels in human pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives. We found that ZG16 expression is heterogeneous across multiple human embryonic stem cell and hiPSC-derived cell types. Additionally, ectopic expression of ZG16 in antigen-presenting cells is insufficient to trigger a detectable response in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell coculture assay. Neither of the previous immunogenicity-associated genes in the mouse currently appears to be relevant in a human context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Awe
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eric H Gschweng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Agustin Vega-Crespo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jon Voutila
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mary H Williamson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brian Truong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Donald B Kohn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Noriyuki Kasahara
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James A Byrne
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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