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Giles ML, Sing Way S, Marchant A, Aghaepour N, James T, Schaltz-Buchholzer F, Zazara D, Arck P, Kollmann TR. Maternal vaccination to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes: An underutilized molecular immunological intervention? J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168097. [PMID: 37080422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Adverse pregnancy outcomes including maternal mortality, stillbirth, preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction cause millions of deaths each year. More effective interventions are urgently needed. Maternal immunization could be one such intervention protecting the mother and newborn from infection through its pathogen-specific effects. However, many adverse pregnancy outcomes are not directly linked to the infectious pathogens targeted by existing maternal vaccines but rather are linked to pathological inflammation unfolding during pregnancy. The underlying pathogenesis driving such unfavourable outcomes have only partially been elucidated but appear to relate to altered immune regulation by innate as well as adaptive immune responses, ultimately leading to aberrant maternal immune activation. Maternal immunization, like all immunization, impacts the immune system beyond pathogen-specific immunity. This raises the possibility that maternal vaccination could potentially be utilised as a pathogen-agnostic immune modulatory intervention to redirect abnormal immune trajectories towards a more favourable phenotype providing pregnancy protection. In this review we describe the epidemiological evidence surrounding this hypothesis, along with the mechanistic plausibility and present a possible path forward to accelerate addressing the urgent need of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati USA
| | | | - Nima Aghaepour
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tomin James
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Dimitra Zazara
- Division of Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Arck
- Division of Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Caianiello S, Bertolaso M, Militello G. Thinking in 3 dimensions: philosophies of the microenvironment in organoids and organs-on-chip. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 45:14. [PMID: 36949354 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organoids and organs-on-a-chip are currently the two major families of 3D advanced organotypic in vitro culture systems, aimed at reconstituting miniaturized models of physiological and pathological states of human organs. Both share the tenets of the so-called "three-dimensional thinking", a Systems Physiology approach focused on recapitulating the dynamic interactions between cells and their microenvironment. We first review the arguments underlying the "paradigm shift" toward three-dimensional thinking in the in vitro culture community. Then, through a historically informed account of the technical affordances and the epistemic commitments of these two approaches, we highlight how they embody two distinct experimental cultures. We finally argue that the current systematic effort for their integration requires not only innovative "synergistic" engineering solutions, but also conceptual integration between different perspectives on biological causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caianiello
- Institute for the History of Philosophy and Science in the Modern Age (ISPF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
- Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn", Naples, Italy.
| | - Marta Bertolaso
- Faculty of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Universitá Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Militello
- Faculty of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Universitá Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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3
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Joshi SK, Tognon CE, Druker BJ, Rodland KD. Oncoproteomic profiling of AML: moving beyond genomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2022; 19:283-287. [PMID: 36734985 PMCID: PMC10505090 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2023.2176757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K. Joshi
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Cristina E. Tognon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Brian J. Druker
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Karin D. Rodland
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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4
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Hawkins KG, Casolaro C, Brown JA, Edwards DA, Wikswo JP. The Microbiome and the Gut-Liver-Brain Axis for Central Nervous System Clinical Pharmacology: Challenges in Specifying and Integrating In Vitro and In Silico Models. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:929-948. [PMID: 32347548 PMCID: PMC7572575 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of integrating microbiota into clinical pharmacology, environmental toxicology, and opioid studies arises from bidirectional and multiscale interactions between humans and their many microbiota, notably those of the gut. Hosts and each microbiota are governed by distinct central dogmas, with genetics influencing transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Each microbiota's metabolome differentially modulates its own and the host's multi‐omics. Exogenous compounds (e.g., drugs and toxins), often affect host multi‐omics differently than microbiota multi‐omics, shifting the balance between drug efficacy and toxicity. The complexity of the host‐microbiota connection has been informed by current methods of in vitro bacterial cultures and in vivo mouse models, but they fail to elucidate mechanistic details. Together, in vitro organ‐on‐chip microphysiological models, multi‐omics, and in silico computational models have the potential to supplement the established methods to help clinical pharmacologists and environmental toxicologists unravel the myriad of connections between the gut microbiota and host health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Hawkins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Caleb Casolaro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jacquelyn A Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David A Edwards
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John P Wikswo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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5
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Wilentz JB, Cowley AW. How can precision medicine be applied to temporomandibular disorders and its comorbidities? Mol Pain 2018; 13:1744806917710094. [PMID: 28741410 PMCID: PMC5533261 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917710094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eighth Scientific Meeting of The TMJ Association, Ltd. was held in Bethesda, Maryland, September 11-13, 2016. As in the past, the meeting was cosponsored by components of the National Institutes of Health with speakers invited to review the state of temporomandibular disorder science and propose recommendations to further progress. The theme of precision medicine, which aims to tailor disease treatment and prevention to match the characteristics of an individual patient (genetic, epigenetic, environmental, lifestyle) underscored the current consensus that temporomandibular disorders are no longer viewed as local conditions of jaw pain and dysfunction. Rather, they represent a complex family of biopsychosocial disorders that can progress to chronic pain, most often accompanied by one or more other chronic pain conditions. Temporomandibular disorders and these comorbidities, called chronic overlapping pain conditions, predominantly or exclusively affect women in their childbearing years and reflect central nervous system sensitization. Presenters at the meeting included leaders in temporomandibular disorder and pain research, temporomandibular disorder patients and advocates, and experts in other fields or in the use of technologies that could facilitate the development of precision medicine approaches in temporomandibular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen W Cowley
- 2 Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Cyr KJ, Avaldi OM, Wikswo JP. Circadian hormone control in a human-on-a-chip: In vitro biology's ignored component? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1714-1731. [PMID: 29065796 PMCID: PMC5832251 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217732766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organs-on-Chips (OoCs) are poised to reshape dramatically the study of biology by replicating in vivo the function of individual and coupled human organs. Such microphysiological systems (MPS) have already recreated complex physiological responses necessary to simulate human organ function not evident in two-dimensional in vitro biological experiments. OoC researchers hope to streamline pharmaceutical development, accelerate toxicology studies, limit animal testing, and provide new insights beyond the capability of current biological models. However, to develop a physiologically accurate Human-on-a-Chip, i.e., an MPS homunculus that functions as an interconnected, whole-body, model organ system, one must couple individual OoCs with proper fluidic and metabolic scaling. This will enable the study of the effects of organ-organ interactions on the metabolism of drugs and toxins. Critical to these efforts will be the recapitulation of the complex physiological signals that regulate the endocrine, metabolic, and digestive systems. To date, with the exception of research focused on reproductive organs on chips, most OoC research ignores homuncular endocrine regulation, in particular the circadian rhythms that modulate the function of all organ systems. We outline the importance of cyclic endocrine regulation and the role that it may play in the development of MPS homunculi for the pharmacology, toxicology, and systems biology communities. Moreover, we discuss the critical end-organ hormone interactions that are most relevant for a typical coupled-OoC system, and the possible research applications of a missing endocrine system MicroFormulator (MES-µF) that could impose biological rhythms on in vitro models. By linking OoCs together through chemical messenger systems, advanced physiological phenomena relevant to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies can be replicated. The concept of a MES-µF could be applied to other standard cell-culture systems such as well plates, thereby extending the concept of circadian hormonal regulation to much of in vitro biology. Impact statement Historically, cyclic endocrine modulation has been largely ignored within in vitro cell culture, in part because cultured cells typically have their media changed every day or two, precluding hourly adjustment of hormone concentrations to simulate circadian rhythms. As the Organ-on-Chip (OoC) community strives for greater physiological realism, the contribution of hormonal oscillations toward regulation of organ systems has been examined only in the context of reproductive organs, and circadian variation of the breadth of other hormones on most organs remains unaddressed. We illustrate the importance of cyclic endocrine modulation and the role that it plays within individual organ systems. The study of cyclic endocrine modulation within OoC systems will help advance OoC research to the point where it can reliably replicate in vitro key regulatory components of human physiology. This will help translate OoC work into pharmaceutical applications and connect the OoC community with the greater pharmacology and physiology communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Cyr
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education
- Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience
| | - Omero M. Avaldi
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education
- Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience
| | - John P. Wikswo
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, 37235, USA
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7
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Watson DE, Hunziker R, Wikswo JP. Fitting tissue chips and microphysiological systems into the grand scheme of medicine, biology, pharmacology, and toxicology. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1559-1572. [PMID: 29065799 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217732765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS), which include engineered organoids (EOs), single organ/tissue chips (TCs), and multiple organs interconnected to create miniature in vitro models of human physiological systems, are rapidly becoming effective tools for drug development and the mechanistic understanding of tissue physiology and pathophysiology. The second MPS thematic issue of Experimental Biology and Medicine comprises 15 articles by scientists and engineers from the National Institutes of Health, the IQ Consortium, the Food and Drug Administration, and Environmental Protection Agency, an MPS company, and academia. Topics include the progress, challenges, and future of organs-on-chips, dissemination of TCs into Pharma, children's health protection, liver zonation, liver chips and their coupling to interconnected systems, gastrointestinal MPS, maturation of immature cardiomyocytes in a heart-on-a-chip, coculture of multiple cell types in a human skin construct, use of synthetic hydrogels to create EOs that form neural tissue models, the blood-brain barrier-on-a-chip, MPS models of coupled female reproductive organs, coupling MPS devices to create a body-on-a-chip, and the use of a microformulator to recapitulate endocrine circadian rhythms. While MPS hardware has been relatively stable since the last MPS thematic issue, there have been significant advances in cell sourcing, with increased reliance on human-induced pluripotent stem cells, and in characterization of the genetic and functional cell state in MPS bioreactors. There is growing appreciation of the need to minimize perfusate-to-cell-volume ratios and respect physiological scaling of coupled TCs. Questions asked by drug developers are followed by an analysis of the potential value, costs, and needs of Pharma. Of highest value and lowest switching costs may be the development of MPS disease models to aid in the discovery of disease mechanisms; novel compounds including probes, leads, and clinical candidates; and mechanism of action of drug candidates. Impact statement Microphysiological systems (MPS), which include engineered organoids and both individual and coupled organs-on-chips and tissue chips, are a rapidly growing topic of research that addresses the known limitations of conventional cellular monoculture on flat plastic - a well-perfected set of techniques that produces reliable, statistically significant results that may not adequately represent human biology and disease. As reviewed in this article and the others in this thematic issue, MPS research has made notable progress in the past three years in both cell sourcing and characterization. As the field matures, currently identified challenges are being addressed, and new ones are being recognized. Building upon investments by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, National Institutes of Health, Food and Drug Administration, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, and Environmental Protection Agency of more than $200 million since 2012 and sizable corporate spending, academic and commercial players in the MPS community are demonstrating their ability to meet the translational challenges required to apply MPS technologies to accelerate drug development and advance toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosemarie Hunziker
- 2 National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John P Wikswo
- 3 Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, and Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1807, USA
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8
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Looking to the future of organs-on-chips: interview with Professor John Wikswo. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO163. [PMID: 28670462 PMCID: PMC5481807 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2016-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
John Wikswo talks to Francesca Lake, Managing Editor: John is the founding Director of the Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education (VIIBRE). He is also the Gordon A Cain University Professor; a B learned Professor of Living State Physics; and a Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and Physics. John earned his PhD in physics at Stanford University (CA, USA). After serving as a Research Fellow in Cardiology at Stanford, he joined the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Vanderbilt University (TN, USA), where he went on to make the first measurement of the magnetic field of an isolated nerve. He founded VIIBRE at Vanderbilt in 2001 in order to foster and enhance interdisciplinary research in the biophysical sciences, bioengineering and medicine. VIIBRE efforts have led to the development of devices integral to organ-on-chip research. He is focusing on the neurovascular unit-on-a-chip, heart-on-a-chip, a missing organ microformulator, and microfluidic pumps and valves to control and analyze organs-on-chips.
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Sidorov VY, Samson PC, Sidorova TN, Davidson JM, Lim CC, Wikswo JP. I-Wire Heart-on-a-Chip I: Three-dimensional cardiac tissue constructs for physiology and pharmacology. Acta Biomater 2017; 48:68-78. [PMID: 27818308 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Engineered 3D cardiac tissue constructs (ECTCs) can replicate complex cardiac physiology under normal and pathological conditions. Currently, most measurements of ECTC contractility are either made isometrically, with fixed length and without control of the applied force, or auxotonically against a variable force, with the length changing during the contraction. The "I-Wire" platform addresses the unmet need to control the force applied to ECTCs while interrogating their passive and active mechanical and electrical characteristics. A six-well plate with inserted PDMS casting molds containing neonatal rat cardiomyocytes cultured with fibrin for 13-15days is mounted on the motorized mechanical stage of an inverted microscope equipped with a fast sCMOS camera. A calibrated flexible probe provides strain load of the ECTC via lateral displacement, and the microscope detects the deflections of both the probe and the ECTC. The ECTCs exhibited longitudinally aligned cardiomyocytes with well-developed sarcomeric structure, recapitulated the Frank-Starling force-tension relationship, and demonstrated expected transmembrane action potentials, electrical and mechanical restitutions, and responses to both β-adrenergic stimulation and blebbistatin. The I-Wire platform enables creation and mechanical and electrical characterization of ECTCs, and hence can be valuable in the study of cardiac diseases, drug screening, drug development, and the qualification of cells for tissue-engineered regenerative medicine. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE There is a growing interest in creating engineered heart tissue constructs for basic cardiac research, applied research in cardiac pharmacology, and repair of damaged hearts. We address an unmet need to characterize fully the performance of these tissues with our simple "I-Wire" assay that allows application of controlled forces to three-dimensional cardiac fiber constructs and measurement of both the electrical and mechanical properties of the construct. The advantage of I-Wire over other approaches is that the constructs being measured are truly three-dimensional, rather than a single layer of cells grown within a microfluidic device. We anticipate that the I-Wire will be extremely useful for the evaluation of myocardial constructs created using cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Rezaei Kolahchi A, Khadem Mohtaram N, Pezeshgi Modarres H, Mohammadi MH, Geraili A, Jafari P, Akbari M, Sanati-Nezhad A. Microfluidic-Based Multi-Organ Platforms for Drug Discovery. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E162. [PMID: 30404334 PMCID: PMC6189912 DOI: 10.3390/mi7090162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Development of predictive multi-organ models before implementing costly clinical trials is central for screening the toxicity, efficacy, and side effects of new therapeutic agents. Despite significant efforts that have been recently made to develop biomimetic in vitro tissue models, the clinical application of such platforms is still far from reality. Recent advances in physiologically-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK-PD) modeling, micro- and nanotechnology, and in silico modeling have enabled single- and multi-organ platforms for investigation of new chemical agents and tissue-tissue interactions. This review provides an overview of the principles of designing microfluidic-based organ-on-chip models for drug testing and highlights current state-of-the-art in developing predictive multi-organ models for studying the cross-talk of interconnected organs. We further discuss the challenges associated with establishing a predictive body-on-chip (BOC) model such as the scaling, cell types, the common medium, and principles of the study design for characterizing the interaction of drugs with multiple targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Rezaei Kolahchi
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Nima Khadem Mohtaram
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Hassan Pezeshgi Modarres
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9516, Iran.
| | - Armin Geraili
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9516, Iran.
| | - Parya Jafari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9516, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Treweek JB, Gradinaru V. Extracting structural and functional features of widely distributed biological circuits with single cell resolution via tissue clearing and delivery vectors. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 40:193-207. [PMID: 27393829 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The scientific community has learned a great deal from imaging small and naturally transparent organisms such as nematodes and zebrafish. The consequences of genetic mutations on their organ development and survival can be visualized easily and with high-throughput at the organism-wide scale. In contrast, three-dimensional information is less accessible in mammalian subjects because the heterogeneity of light-scattering tissue elements renders their organs opaque. Likewise, genetically labeling desired circuits across mammalian bodies is prohibitively slow and costly via the transgenic route. Emerging breakthroughs in viral vector engineering, genome editing tools, and tissue clearing can render larger opaque organisms genetically tractable and transparent for whole-organ cell phenotyping, tract tracing and imaging at depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Brooke Treweek
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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12
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Hutson MS, Alexander PG, Allwardt V, Aronoff DM, Bruner-Tran KL, Cliffel DE, Davidson JM, Gough A, Markov DA, McCawley LJ, McKenzie JR, McLean JA, Osteen KG, Pensabene V, Samson PC, Senutovitch NK, Sherrod SD, Shotwell MS, Taylor DL, Tetz LM, Tuan RS, Vernetti LA, Wikswo JP. Organs-on-Chips as Bridges for Predictive Toxicology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Shane Hutson
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Peter G. Alexander
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vanessa Allwardt
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David M. Aronoff
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kaylon L. Bruner-Tran
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey M. Davidson
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Albert Gough
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dmitry A. Markov
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lisa J. McCawley
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer R. McKenzie
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - John A. McLean
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kevin G. Osteen
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Virginia Pensabene
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Philip C. Samson
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nina K. Senutovitch
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stacy D. Sherrod
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Matthew S. Shotwell
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - D. Lansing Taylor
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren M. Tetz
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Military Medicine Research, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lawrence A. Vernetti
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John P. Wikswo
- Vanderbilt-Pittsburgh Resource for Organotypic Models for Predictive Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Brown JA, Pensabene V, Markov DA, Allwardt V, Neely MD, Shi M, Britt CM, Hoilett OS, Yang Q, Brewer BM, Samson PC, McCawley LJ, May JM, Webb DJ, Li D, Bowman AB, Reiserer RS, Wikswo JP. Recreating blood-brain barrier physiology and structure on chip: A novel neurovascular microfluidic bioreactor. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:054124. [PMID: 26576206 PMCID: PMC4627929 DOI: 10.1063/1.4934713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical structure that serves as the gatekeeper between the central nervous system and the rest of the body. It is the responsibility of the BBB to facilitate the entry of required nutrients into the brain and to exclude potentially harmful compounds; however, this complex structure has remained difficult to model faithfully in vitro. Accurate in vitro models are necessary for understanding how the BBB forms and functions, as well as for evaluating drug and toxin penetration across the barrier. Many previous models have failed to support all the cell types involved in the BBB formation and/or lacked the flow-created shear forces needed for mature tight junction formation. To address these issues and to help establish a more faithful in vitro model of the BBB, we have designed and fabricated a microfluidic device that is comprised of both a vascular chamber and a brain chamber separated by a porous membrane. This design allows for cell-to-cell communication between endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes and independent perfusion of both compartments separated by the membrane. This NeuroVascular Unit (NVU) represents approximately one-millionth of the human brain, and hence, has sufficient cell mass to support a breadth of analytical measurements. The NVU has been validated with both fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran diffusion and transendothelial electrical resistance. The NVU has enabled in vitro modeling of the BBB using all human cell types and sampling effluent from both sides of the barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virginia Pensabene
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | | | - Vanessa Allwardt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - M Diana Neely
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Mingjian Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Clayton M Britt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Orlando S Hoilett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Bryson M Brewer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | | | | | - James M May
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Donna J Webb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Deyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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