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Sengupta P, Dutta S, Liew FF, Dhawan V, Das B, Mottola F, Slama P, Rocco L, Roychoudhury S. Environmental and Genetic Traffic in the Journey from Sperm to Offspring. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1759. [PMID: 38136630 PMCID: PMC10741607 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in the understanding of how sperm develop into offspring have shown complex interactions between environmental influences and genetic factors. The past decade, marked by a research surge, has not only highlighted the profound impact of paternal contributions on fertility and reproductive outcomes but also revolutionized our comprehension by unveiling how parental factors sculpt traits in successive generations through mechanisms that extend beyond traditional inheritance patterns. Studies have shown that offspring are more susceptible to environmental factors, especially during critical phases of growth. While these factors are broadly detrimental to health, their effects are especially acute during these periods. Moving beyond the immutable nature of the genome, the epigenetic profile of cells emerges as a dynamic architecture. This flexibility renders it susceptible to environmental disruptions. The primary objective of this review is to shed light on the diverse processes through which environmental agents affect male reproductive capacity. Additionally, it explores the consequences of paternal environmental interactions, demonstrating how interactions can reverberate in the offspring. It encompasses direct genetic changes as well as a broad spectrum of epigenetic adaptations. By consolidating current empirically supported research, it offers an exhaustive perspective on the interwoven trajectories of the environment, genetics, and epigenetics in the elaborate transition from sperm to offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallav Sengupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sulagna Dutta
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Dubai 345050, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fong Fong Liew
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vidhu Dhawan
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Biprojit Das
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
| | - Filomena Mottola
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Petr Slama
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Rocco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Martinez-Mayer J, Perez-Millan MI. Phenotypic and genotypic landscape of PROKR2 in neuroendocrine disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1132787. [PMID: 36843573 PMCID: PMC9945519 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1132787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Prokineticin receptor 2 (PROKR2) encodes for a G-protein-coupled receptor that can bind PROK1 and PROK2. Mice lacking Prokr2 have been shown to present abnormal olfactory bulb formation as well as defects in GnRH neuron migration. Patients carrying mutations in PROKR2 typically present hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, anosmia/hyposmia or Kallmann Syndrome. More recently variants in PROKR2 have been linked to several other endocrine disorders. In particular, several patients with pituitary disorders have been reported, ranging from mild phenotypes, such as isolated growth hormone deficiency, to more severe ones, such as septo-optic dysplasia. Here we summarize the changing landscape of PROKR2-related disease, the variants reported to date, and discuss their origin, classification and functional assessment.
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Zeng W, Li J, Wang X, Jiang F, Men M. ANOS1 variants in a large cohort of Chinese patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:847-857. [PMID: 36039580 PMCID: PMC10930292 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.220071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare congenital gonadal dysplasia caused by defects in the synthesis, secretion or signal transduction of hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone. The main manifestations of CHH are delayed or lack puberty, low levels of sex hormones and gonadotropins, and may be accompanied with other clinical phenotypes. Some patients with CHH are also accompanied with anosmia or hyposmia, which is called Kalman syndrome (KS). ANOS1, located on X chromosome, is the first gene associated with CHH in an X-linked recessive manner. This study aims to provide a basis for the genetic diagnosis of CHH by analyzing the gene variant spectrum of ANOS1 in CHH and the relationship between clinical phenotype and genotype. METHODS In this study, whole exome sequencing (WES) was used to screen rare sequencing variants (RSVs) of ANOS1 in a Chinese cohort of 165 male CHH patients. Four commonly used in silico tools were used to predict the function of the identified RSVs in coding region, including Polyphen2, Mutation Taster, SIFT, and Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD). Splice Site Prediction by Neural Network (NNSPLICE) was employed to predict possibilities of intronic RSVs to disrupt splicing. American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines was used to assess the pathogenicity of the detected RSVs. The ANOS1 genetic variant spectrum of CHH patients in Chinese population was established. The relationship between clinical phenotype and genotype was analyzed by collecting detailed clinical data. RESULTS Through WES analysis for 165 CHH patients, ANOS1 RSVs were detected in 17 of them, with the frequency of 10.3%. A total of 13 RSVs were detected in the 17 probands, including 5 nonsense variants (p.T76X, p.R191X, p.W257X, p.R262X, and p.W589X), 2 splicing site variants (c.318+3A>C, c.1063-1G>C), and 6 missense variants (p.N402S, p.N155D, p.P504L, p.C157R, p.Q635P, and p.V560I). In these 17 CHH probands with ANOS1 RSVs, many were accompanied with other clinical phenotypes. The most common associated phenotype was cryptorchidism (10/17), followed by unilateral renal agenesis (3/17), dental agenesis (3/17), and synkinesia (3/17). Eight RSVs, including p.T76X, p.R191X, p.W257X, p.R262X, p.W589X, c.318+3A>C, c.1063-1G>C, and p.C157R, were predicted to be pathogenic or likely pathogenic ANOS1 RSVs by ACMG. Eight CHH patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic ANOS1 variants had additional features. In contrast, only one out of nine CHH patients with non-pathogenic (likely benign or uncertain of significance) ANOS1 variants according to ACMG exhibited additional features. And function of the non-pathogenic ANOS1 variants accompanied with other CHH-associated RSVs. CONCLUSIONS The ANOS1 genetic spectrum of CHH patients in Chinese population is established. Some of the correlations between clinical phenotype and genotype are also established. Our study indicates that CHH patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic ANOS1 RSVs tend to exhibit additional phenotypes. Although non-pathogenic ANOS1 variants only may not be sufficient to cause CHH, they may function together with other CHH-associated RSVs to cause the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha 410078.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Serious Diseases, Changsha 410078.
| | - Jiada Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Serious Diseases, Changsha 410078
| | - Xinying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Serious Diseases, Changsha 410078
| | - Fang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Serious Diseases, Changsha 410078
| | - Meichao Men
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
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Stamou MI, Varnavas P, Plummer L, Koika V, Georgopoulos NA. Next-generation sequencing refines the genetic architecture of Greek GnRH-deficient patients. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:468-480. [PMID: 30921766 PMCID: PMC6479194 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency (IGD) is a rare disease with a wide spectrum of reproductive and non-reproductive clinical characteristics. Apart from the phenotypic heterogeneity, IGD is also highly genetically heterogeneous with >35 genes implicated in the disease. Despite this genetic heterogeneity, genetic enrichment in specific subpopulations has been described. We have previously described low prevalence of genetic variation in the Greek IGD cohort discovered with utilization of Sanger sequencing in 14 known IGD genes. Here, we describe the expansion of genetic screening in the largest IGD Greek cohort that has ever been studied with the usage of whole-exome sequencing, searching for rare sequencing variants (RSVs) in 37 known IGD genes. Even though Sanger sequencing detected genetic variation in 21/81 IGD patients in 7/14 IGD genes without any evidence of oligogenicity, whole exome sequencing (WES) revealed that 27/87 IGD patients carried a rare genetic change in a total of 15 genes with 4 IGD cases being oligogenic. Our findings suggest that next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques can discover previously undetected variation, making them the standardized method for screening patients with rare and/or more common disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Stamou
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Regional Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece
- Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School Teaching Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P Varnavas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Regional Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - L Plummer
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - V Koika
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Regional Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - N A Georgopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Regional Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece
- Correspondence should be addressed to N A Georgopoulos:
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Cox KH, Oliveira LMB, Plummer L, Corbin B, Gardella T, Balasubramanian R, Crowley WF. Modeling mutant/wild-type interactions to ascertain pathogenicity of PROKR2 missense variants in patients with isolated GnRH deficiency. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:338-350. [PMID: 29161432 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in human genetics is the validation of pathogenicity of heterozygous missense variants. This problem is well-illustrated by PROKR2 variants associated with Isolated GnRH Deficiency (IGD). Homozygous, loss of function variants in PROKR2 was initially implicated in autosomal recessive IGD; however, most IGD-associated PROKR2 variants are heterozygous. Moreover, while IGD patient cohorts are enriched for PROKR2 missense variants similar rare variants are also found in normal individuals. To elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms distinguishing IGD-associated PROKR2 variants from rare variants in controls, we assessed 59 variants using three approaches: (i) in silico prediction, (ii) traditional in vitro functional assays across three signaling pathways with mutant-alone transfections, and (iii) modified in vitro assays with mutant and wild-type expression constructs co-transfected to model in vivo heterozygosity. We found that neither in silico analyses nor traditional in vitro assessments of mutants transfected alone could distinguish IGD variants from control variants. However, in vitro co-transfections revealed that 15/34 IGD variants caused loss-of-function (LoF), including 3 novel dominant-negatives, while only 4/25 control variants caused LoF. Surprisingly, 19 IGD-associated variants were benign or exhibited LoF that could be rescued by WT co-transfection. Overall, variants that were LoF in ≥ 2 signaling assays under co-transfection conditions were more likely to be disease-associated than benign or 'rescuable' variants. Our findings suggest that in vitro modeling of WT/Mutant interactions increases the resolution for identifying causal variants, uncovers novel dominant negative mutations, and provides new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying heterozygous PROKR2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly H Cox
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and The Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Luciana M B Oliveira
- Department of Bioregulation, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lacey Plummer
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and The Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Braden Corbin
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Thomas Gardella
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and The Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - William F Crowley
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and The Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Next-generation sequencing of patients with congenital anosmia. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:1377-1387. [PMID: 29255181 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-017-0014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed whole exome or genome sequencing in eight multiply affected families with ostensibly isolated congenital anosmia. Hypothesis-free analyses based on the assumption of fully penetrant recessive/dominant/X-linked models obtained no strong single candidate variant in any of these families. In total, these eight families showed 548 rare segregating variants that were predicted to be damaging, in 510 genes. Three Kallmann syndrome genes (FGFR1, SEMA3A, and CHD7) were identified. We performed permutation-based analysis to test for overall enrichment of these 510 genes carrying these 548 variants with genes mutated in Kallmann syndrome and with a control set of genes mutated in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism without anosmia. The variants were found to be enriched for Kallmann syndrome genes (3 observed vs. 0.398 expected, p = 0.007), but not for the second set of genes. Among these three variants, two have been already reported in genes related to syndromic anosmia (FGFR1 (p.(R250W)), CHD7 (p.(L2806V))) and one was novel (SEMA3A (p.(T717I))). To replicate these findings, we performed targeted sequencing of 16 genes involved in Kallmann syndrome and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in 29 additional families, mostly singletons. This yielded an additional 6 variants in 5 Kallmann syndrome genes (PROKR2, SEMA3A, CHD7, PROK2, ANOS1), two of them already reported to cause Kallmann syndrome. In all, our study suggests involvement of 6 syndromic Kallmann genes in isolated anosmia. Further, we report a yet unreported appearance of di-genic inheritance in a family with congenital isolated anosmia. These results are consistent with a complex molecular basis of congenital anosmia.
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Nie M, Xu H, Chen R, Mao J, Wang X, Xiong S, Zheng J, Yu B, Cui M, Ma W, Huang Q, Zhang H, Wu X. Analysis of genetic and clinical characteristics of a Chinese Kallmann syndrome cohort with ANOS1 mutations. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177:389-398. [PMID: 28780519 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze ANOS1 gene mutations in a large Chinese Kallmann syndrome (KS) cohort and to characterize the clinical presentation of the disease in patients with ANOS1 mutations. PATIENTS AND METHODS Chinese patients with KS, including 187 sporadic and 23 pedigree cases were recruited. Patients' ANOS1 gene sequences were analyzed by direct sequencing of PCR-amplified products. In silico analysis was used to assess functional relevance of newly identified missense mutations. Patients' clinical characteristics were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Fifteen nonsynonymous rare ANOS1 variants were found in 13 out of 187 sporadic and 8 out of 23 familial IHH probands. Seven novel (C86F, C90Y, C151W, Y379X, c.1062 + 1G > A, Y579L fs 591X, R597X) and eight recurrent ANOS1 mutations (S38X, R257X, R262X, R423X, R424X, V560I, c.1843-1G > A, p.R631X) were identified. All the novel mutations were predicted to be pathogenic. The prevalence of cryptorchidism was high (38.1%) and occurred in patients with different kind of ANOS1 mutations, while the patients with the same mutation did not present with cryptorchidism uniformly. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of ANOS1 gene mutations is low in sporadic KS patients, but is much higher in familial KS patients. In the present study, we identify seven novel ANOS1 mutations, including two mutations in the CR domain, which are probably pathogenic. These mutations expand the ANOS1 mutation spectrum and provide a foundation for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Nie
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hongli Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- Department of Physiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangfeng Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyu Xiong
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Bingqing Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxuan Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wanlu Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Qibin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
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Stamou MI, Varnavas P, Kentrou M, Adamidou F, Voutetakis A, Jing J, Plummer L, Koika V, Georgopoulos NA. Isolated GNRH deficiency: genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of the genetically heterogeneous Greek population. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:L1-L5. [PMID: 27884859 PMCID: PMC5881574 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M I Stamou
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Patras Medical School, University Hospital, Rion, Patras, Achaia, Greece
| | - P Varnavas
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Patras Medical School, University Hospital, Rion, Patras, Achaia, Greece
| | - M Kentrou
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Patras Medical School, University Hospital, Rion, Patras, Achaia, Greece
| | - F Adamidou
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, General Hospital Ippokratio, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Voutetakis
- First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - J Jing
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - L Plummer
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - V Koika
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Patras Medical School, University Hospital, Rion, Patras, Achaia, Greece
| | - N A Georgopoulos
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Patras Medical School, University Hospital, Rion, Patras, Achaia, Greece
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Li J, Li N, Ding Y, Huang X, Shen Y, Wang J, Wang X. Clinical characteristics and follow-up of 5 young Chinese males with gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency caused by mutations in the KAL1 gene. Meta Gene 2015; 7:64-9. [PMID: 26862482 PMCID: PMC4707242 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency (IGD) pertains to a group of genetic disorders consisting of anosmic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (Kallmann syndrome, KS) and normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nIHH). KS is genetically heterogeneous. We hereby present 5 young male patients with GnRH deficiency caused by mutations in the KAL1 gene. Their ages ranged from 9 months to 16 years. They were referred to our department for an endocrine consultation for micropenis. Hormone assays showed low circulating gonadotropins and testosterone. Molecular studies revealed KAL1 mutations in all cases, three reported nonsense sequence variants in the KAL1 gene were detected in 4 patients, respectively (c.784C > T (p.Arg 262*), c.1267C > T (p.Arg423*), and c.1270C > T (p.Arg424*)), and one patient harbored a novel hemizygous sequence variant [c.227G > A (p.Trp76*)]. Only one patient presented short stature without growth hormone deficiency and anosmia. Another patient had bilateral eyelid ptosis, trichiasis, and refractive error. This is the first report on the co-occurrence of a KAL1 gene mutation and tent-like upper lip in four patients. All of our cases had normal olfactory bulbs and showed no renal agenesis, cleft lip/palate, and hearing impairment. These cases expand our knowledge of the phenotype associated with KAL1 sequence variations, although the precise mechanism by which KAL1 gene influences the development of this phenotype is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Niu Li
- Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai,China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongnian Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai,China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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