1
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Zheng Q, Ji W, Sun R, Dai K. Prognostic value of blood GRHL2 in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer after radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Biomark Med 2024; 18:611-617. [PMID: 39073846 PMCID: PMC11370899 DOI: 10.1080/17520363.2024.2366161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to investigate the predictive value of the Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) expression from circulating blood for recurrence, metastasis and overall death on patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Materials & Methods: We collected blood samples from 122 patients who were admitted to our hospital for NSCLC.Results: Multivariable Cox proportional-hazards analysis in adjusted Model II showed that compared with GRHL2-negative expression, positive expression in patients with NSCLC was associated with increased death risk (HR = 7.0, 95% CI: 2.1-20.9, p = 0.03) and risk for composite end point (HR = 8.2, 95% CI: 4.0-27.1, p <0.01).Conclusion: This study supported that elevated circulating GRHL2 expression might be considered as a candidate prognostic biomarker for poor prognosis among these NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zheng
- Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 213000, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Ji
- Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 213000, P.R. China
| | - Ruirui Sun
- Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 213000, P.R. China
| | - Kejun Dai
- Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 213000, P.R. China
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2
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Lammert FC, Pannhausen J, Noetzel E, Friedland F, Wirtz J, Herfs Y, Leypold S, Gan L, Weiskirchen R, Schnitzler T, Knüchel R, Maurer J, Jonigk DD, Rose M, Gaisa NT. Dual role of GRHL3 in bladder carcinogenesis depending on histological subtypes. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:1397-1416. [PMID: 38429970 PMCID: PMC11164254 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The effect of grainyhead-like transcription factor 3 (GRHL3) on cancer development depends on the cancer subtypes as shown in tumor entities such as colorectal or oral squamous cell carcinomas. Here, we analyzed the subtype-specific role of GRHL3 in bladder carcinogenesis, comparing common urothelial carcinoma (UC) with squamous bladder cancer (sq-BLCA). We examined GRHL3 mRNA and protein expression in cohorts of patient samples, its prognostic role and its functional impact on tumorigeneses in different molecular and histopathological subtypes of bladder cancer. We showed for GRHL3 a reverse expression in squamous and urothelial bladder cancer subtypes. Stably GRHL3-overexpressing EJ28, J82, and SCaBER in vitro models revealed a tumor-suppressive function in squamous and an oncogenic role in the urothelial cancer cells affecting cell and colony growth, and migratory and invasive capacities. Transcriptomic profiling demonstrated highly subtype-specific GRHL3-regulated expression networks coined by the enrichment of genes involved in integrin-mediated pathways. In SCaBER, loss of ras homolog family member A (RHOA) GTPase activity was demonstrated to be associated with co-regulation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 3 (EIF4E3), a potential tumor suppressor gene. Thus, our data provide for the first time a detailed insight into the role of the transcription factor GRHL3 in different histopathological subtypes of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska C. Lammert
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD)Germany
| | - Julia Pannhausen
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD)Germany
| | - Erik Noetzel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing 2 (IBI‐2), Mechanobiology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHGermany
| | - Florian Friedland
- Institute of Biological Information Processing 2 (IBI‐2), Mechanobiology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHGermany
| | - Julia Wirtz
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD)Germany
| | - Yannick Herfs
- Institute of Biological Information Processing 2 (IBI‐2), Mechanobiology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHGermany
| | - Sophie Leypold
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD)Germany
| | - Lin Gan
- IZKF AachenMedical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
| | - Tician Schnitzler
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
| | - Ruth Knüchel
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
| | - Jochen Maurer
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital AachenGermany
| | - Danny D. Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD)Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, DZL, BREATHHanoverGermany
| | - Michael Rose
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD)Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalUniversity of UlmGermany
| | - Nadine T. Gaisa
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD)Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalUniversity of UlmGermany
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3
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Coban B, Wang Z, Liao CY, Beslmüller K, Timmermans MA, Martens JW, Hundscheid JH, Slutter B, Zweemer AJ, Neubert E, Danen EH. GRHL2 suppression of NT5E/CD73 in breast cancer cells modulates CD73-mediated adenosine production and T cell recruitment. iScience 2024; 27:109738. [PMID: 38706844 PMCID: PMC11068632 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor tissues often contain high extracellular adenosine, promoting an immunosuppressed environment linked to mesenchymal transition and immune evasion. Here, we show that loss of the epithelial transcription factor, GRHL2, triggers NT5E/CD73 ecto-enzyme expression, augmenting the conversion of AMP to adenosine. GRHL2 binds an intronic NT5E sequence and is negatively correlated with NT5E/CD73 in breast cancer cell lines and patients. Remarkably, the increased adenosine levels triggered by GRHL2 depletion in MCF-7 breast cancer cells do not suppress but mildly increase CD8 T cell recruitment, a response mimicked by a stable adenosine analog but prevented by CD73 inhibition. Indeed, NT5E expression shows a positive rather than negative association with CD8 T cell infiltration in breast cancer patients. These findings reveal a GRHL2-regulated immune modulation mechanism in breast cancers and show that extracellular adenosine, besides its established role as a suppressor of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, is associated with enhanced T cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bircan Coban
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Zi Wang
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of clinical laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen-yi Liao
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Klara Beslmüller
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mieke A.M. Timmermans
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John W.M. Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Bram Slutter
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Annelien J.M. Zweemer
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elsa Neubert
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Erik H.J. Danen
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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4
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Guo L, Song B, Xiao J, Lin H, Chen J, Jian B. Predictive value of blood biomarkers in elderly patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Biomark Med 2023; 17:1011-1019. [PMID: 38235564 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2023-0723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Whether GRHL1 can be considered as a potential biomarker for screening non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still uncertain. We aimed to investigate the value of circulating blood GRHL1 on detecting NSCLC in an older population. Materials & methods: Diagnostic models from 351 older patients with NSCLC were constructed to assess the predictive value of blood GRHL1 on distinguishing NSCLC. Results: We observed that GRHL1 (odds ratio: 3.25; 95% CI: 1.70-6.91; p < 0.001) maintained a strong relationship with an elevated rate of NSCLC after adequate clinical confounding factors were controlled for. Importantly, serum GRHL1 (area under the curve: 0.725; 95% CI: 0.708-0.863; p < 0.001) had a good predictive value. Conclusion: This is the first time that circulating GRHL1 has been shown to have good value for early detection of NSCLC in an elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghua Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mindong Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuan, 355000, China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mindong Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuan, 355000, China
| | - Jianhong Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mindong Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuan, 355000, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mindong Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuan, 355000, China
| | - Junhua Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mindong Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuan, 355000, China
| | - Baoren Jian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mindong Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuan, 355000, China
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5
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Soltysova A, Begerova P, Jakic K, Kozics K, Sramkova M, Meese E, Smolkova B, Gabelova A. Genome-wide DNA methylome and transcriptome changes induced by inorganic nanoparticles in human kidney cells after chronic exposure. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:1939-1956. [PMID: 34973136 PMCID: PMC10547624 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The unique physicochemical properties make inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) an exciting tool in diagnosis and disease management. However, as INPs are relatively difficult to fully degrade and excrete, their unintended accumulation in the tissue might result in adverse health effects. Herein, we provide a methylome-transcriptome framework for chronic effects of INPs, commonly used in biomedical applications, in human kidney TH-1 cells. Renal clearance is one of the most important routes of nanoparticle excretion; therefore, a detailed evaluation of nanoparticle-mediated nephrotoxicity is an important task. Integrated analysis of methylome and transcriptome changes induced by INPs (PEG-AuNPs, Fe3O4NPs, SiO2NPs, and TiO2NPs) revealed significantly deregulated genes with functional classification in immune response, DNA damage, and cancer-related pathways. Although most deregulated genes were unique to individual INPs, a relatively high proportion of them encoded the transcription factors. Interestingly, FOS hypermethylation inversely correlating with gene expression was associated with all INPs exposures. Our study emphasizes the need for a more comprehensive investigation of INPs' biological safety, especially after chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Soltysova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patricia Begerova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kristina Jakic
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Kozics
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Sramkova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eckart Meese
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, Building 60, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bozena Smolkova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alena Gabelova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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6
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GRHL2 Regulation of Growth/Motility Balance in Luminal versus Basal Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032512. [PMID: 36768838 PMCID: PMC9916895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) is a critical transcription factor for epithelial tissues that has been reported to promote cancer growth in some and suppress aspects of cancer progression in other studies. We investigated its role in different breast cancer subtypes. In breast cancer patients, GRHL2 expression was increased in all subtypes and inversely correlated with overall survival in basal-like breast cancer patients. In a large cell line panel, GRHL2 was expressed in luminal and basal A cells, but low or absent in basal B cells. The intersection of ChIP-Seq analysis in 3 luminal and 3 basal A cell lines identified conserved GRHL2 binding sites for both subtypes. A pathway analysis of ChIP-seq data revealed cell-cell junction regulation and epithelial migration as well as epithelial proliferation, as candidate GRHL2-regulated processes and further analysis of hub genes in these pathways showed similar regulatory networks in both subtypes. However, GRHL2 deletion in a luminal cell line caused cell cycle arrest while this was less prominent in a basal A cell line. Conversely, GRHL2 loss triggered enhanced migration in the basal A cells but failed to do so in the luminal cell line. ChIP-Seq and ChIP-qPCR demonstrated GRHL2 binding to CLDN4 and OVOL2 in both subtypes but not to other GRHL2 targets controlling cell-cell adhesion that were previously identified in other cell types, including CDH1 and ZEB1. Nevertheless, E-cadherin protein expression was decreased upon GRHL2 deletion especially in the luminal line and, in agreement with its selectively enhanced migration, only the basal A cell line showed concomitant induction of vimentin and N-cadherin. To address how the balance between growth reduction and aspects of EMT upon loss of GRHL2 affected in vivo behavior, we used a mouse basal A orthotopic transplantation model in which the GRHL2 gene was silenced. This resulted in reduced primary tumor growth and a reduction in number and size of lung colonies, indicating that growth suppression was the predominant consequence of GRHL2 loss. Altogether, these findings point to largely common but also distinct roles for GRHL2 in luminal and basal breast cancers with respect to growth and motility and indicate that, in agreement with its negative association with patient survival, growth suppression is the dominant response to GRHL2 loss.
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7
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Wang Z, Coban B, Wu H, Chouaref J, Daxinger L, Paulsen MT, Ljungman M, Smid M, Martens JWM, Danen EHJ. GRHL2-controlled gene expression networks in luminal breast cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:15. [PMID: 36691073 PMCID: PMC9869538 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-01029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Grainyhead like 2 (GRHL2) is an essential transcription factor for development and function of epithelial tissues. It has dual roles in cancer by supporting tumor growth while suppressing epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMT). GRHL2 cooperates with androgen and estrogen receptors (ER) to regulate gene expression. We explore genome wide GRHL2 binding sites conserved in three ER⍺/GRHL2 positive luminal breast cancer cell lines by ChIP-Seq. Interaction with the ER⍺/FOXA1/GATA3 complex is observed, however, only for a minor fraction of conserved GRHL2 peaks. We determine genome wide transcriptional dynamics in response to loss of GRHL2 by nascent RNA Bru-seq using an MCF7 conditional knockout model. Integration of ChIP- and Bru-seq pinpoints candidate direct GRHL2 target genes in luminal breast cancer. Multiple connections between GRHL2 and proliferation are uncovered, including transcriptional activation of ETS and E2F transcription factors. Among EMT-related genes, direct regulation of CLDN4 is corroborated but several targets identified in other cells (including CDH1 and ZEB1) are ruled out by both ChIP- and Bru-seq as being directly controlled by GRHL2 in luminal breast cancer cells. Gene clusters correlating positively (including known GRHL2 targets such as ErbB3, CLDN4/7) or negatively (including TGFB1 and TGFBR2) with GRHL2 in the MCF7 knockout model, display similar correlation with GRHL2 in ER positive as well as ER negative breast cancer patients. Altogether, this study uncovers gene sets regulated directly or indirectly by GRHL2 in luminal breast cancer, identifies novel GRHL2-regulated genes, and points to distinct GRHL2 regulation of EMT in luminal breast cancer cells. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wang
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bircan Coban
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Haoyu Wu
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jihed Chouaref
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia Daxinger
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle T Paulsen
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marcel Smid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John W M Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H J Danen
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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8
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Bai X, Li Y, Li Y, Li F, Che N, Ni C, Zhao N, Zhao X, Liu T. GRHL2 Expression Functions in Breast Cancer Aggressiveness and Could Serve as Prognostic and Diagnostic Biomarker for Breast Cancer. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2022; 16:11795549221109511. [PMID: 35898391 PMCID: PMC9310218 DOI: 10.1177/11795549221109511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent malignancy in women worldwide and the leading cause of female cancer-associated death in the world. Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) is an important gene involved in human cancer progression. However, the role of GRHL2 in BC is unknown. Methods In this study, we used in vitro experiments to verify the role of GRHL2 expression in BC progression. We used 14 databases to analyse the expression level of GRHL2 in BC and its prognostic and diagnostic value. In addition, the correlation between GRHL2 expression and immune cell infiltration and DNA methylation was also analysed. Results At the cellular level, overexpression of GRHL2 induced E-cadherin expression in BC cells with a mesenchymal phenotype and resulted in a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) phenotype, which is more strongly correlated with tumour aggressiveness than a pure mesenchymal phenotype. Through analysis of various databases, we found that tumour tissue had a higher expression level of GRHL2. High expression of GRHL2 was associated with worse prognosis of BC patients and indicated that GRHL2 had significant diagnostic value. Grainyhead-like 2 is also related to immune infiltration and regulated by DNA methylation. Furthermore, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses showed that GRHL2-related signalling pathways in BC were related to tumour cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. Conclusions In summary, evidence indicates that GRHL2 can be used as a prognostic and diagnostic biomarker for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Bai
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin
Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin
Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanlei Li
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin
Medical University, Tianjin, China,Department of Pathology, General
Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin
Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Che
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin
Medical University, Tianjin, China,Department of Pathology, General
Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunsheng Ni
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin
Medical University, Tianjin, China,Department of Pathology, General
Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin
Medical University, Tianjin, China,Department of Pathology, General
Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin
Medical University, Tianjin, China,Department of Pathology, General
Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tieju Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin
Medical University, Tianjin, China,Department of Pathology, General
Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China,Tieju Liu, Department of Pathology, Tianjin
Medical University, Qixiangtai Road No. 22, HePing District, Tianjin, 30070,
China.
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9
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Hua J, Ma C, Wang CH, Wang Y, Feng S, Xiao T, Zhu C. Abnormal GRHL2 Methylation Confers Malignant Progression to Acute Leukemia. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:9708829. [PMID: 35855840 PMCID: PMC9288345 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9708829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Abnormal methylation of Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) is associated with a substantial role in the malignant phenotype of tumor patients. Our present research is aimed at studying the abnormal expression of GRHL2 and the association of methylation in patients with acute leukemia and its relationship with prognosis. Materials and Methods We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for detecting the aberrant expression level of GRHL2 in 60 patients with acute leukemia and 60 normal controls. We analyzed the significant correlation between the expression level of GRHL2 with clinicopathological features and patients' prognosis in acute leukemia using the corresponding statistical methods. Secondly, we employed qRT-PCR and Western blotting to detect the mRNA and protein levels of GRHL2 in leukemia cell lines. Next, we used methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) technology for detecting the methylation of GRHL2 in clinical samples with acute leukemia and cell lines. Then we investigated the demethylating effect of arsenic trioxide and 5-azacitidine on the mRNA and protein expression levels of GRHL2 in cell lines of acute leukemia. Finally, we studied the effects of arsenide trioxide and 5-azacitidine on the proliferation of leukemia cells and the TGF-β signaling pathway. Results We found a lower level of GRHL2 expression not only in acute leukemia patients but also in cell lines when compared with normal controls. At the same time, the expression level of GRHL2 in patients with acute leukemia was significantly correlated with leukocyte count, platelet count, and cytogenetic risk grouping. In addition, the lower GRHL2 expression group showed a significantly lower overall survival rate in acute leukemia patients than that of patients with a higher GRHL2 expression group. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that the expression of GRHL2 is an independent risk factor in acute leukemia patients. The methylation level of the GRHL2 promoter region in acute leukemia patients and cell lines was significantly higher than the normal control group, and we found the elevated mRNA and protein levels of GRHL2 in acute leukemia cell lines after the use of the demethylation drug arsenic trioxide and 5-azacitidine. At the same time, arsenide trioxide and 5-azacitidine are associated with the inhibition of cellular proliferation of acute leukemia cells and also promote the elevated expression of TGF-β signaling pathway-linked proteins, including TGF-β, Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4. Conclusion Increased expression and methylation level of GRHL2 are closely associated with the prognosis and malignant phenotype of acute leukemia patients and play an irreplaceable role in the occurrence and development of patients with acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hua
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, China
| | - Congcong Ma
- Department of Hematology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong University, China
| | - Chao Hui Wang
- Department of Hematology, Qingdao Haici Medical Group, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, China
| | - Saran Feng
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, China
| | - Taiwu Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong University, China
| | - ChuanSheng Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, China
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10
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Serrano López J, Jiménez-Jiménez C, Chutipongtanate S, Serrano J, Rodríguez-Moreno M, Jiménez Á, Jiménez Y, G Pedrero S, Laínez D, Alonso-Domínguez JM, Llamas Sillero P, Piris MÁ, Sánchez-García J. High-throughput RNA sequencing transcriptome analysis of ABC-DLBCL reveals several tumor evasion strategies. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:1861-1870. [PMID: 35379068 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2056173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activated B-cell (ABC) lymphoma, a distinct molecular entity within diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), remains highly incurable, showing a worse response to standard immunochemotherapy. The discouraging results obtained in several clinical trials using proteasome inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, or immunomodulators, lead to an intense search for new, potentially druggable biomarkers in DLBCL. In this study, we designed an experimental strategy for DLBCL to discover high- and low-abundance RNA-seq-derived transcripts involved in the oncogenic phenotype in patients diagnosed with ABC-DLBCL. Based on the results of a comparative analysis, 79 DE genes and two enriched gene sets related to metabolism and immunity were selected. Genes related to drug resistance, anti-inflammatory response, and tumor-cell dissemination were found to be up-regulated, while tumor suppressor genes were down-regulated. Then, we searched for the perturbagens most suitable for gene expression profiling (GEP) by iLINCS-CMap. Herein, we present a novel experimental approach that connects the omics signature of DLBCL with potential drugs for more accurate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Jiménez-Jiménez
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, UCM, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Somchai Chutipongtanate
- Departments of Pediatrics, Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Josefina Serrano
- Hematology Department, Reina Sofía University Hospital/Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC)/University of Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Álvaro Jiménez
- Genomics Unit, IMIBIC (Maimonides Biomedicas Research Institute of Cordoba), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Yesenia Jiménez
- Immunology Department, IIS Fundación Jimenez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara G Pedrero
- Experimental Hematology Lab, IIS-Fundación Jimenez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Laínez
- Experimental Hematology Lab, IIS-Fundación Jimenez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Alonso-Domínguez
- Experimental Hematology Lab, IIS-Fundación Jimenez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Hematology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Llamas Sillero
- Experimental Hematology Lab, IIS-Fundación Jimenez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Hematology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Joaquín Sánchez-García
- Hematology Department, Reina Sofía University Hospital/Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC)/University of Córdoba, Spain
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11
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Grigolon G, Araldi E, Erni R, Wu JY, Thomas C, La Fortezza M, Laube B, Pöhlmann D, Stoffel M, Zarse K, Carreira EM, Ristow M, Fischer F. Grainyhead 1 acts as a drug-inducible conserved transcriptional regulator linked to insulin signaling and lifespan. Nat Commun 2022; 13:107. [PMID: 35013237 PMCID: PMC8748497 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is impacted by interventions across species, often converging on metabolic pathways. Transcription factors regulate longevity yet approaches for their pharmacological modulation to exert geroprotection remain sparse. We show that increased expression of the transcription factor Grainyhead 1 (GRH-1) promotes lifespan and pathogen resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. A compound screen identifies FDA-approved drugs able to activate human GRHL1 and promote nematodal GRH-1-dependent longevity. GRHL1 activity is regulated by post-translational lysine methylation and the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase C2A. Consistently, nematodal longevity following impairment of the PI 3-kinase or insulin/IGF-1 receptor requires grh-1. In BXD mice, Grhl1 expression is positively correlated with lifespan and insulin sensitivity. In humans, GRHL1 expression positively correlates with insulin receptor signaling and also with lifespan. Fasting blood glucose levels, including in individuals with type 2 diabetes, are negatively correlated with GRHL1 expression. Thereby, GRH-1/GRHL1 is identified as a pharmacologically malleable transcription factor impacting insulin signaling and lifespan. Life- and healthspan of organisms can be modulated by dietary, genetic, or pharmacological interventions, which often affect metabolic pathways. Here the authors report that Grainyhead 1 is an evolutionarily conserved, drug-inducible transcription factor that promotes longevity in C. elegans, and thus a potential target for the development of geroprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Grigolon
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach, CH-8603, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Araldi
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach, CH-8603, Switzerland.,Metabolism and Metabolic Disease Laboratory, Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Reto Erni
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Jia Yee Wu
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach, CH-8603, Switzerland
| | - Carolin Thomas
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach, CH-8603, Switzerland
| | - Marco La Fortezza
- Evolutionary Biology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Beate Laube
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach, CH-8603, Switzerland
| | - Doris Pöhlmann
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach, CH-8603, Switzerland
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Metabolism and Metabolic Disease Laboratory, Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Kim Zarse
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach, CH-8603, Switzerland
| | - Erick M Carreira
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Michael Ristow
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach, CH-8603, Switzerland.
| | - Fabian Fischer
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach, CH-8603, Switzerland
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12
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Tan L, Qu W, Wu D, Liu M, Wang Q, Ai Q, Hu H, Chen M, Chen W, Zhou H. GRHL3 Promotes Tumor Growth and Metastasis via the MEK Pathway in Colorectal Cancer. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2021; 2021:6004821. [PMID: 34888136 PMCID: PMC8651427 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6004821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GRHL3 is a factor associated with a tumor, of which the molecular mechanism remains a further investigation. We explored the underlying mechanism of tumor-promoting effect of GRHL3 in colorectal cancer (CRC), which is involved in the MEK1/2 pathway. The expression of GRHL3 was measured in CRC and adjacent normal tissue using qPCR and immunohistochemical staining. Lentivirus-mediated knockdown expression of GRHL3 was performed in the CRC cell line HT29. Cell proliferation and metastasis were assayed in vitro, and tumorigenicity was investigated in vivo. We found higher GRHL3 expression in colorectal cancer, which was negatively correlated with patients' prognosis. Results from studies in vitro and in vivo indicated that downregulation of GRHL3 expression inhibited tumor growth and metastasis and inhibited the activation of the MEK1/2 pathway. The effect of GRHL3 downexpression was the same as that of MEK1/2 antagonists on suppression of tumor growth and metastasis. Our results suggested that GRHL3 may act as an oncogene to promote tumor growth and metastasis via the MEK pathway in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Weiming Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Dajun Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Minji Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Qiongjia Ai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Hongsai Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Weishun Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Hongbing Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
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13
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Imodoye SO, Adedokun KA, Muhammed AO, Bello IO, Muhibi MA, Oduola T, Oyenike MA. Understanding the Complex Milieu of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer Metastasis: New Insight Into the Roles of Transcription Factors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:762817. [PMID: 34868979 PMCID: PMC8636732 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.762817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a physiological program during which polarised, immobile epithelial cells lose connection with their neighbours and are converted to migratory mesenchymal phenotype. Mechanistically, EMT occurs via a series of genetic and cellular events leading to the repression of epithelial-associated markers and upregulation of mesenchymal-associated markers. EMT is very crucial for many biological processes such as embryogenesis and ontogenesis during human development, and again it plays a significant role in wound healing during a programmed replacement of the damaged tissues. However, this process is often hijacked in pathological conditions such as tumour metastasis, which constitutes the most significant drawback in the fight against cancer, accounting for about 90% of cancer-associated mortality globally. Worse still, metastatic tumours are not only challenging to treat with the available conventional radiotherapy and surgical interventions but also resistant to several cytotoxic agents during treatment, owing to their anatomically diffuse localisation in the body system. As the quest to find an effective method of addressing metastasis in cancer intervention heightens, understanding the molecular interplay involving the signalling pathways, downstream effectors, and their interactions with the EMT would be an important requisite while the challenges of metastasis continue to punctuate. Unfortunately, the molecular underpinnings that govern this process remain to be completely illuminated. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that EMT, which initiates every episode of metastasis, significantly requires some master regulators called EMT transcription factors (EMT-TFs). Thus, this review critically examines the roles of TFs as drivers of molecular rewiring that lead to tumour initiation, progression, EMT, metastasis, and colonisation. In addition, it discusses the interaction of various signalling molecules and effector proteins with these factors. It also provides insight into promising therapeutic targets that may inhibit the metastatic process to overcome the limitation of "undruggable" cancer targets in therapeutic design and upturn the current spate of drug resistance. More so, it extends the discussion from the basic understanding of the EMT binary switch model, and ultimately unveiling the E/M cellular plasticity along a phenotypic spectrum via multiple trans-differentiations. It wraps up on how this knowledge update shapes the diagnostic and clinical approaches that may demand a potential shift in investigative paradigm using novel technologies such as single-cell analyses to improve overall patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikiru O. Imodoye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Kamoru A. Adedokun
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental University Hospital, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdurrasheed Ola Muhammed
- Department of Histopathology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim O. Bello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL, United States
| | - Musa A. Muhibi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Edo State University, Uzairue, Nigeria
| | - Taofeeq Oduola
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Musiliu A. Oyenike
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria
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14
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Kotarba G, Taracha-Wisniewska A, Miller M, Dabrowski M, Wilanowski T. Transcription factors Krüppel-like factor 4 and paired box 5 regulate the expression of the Grainyhead-like genes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257977. [PMID: 34570823 PMCID: PMC8476022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes from the Grainyhead-like (GRHL) family code for transcription factors necessary for the development and maintenance of various epithelia. These genes are also very important in the development of many types of cancer. However, little is known about the regulation of expression of GRHL genes. Previously, there were no systematic analyses of the promoters of GRHL genes or transcription factors that bind to these promoters. Here we report that the Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and the paired box 5 factor (PAX5) bind to the regulatory regions of the GRHL genes and regulate their expression. Ectopic expression of KLF4 or PAX5 alters the expression of GRHL genes. In KLF4-overexpressing HEK293 cells, the expression of GRHL1 and GRHL3 genes was upregulated by 32% and 60%, respectively, whereas the mRNA level of GRHL2 gene was lowered by 28% when compared to the respective controls. The levels of GRHL1 and GRHL3 expression were decreased by 30% or 33% in PAX5-overexpressing HEK293 cells. The presence of minor frequency allele of single nucleotide polymorphism rs115898376 in the promoter of the GRHL1 gene affected the binding of KLF4 to this site. The evidence presented here suggests an important role of KLF4 and PAX5 in the regulation of expression of GRHL1-3 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kotarba
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michal Miller
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Dabrowski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wilanowski
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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15
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Głowacka A, Bieganowski P, Jurewicz E, Leśniak W, Wilanowski T, Filipek A. Regulation of S100A10 Gene Expression. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070974. [PMID: 34356598 PMCID: PMC8301800 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A10, a member of the S100 family of Ca2+-binding proteins, is a widely distributed protein involved in many cellular and extracellular processes. The best recognized role of S100A10 is the regulation, via interaction with annexin A2, of plasminogen conversion to plasmin. Plasmin, together with other proteases, induces degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is an important step in tumor progression. Additionally, S100A10 interacts with 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B (5-HT1B) receptor, which influences neurotransmitter binding and, through that, depressive symptoms. Taking this into account, it is evident that S100A10 expression in the cell should be under strict control. In this work, we summarize available literature data concerning the physiological stimuli and transcription factors that influence S100A10 expression. We also present our original results showing for the first time regulation of S100A10 expression by grainyhead-like 2 transcription factor (GRHL2). By applying in silico analysis, we have found two highly conserved GRHL2 binding sites in the 1st intron of the gene encoding S100A10 protein. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase assays, we have shown that GRHL2 directly binds to these sites and that this DNA region can affect transcription of S100A10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Głowacka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (E.J.); (W.L.)
| | - Paweł Bieganowski
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Jurewicz
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (E.J.); (W.L.)
| | - Wiesława Leśniak
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (E.J.); (W.L.)
| | - Tomasz Wilanowski
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Str., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (A.F.); Tel.: +48-22-589-23-32 (A.F.); Fax: +48-22-822-53-42 (A.F.)
| | - Anna Filipek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (E.J.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (A.F.); Tel.: +48-22-589-23-32 (A.F.); Fax: +48-22-822-53-42 (A.F.)
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16
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Deshmukh AP, Vasaikar SV, Tomczak K, Tripathi S, den Hollander P, Arslan E, Chakraborty P, Soundararajan R, Jolly MK, Rai K, Levine H, Mani SA. Identification of EMT signaling cross-talk and gene regulatory networks by single-cell RNA sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2102050118. [PMID: 33941680 PMCID: PMC8126782 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a critical role during normal development and in cancer progression. EMT is induced by various signaling pathways, including TGF-β, BMP, Wnt-β-catenin, NOTCH, Shh, and receptor tyrosine kinases. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on MCF10A cells undergoing EMT by TGF-β1 stimulation. Our comprehensive analysis revealed that cells progress through EMT at different paces. Using pseudotime clustering reconstruction of gene-expression profiles during EMT, we found sequential and parallel activation of EMT signaling pathways. We also observed various transitional cellular states during EMT. We identified regulatory signaling nodes that drive EMT with the expression of important microRNAs and transcription factors. Using a random circuit perturbation methodology, we demonstrate that the NOTCH signaling pathway acts as a key driver of TGF-β-induced EMT. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the gene signatures of pseudotime clusters corresponding to the intermediate hybrid EMT state are associated with poor patient outcome. Overall, this study provides insight into context-specific drivers of cancer progression and highlights the complexities of the EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet P Deshmukh
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Suhas V Vasaikar
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Katarzyna Tomczak
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Shubham Tripathi
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Petra den Hollander
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Emre Arslan
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Priyanka Chakraborty
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bangalore, India
| | - Rama Soundararajan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bangalore, India
| | - Kunal Rai
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030;
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115;
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Sendurai A Mani
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030;
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17
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Liang Y, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Du J. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles containing microRNA-1290 promote immune escape of cancer cells through the Grhl2/ZEB1/PD-L1 axis in gastric cancer. Transl Res 2021; 231:102-112. [PMID: 33321257 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly prevalent malignancy featured by dismal oncological outcomes. Accumulating pieces of evidence have consensus over the therapeutic significance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and its role in carcinogenesis. Here, we planned to uncover EVs' role in GC by shuttling microRNA-1290 (miR-1290) and to identify the possible molecular mechanism associated with Grhl2, PD-L1, and ZEB1. Grhl2 was under-expressed in GC tissues, exhibiting a negative correlation with PD-L1 expression. In addition, Grhl2 promoted T cell proliferation by down-regulating PD-L1 via inhibiting ZEB1, while miR-1290 was found to negatively regulate Grhl2. EVs were also isolated from GC cells or normal gastric epithelial cells and identified with the presence of EV markers. miR-1290 expression was determined to be enriched in the EVs derived from GC cells and observed to promote the suppressive action of GC cells on T cell activation by up-regulating PD-L1 via the Grhl2/ZEB1 pathway in the co-culture system of GC cells with or without treatment of EVs with T cells. Moreover, we also developed a mouse model of GC and injected the EVs derived from miR-1290-inhibitor-treated GC cells into the tumor-bearing mice for further validation of mechanism in vivo. Intriguingly, the pivotal role of EVs-shuttled miR-1290 as an oncomiR was demonstrated in vivo. Collectively, we found that miR-1290 in EVs secreted from GC cells contributed to immune escape through the Grhl2/ZEB1/PD-L1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- Medical Oncology Department of Thoracic Cancer(2), Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang 110042, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Qingfu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China.
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18
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He Y, Gan M, Wang Y, Huang T, Wang J, Han T, Yu B. EGFR-ERK induced activation of GRHL1 promotes cell cycle progression by up-regulating cell cycle related genes in lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:430. [PMID: 33931584 PMCID: PMC8087693 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Grainyhead-like 1 (GRHL1) is a transcription factor involved in embryonic development. However, little is known about the biological functions of GRHL1 in cancer. In this study, we found that GRHL1 was upregulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and correlated with poor survival of patients. GRHL1 overexpression promoted the proliferation of NSCLC cells and knocking down GRHL1 inhibited the proliferation. RNA sequencing showed that a series of cell cycle-related genes were altered when knocking down GRHL1. We further demonstrated that GRHL1 could regulate the expression of cell cycle-related genes by binding to the promoter regions and increasing the transcription of the target genes. Besides, we also found that EGF stimulation could activate GRHL1 and promoted its nuclear translocation. We identified the key phosphorylation site at Ser76 on GRHL1 that is regulated by the EGFR-ERK axis. Taken together, these findings elucidate a new function of GRHL1 on regulating the cell cycle progression and point out the potential role of GRHL1 as a drug target in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China.,Jiangxi Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China
| | - Mingxi Gan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Tong Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Tianyu Han
- Jiangxi Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China.
| | - Bentong Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China.
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19
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Wezel F, Lustig J, Azoitei A, Liu J, Meessen S, Najjar G, Zehe V, Faustmann P, Zengerling F, John A, Martini T, Bolenz C, Günes C. Grainyhead-Like 3 Influences Migration and Invasion of Urothelial Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062959. [PMID: 33803949 PMCID: PMC8000182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive urothelial carcinomas of the bladder (UCB) characteristically show a loss of differentiation markers. The transcription factor Grainyhead-like 3 (GRHL3) plays an important role in the development and differentiation of normal urothelium. The contribution to UCB progression is still elusive. Differential expression of GRHL3 was assessed in normal human urothelium and in non-invasive and invasive bladder cancer cell lines. The contribution of GRHL3 to cell proliferation, viability and invasion in UCB cell lines was determined by gain- and loss-of-function assays in vitro and in an organ culture model using de-epithelialized porcine bladders. GRHL3 expression was detectable in normal human urothelial cells and showed significantly higher mRNA and protein levels in well-differentiated, non-invasive RT4 urothelial carcinoma cells compared to moderately differentiated RT112 cells. GRHL3 expression was absent in anaplastic and invasive T24 cells. Ectopic de novo expression of GRHL3 in T24 cells significantly impaired their migration and invasion properties in vitro and in organ culture. Its downregulation improved the invasive capacity of RT4 cells. The results indicate that GRHL3 may play a role in progression and metastasis in UCB. In addition, this work demonstrates that de-epithelialized porcine bladder organ culture can be a useful, standardized tool to assess the invasive capacity of cancer cells.
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20
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Valenzano MC, Rybakovsky E, Chen V, Leroy K, Lander J, Richardson E, Yalamanchili S, McShane S, Mathew A, Mayilvaganan B, Connor L, Urbas R, Huntington W, Corcoran A, Trembeth S, McDonnell E, Wong P, Newman G, Mercogliano G, Zitin M, Etemad B, Thornton J, Daum G, Raines J, Kossenkov A, Fong LY, Mullin JM. Zinc Gluconate Induces Potentially Cancer Chemopreventive Activity in Barrett's Esophagus: A Phase 1 Pilot Study. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:1195-1211. [PMID: 32415564 PMCID: PMC7677901 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemopreventive effects of zinc for esophageal cancer have been well documented in animal models. This prospective study explores if a similar, potentially chemopreventive action can be seen in Barrett's esophagus (BE) in humans. AIMS To determine if molecular evidence can be obtained potentially indicating zinc's chemopreventive action in Barrett's metaplasia. METHODS Patients with a prior BE diagnosis were placed on oral zinc gluconate (14 days of 26.4 mg zinc BID) or a sodium gluconate placebo, prior to their surveillance endoscopy procedure. Biopsies of Barrett's mucosa were then obtained for miRNA and mRNA microarrays, or protein analyses. RESULTS Zinc-induced mRNA changes were observed for a large number of transcripts. These included downregulation of transcripts encoding proinflammatory proteins (IL32, IL1β, IL15, IL7R, IL2R, IL15R, IL3R), upregulation of anti-inflammatory mediators (IL1RA), downregulation of transcripts mediating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (LIF, MYB, LYN, MTA1, SRC, SNAIL1, and TWIST1), and upregulation of transcripts that oppose EMT (BMP7, MTSS1, TRIB3, GRHL1). miRNA arrays showed significant upregulation of seven miRs with tumor suppressor activity (-125b-5P, -132-3P, -548z, -551a, -504, -518, and -34a-5P). Of proteins analyzed by Western blot, increased expression of the pro-apoptotic protein, BAX, and the tight junctional protein, CLAUDIN-7, along with decreased expression of BCL-2 and VEGF-R2 were noteworthy. CONCLUSIONS When these mRNA, miRNA, and protein molecular data are considered collectively, a cancer chemopreventive action by zinc in Barrett's metaplasia may be possible for this precancerous esophageal tissue. These results and the extensive prior animal model studies argue for a future prospective clinical trial for this safe, easily-administered, and inexpensive micronutrient, that could determine if a chemopreventive action truly exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Valenzano
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - E Rybakovsky
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - V Chen
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - K Leroy
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - J Lander
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - E Richardson
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - S Yalamanchili
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - S McShane
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - A Mathew
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - B Mayilvaganan
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - L Connor
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - R Urbas
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - W Huntington
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - A Corcoran
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - S Trembeth
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - E McDonnell
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - P Wong
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - G Newman
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - G Mercogliano
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - M Zitin
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - B Etemad
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - J Thornton
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - G Daum
- The Department of Pathology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - J Raines
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | | | - L Y Fong
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J M Mullin
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA.
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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21
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Abstract
The evolutionary emergence of the mesenchymal phenotype greatly increased the complexity of tissue architecture and composition in early Metazoan species. At the molecular level, an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was permitted by the innovation of specific transcription factors whose expression is sufficient to repress the epithelial transcriptional program. The reverse process, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), involves direct inhibition of EMT transcription factors by numerous mechanisms including tissue-specific MET-inducing transcription factors (MET-TFs), micro-RNAs, and changes to cell and tissue architecture, thus providing an elegant solution to the need for tight temporal and spatial control over EMT and MET events during development and adult tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Poul Ng-Blichfeldt
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Katja Röper
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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22
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Sargazi S, Heidari Nia M, Sheervalilou R, Mirinejad S, Harati-Sadegh M, Moudi M, Saravani R, Shakiba M. Relationship between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of GRHL3 and Schizophrenia Susceptibility: A Preliminary Case-Control Study and Bioinformatics Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2020; 9:154-164. [PMID: 32934953 PMCID: PMC7489109 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.9.2.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Grainyhead-like (GRHL) transcription factors were recently linked to the etiology of neural tube defects (NTDs). Overlapping patterns in the variation of schizophrenia (SCZ) incidence with that of NTDs suggests the presence of common etiological risk factors. This preliminary study was designed to examine the relationship between two missense variants of GRHL3 gene (rs2486668C/G and rs545809A/T) and SCZ susceptibility among Iranians. Three hundred ninety subjects (192 patients confirmed with SCZ, and 198 healthy controls) were enrolled and genotyped. Statistical and bioinformatics analyzes were performed to determine the effects of the variants. In silico analyzes were performed to determine the effects of the variants on the secondary structure of GRHL3 protein and prediction of silencer motifs for each variation. Statistically significant differences were observed between the studied groups under codominant AA, dominant AT+AA, and recessive AA genetic contrast models for rs545809A/T. The presence of the A allele of rs545809A/T enhanced SCZ risk by 2.33 fold. In contrast, rs2486668C/G was not linked to SCZ susceptibility (P > 0.05). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that both missense SNPs caused substantial changes in the secondary structure of GRHL3-mRNA. Screening of the flanking sequences of rs545809A/T predicted silencer motifs for this SNP. Our results demonstrated that the rs545809A/T of GRHL3 gene could affect the risk of SCZ in Iranian populations. Replication studies are warranted to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Milad Heidari Nia
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Sheervalilou
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Shekoufeh Mirinejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Harati-Sadegh
- Genetics of Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Moudi
- Genetics of Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ramin Saravani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mansoor Shakiba
- Department of Psychiatry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Psychosomatic Research Center, Imam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Yang X, Wu W, Pan Y, Zhou Q, Xu J, Han S. Immune-related genes in tumor-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in colon cancer. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:585. [PMID: 32571262 PMCID: PMC7310260 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune escape is an immunological mechanism underlying tumorigenesis, and T cells play an important role in this process. In this study, immune-related genes were evaluated in tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in colon cancer. Methods ESTIMATE was used to calculate stromal and immune scores for tumor datasets downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas–Colon Cancer (COAD). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between samples with high and low stromal and immune scores were screened, followed by a functional enrichment analysis of the overlapping DEGs. The DEGs related to CD4+ and the CD8+ T cells were then screened. Predicted miRNA–mRNA and lncRNA–miRNA pairs were used to construct a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. Furthermore, chemical–gene interactions were predicted for genes in the ceRNA network. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were also plotted. Results In total, 83 stromal-related DEGs (5 up-regulated and 78 down-regulated) and 1270 immune-related DEGs (807 up-regulated and 293 down-regulated genes) were detected. The 79 overlapping DEGs were enriched for 39 biological process terms. Furthermore, 79 CD4+ T cell-related genes and 8 CD8+ T cell-related genes, such as ELK3, were screened. Additionally, ADAD1 and DLG3, related to CD4+ T cells, were significantly associated with the prognosis of patients with colon cancer. The chr22-38_28785274–29,006,793.1–miR-106a-5p-DDHD1 and chr22-38_28785274–29,006,793.1–miR-4319-GRHL1 axes obtained from CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-related ceRNAs were identified as candidates for further studies. Conclusion ELK3 is a candidate immune-related gene in colon cancer. The chr22-38_28785274–29,006,793.1–miR-106a-5p-DDHD1 and chr22-38_28785274–29,006,793.1–miR-4319-GRHL1 axes may be related to CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Cent Hosp, Affiliated Cent Hops HuZhou University, No. 198 Hongqi Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Cent Hosp, Affiliated Cent Hops HuZhou University, No.198 Hongqi Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuefen Pan
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Cent Hosp, Affiliated Cent Hops HuZhou University, No. 198 Hongqi Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Cent Hosp, Affiliated Cent Hops HuZhou University, No. 198 Hongqi Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiamin Xu
- Graduate School of Nursing, Huzhou University, No. 1 Bachelor Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuwen Han
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Cent Hosp, Affiliated Cent Hops HuZhou University, No. 198 Hongqi Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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24
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Yuan M, Wang J, Fang F. Grainyhead-Like Genes Family May Act as Novel Biomarkers in Colon Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:3237-3245. [PMID: 32368082 PMCID: PMC7173839 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s242763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Grainyhead-like (GRHL) genes family were reported to participate in the development of a number of diseases. This study was designed to investigate the role of GRHL genes family in colon cancer (CC). METHODS In this study, the transcriptional levels of GRHL genes family in patients with CC from GEPIA were explored. Meanwhile, the immunohistochemical data of the GRHL genes family were also obtained in the HPA database. Additionally, we re-identified the mRNA of these genes via real-time PCR. Furthermore, the association between the levels of GRHL genes and stage plot as well as survival condition including overall survival and disease-free survival of patients with CC was analyzed. Finally, by transfecting with specific-siRNA, clone formation assay was performed to observe the role of GRHL genes family in the proliferation of SW480 human colon cancer cells. RESULTS We found that the mRNA and protein levels of GRHL1, GRHL2 and GRHL3 were significantly higher in CC tissues than in normal colon tissues. Additionally, GRHL1, GRHL2 and GRHL3 were significantly associated with the stages of CC. The Kaplan-Meier plotter showed that the low levels of GRHL1, GRHL2 and GRHL3 conferred a better overall survival of patients with CC while the high levels of GRHL1 and GRHL3 were associated with poor disease-free survival. Knockdown of GRHL1, GRHL2 and GRH L3 siHgnificantly inhibited the ability of colony formation of human colon cancer cells. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that GRHL genes are involved in the prognosis and survival in patients with CC, the inhibition of which may suppress the proliferation of colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchi Yuan
- Department of Oncology, The First People’s Hospital of Jiashan, Jiashan, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fazhuang Fang
- Department of Abdominal Tumor Surgery, Jinhua Guangfu Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Loss of Cx43 in Murine Sertoli Cells Leads to Altered Prepubertal Sertoli Cell Maturation and Impairment of the Mitosis-Meiosis Switch. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030676. [PMID: 32164318 PMCID: PMC7140672 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Male factor infertility is a problem in today’s society but many underlying causes are still unknown. The generation of a conditional Sertoli cell (SC)-specific connexin 43 (Cx43) knockout mouse line (SCCx43KO) has provided a translational model. Expression of the gap junction protein Cx43 between adjacent SCs as well as between SCs and germ cells (GCs) is known to be essential for the initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis in different species and men. Adult SCCx43KO males show altered spermatogenesis and are infertile. Thus, the present study aims to identify molecular mechanisms leading to testicular alterations in prepubertal SCCx43KO mice. Transcriptome analysis of 8-, 10- and 12-day-old mice was performed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Additionally, candidate genes were examined by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. NGS revealed many significantly differentially expressed genes in the SCCx43KO mice. For example, GC-specific genes were mostly downregulated and found to be involved in meiosis and spermatogonial differentiation (e.g., Dmrtb1, Sohlh1). In contrast, SC-specific genes implicated in SC maturation and proliferation were mostly upregulated (e.g., Amh, Fshr). In conclusion, Cx43 in SCs appears to be required for normal progression of the first wave of spermatogenesis, especially for the mitosis-meiosis switch, and also for the regulation of prepubertal SC maturation.
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26
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Kotarba G, Taracha-Wisniewska A, Wilanowski T. Grainyhead-like transcription factors in cancer - Focus on recent developments. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:402-410. [PMID: 32008358 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220903009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of grainyhead-like transcription factors in cancer has been widely investigated by the scientific community. However, some of its aspects do not seem to be adequately appreciated, and these are the topic of our article. In addition to their well-documented role as tumor suppressors, in many cases the grainyhead-like proteins perform tumor-promoting functions, which make them potential drug targets. However, it is difficult to directly target transcription factors, which is why we recommend an alternative approach. The transcriptional transactivation activity of grainyhead-like transcription factors is regulated by phosphorylation, and protein kinases are much more feasible drug targets. Studying the phosphorylation of grainyhead-like proteins may thus allow to identify protein kinases regulating the activity of these factors, and design inhibitors of these kinases to indirectly regulate the activity of grainyhead-like transcription factors. There are many somatic mutations in the GRHL genes that occur during cancer development. These mutations are widely distributed across the GRHL loci, and these mutations are very rare. For this reason, they are unlikely to become targets of future therapies, nevertheless some of them may be driver mutations and studying them may provide important novel information about the regulation of functioning of the GRHL genes and proteins. Analogous information may be obtained by studying single nucleotide polymorphisms in GRHL genes that are associated with disease risk. Such polymorphisms may also prove useful in identifying individuals with an increased risk of a particular disease. Impact statement In the present article, we focus on relatively little appreciated aspects of involvement of the grainyhead-like (GRHL) transcription factors in cancer. These aspects are nevertheless very important for the functioning of GRHL proteins, as well as for cancer development. Some of the GRHL factors perform tumor-promoting functions in certain types of cancer, which makes them potential drug targets. Much information is available about somatic cancer mutations in the GRHL genes, yet there are very few analyses of these mutations in the scientific literature. The activity of GRHL transcription factors is controlled by phosphorylation, and we suggest that regulating their phosphorylation with specific protein kinases provides an alternative approach to modify the activity of GRHL proteins. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GRHL genes are associated with disease risk. Studying such SNPs may yield new information about the functioning of GRHL genes and proteins, and may also allow to identify people with an increased risk of a particular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kotarba
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-096, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Wilanowski
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-096, Poland
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27
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Ming Q, Roske Y, Schuetz A, Walentin K, Ibraimi I, Schmidt-Ott KM, Heinemann U. Structural basis of gene regulation by the Grainyhead/CP2 transcription factor family. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:2082-2095. [PMID: 29309642 PMCID: PMC5829564 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grainyhead (Grh)/CP2 transcription factors are highly conserved in multicellular organisms as key regulators of epithelial differentiation, organ development and skin barrier formation. In addition, they have been implicated as being tumor suppressors in a variety of human cancers. Despite their physiological importance, little is known about their structure and DNA binding mode. Here, we report the first structural study of mammalian Grh/CP2 factors. Crystal structures of the DNA-binding domains of grainyhead-like (Grhl) 1 and Grhl2 reveal a closely similar conformation with immunoglobulin-like core. Both share a common fold with the tumor suppressor p53, but differ in important structural features. The Grhl1 DNA-binding domain binds duplex DNA containing the consensus recognition element in a dimeric arrangement, supporting parsimonious target-sequence selection through two conserved arginine residues. We elucidate the molecular basis of a cancer-related mutation in Grhl1 involving one of these arginines, which completely abrogates DNA binding in biochemical assays and transcriptional activation of a reporter gene in a human cell line. Thus, our studies establish the structural basis of DNA target-site recognition by Grh transcription factors and reveal how tumor-associated mutations inactivate Grhl proteins. They may serve as points of departure for the structure-based development of Grh/CP2 inhibitors for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Ming
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvette Roske
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Schuetz
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Helmholtz Protein Sample Production Facility, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Walentin
- Molecular and Translational Kidney Research, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ibraim Ibraimi
- Molecular and Translational Kidney Research, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai M Schmidt-Ott
- Molecular and Translational Kidney Research, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Charité Medical University, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Heinemann
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Helmholtz Protein Sample Production Facility, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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28
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Liu J, Nie S, Liang J, Jiang Y, Wan Y, Zhou S, Cheng W. Competing endogenous RNA network of endometrial carcinoma: A comprehensive analysis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:15648-15660. [PMID: 31056798 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network is dysregulated in the initiation and progression of tumors. In the present study, we explored the regulatory mechanism of ceRNA in endometrial carcinoma (EC) and the potential key molecules with potential value in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of EC. The long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) expression profiles (552 EC tissues and 35 nontumor tissues) and microRNAs (miRNAs) expression profiles (546 EC tissues and 33 nontumor tissues) were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database to identify differentially expressed RNAs (DERNAs) in EC. An integrated bioinformatics analysis was used to construct an EC-specific ceRNA network and select key molecules. As a result, 96 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs), 29 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs), and 77 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) were identified. An EC-specific ceRNA network was built based on nine DElncRNAs significantly associated with overall survival. CCNB1 was found as a key gene in EC through the weighted gene coexpression network analysis and protein-protein interaction network analysis. Our ceRNA network showed C2orf48 and LINC00483 might upregulate CCNB1 via competing with miR-183. In addition, we found a subnetwork which contained survival-associated DERNAs (AC110491.1, LINC00483-miR-192-GRHL1). The results of reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction supported the relative expressions of C2orf48, LINC00483 were upregulated and that of AC110491.1 was downregulated in EC. We further found C2orf48 was upregulated in serous EC, endometrioid EC, and mixed serous and endometrioid EC. LINC00483 was upregulated in mixed serous and endometrioid EC compared with that in the normal tissues according to UALCAN database. In addition, candidate small molecular drugs were screened out by ConnectivityMap based on the 77 DEmRNAs in the ceRNA network. Eventually, C2orf48, LINC00483, and AC110491.1 were identified as three key lncRNAs in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sipei Nie
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junya Liang
- Hypertension Research Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yicong Wan
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shulin Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjun Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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29
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Hu F, He Z, Sun C, Rong D. Knockdown of GRHL2 inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of colorectal cancer by suppressing the PI3K/Akt pathway. Gene 2019; 700:96-104. [PMID: 30917932 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) transcription factor is implicated in many types of cancers. However, the role of GRHL2 in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been fully understood. The present study aimed to evaluate the expression and functional roles of GRHL2 in CRC. The expression of GRHL2 in normal human intestinal epithelial cells and colorectal cancer cells was measured by qRT-PCR and western blot. For knockdown of GRHL2, two small interfere RNAs (siRNAs) targeting GRHL2 or control siRNA was transfected into CRC cell lines (HCT116 and HT29). For GRHL2 overexpression, the GRHL2-overexpressing vector or empty lentiviral vector was infected into HCT116 and HT29 cells. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis rate was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bax, and Bcl-2 was detected by western blot. We found that GRHL2 was upregulated in CRC cells compared to normal human intestinal epithelial cells. Knockdown of GRHL2 inactivated the PI3K/Akt pathway in HCT116 and HT29 cells. Knockdown of GRHL2 inhibited cell viability, elevated the apoptosis rates, suppressed the expression of PCNA and Bcl-2, and induced the expression of Bax in HCT116 and HT29 cells, and these effects were reversed by activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway blocked the effects of GRHL2 overexpression on cell proliferation and apoptosis. In conclusion, GRHL2 acted as an oncoprotein through regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis in CRC cells. The PI3K/Akt pathway was closely involved in the effects of GRHL2. Therefore, GRHL2 might be a therapeutic target for the CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China.
| | - Zhikuan He
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China
| | - Chaonan Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China
| | - Dan Rong
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China
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Li M, Li Z, Guan X, Qin Y. Suppressor gene GRHL1 is associated with prognosis in patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4313-4320. [PMID: 30944626 PMCID: PMC6444427 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Grainyhead like transcription factor 1 (GRHL1) is among the key family genes encoding transcription factors that serve important roles in inhibiting tumor cell clone growth, proliferation and the progression of embedded tumor cells. The present study aimed to investigate the expression and prognostic value of GRHL1 in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). GRHL1 mRNA and protein levels were detected in ESCC cell lines and clinical ESCC tissues. The expression of GRHL1 was detected by immunohistochemistry in 266 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ESCC samples with the help of Pearson's χ2 test, and Cox regression analysis was employed in order to distinguish independent prognostic factors. The functional role of GRHL1 in ESCC cell lines was assessed by a lentiviral construct containing overexpressed GRHL1, which was then examined by cell growth and foci formation assays. The expression of GRHL1 was downregulated in the majority of examined ESCC cell lines and clinical tissues at the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that the low expression of GRHL1 was fundamentally associated with a reduced overall survival rate (log-rank test, P<0.001, hazard ratio, 2.073; 95% confidence interval, 1.491–2.881). Additionally, Cox regression analysis revealed that the low expression of GRHL1, together with poor differentiation, constituted independent prognostic factors for the poor survival of patients with ESCC (P<0.05). The results indicated that the GRHL1-overexpressing cells attenuated the invasive capacity of the ESCC cells in vitro. Accordingly, the low expression of GRHL1 is associated with a reduced OS in ESCC, and the overexpression of GRHL1 inhibited cell invasion in ESCC cells. The results of the present study indicated that GRHL1 may serve as a prognostic marker, in addition to being a novel potential target gene for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyan Li
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Xinyuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P.R. China
| | - Yanru Qin
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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Wang G, Pan J, Zhang L, Wang C. Overexpression of grainyhead-like transcription factor 2 is associated with poor prognosis in human pancreatic carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:1491-1496. [PMID: 30675204 PMCID: PMC6341798 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the abnormal expression of the grainyhead-like transcription factor 2 (GRHL2) gene contributes to the progression and poor prognosis of cancer through multiple mechanisms, but little is known about its expression status and prognostic value in pancreatic carcinoma (PC). The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of GRHL2 in PC and to evaluate its clinicopathological and prognostic significance. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to detect the expression of GRHL2 in PC tissues and cell lines, respectively. The expression of GRHL2 was investigated in 92 PC tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. High expression of GRHL2 was significantly associated with histological differentiation (P=0.018) and lymphatic metastasis (P=0.024). A Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that high expression of GRHL2 was associated with worsened overall survival time (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that GRHL2 may be an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival time (P=0.001). Additionally, western blot analysis demonstrated that the GRHL2 protein was highly expressed in PC cell lines. GRHL2 may serve an important role in the tumourigenesis of PC and serve as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of PC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Jingen Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
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Cristo I, Carvalho L, Ponte S, Jacinto A. Novel role for Grainy head in the regulation of cytoskeletal and junctional dynamics during epithelial repair. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.213595. [PMID: 30131442 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue repair is critical for the maintenance of epithelial integrity and permeability. Simple epithelial repair relies on a combination of collective cell movements and the action of a contractile actomyosin cable at the wound edge that together promote the fast and efficient closure of tissue discontinuities. The Grainy head family of transcription factors (Grh in flies; GRHL1-GRHL3 in mammals) are essential proteins that have been implicated both in the development and repair of epithelia. However, the genes and the molecular mechanisms that it controls remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Grh knockdown disrupts actomyosin dynamics upon injury of the Drosophila pupa epithelial tissue. This leads to the formation of an ectopic actomyosin cable away from the wound edge and impaired wound closure. We also uncovered that E-Cadherin is downregulated in the Grh-depleted tissue around the wound, likely as a consequence of Dorsal (an NF-κB protein) misregulation, which also affects actomyosin cable formation. Our work highlights the importance of Grh as a stress response factor and its central role in the maintenance of epithelial characteristics necessary for tissue repair through regulating cytoskeleton and E-Cadherin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Cristo
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lara Carvalho
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Ponte
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Jacinto
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
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Krzywinska E, Zorawski MD, Taracha A, Kotarba G, Kikulska A, Mlacki M, Kwiatkowska K, Wilanowski T. Threonine 454 phosphorylation in Grainyhead-like 3 is important for its function and regulation by the p38 MAPK pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1002-1011. [PMID: 29702134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian Grainyhead-like 3 (GRHL3) transcription factor is essential for epithelial development and plays a protective role against squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and of the oral cavity. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in GRHL3, rs141193530 (p.P455A), is associated with non-melanoma skin cancer in human patients. Moreover, it is known that this SNP, as well as another variant, rs41268753 (p.T454M), are associated with nonsyndromic cleft palate and that rs41268753 negatively affects GRHL3 transcriptional activity. These SNPs are located in adjacent codons of the GRHL3 gene, and the occurrence of either SNP abolishes a putative threonine-proline phosphorylation motif at T454 in the encoded protein. The role of phosphorylation in regulating mammalian GRHL function is currently unknown. In this work we show that GRHL3 is phosphorylated at several residues in a human keratinocyte cell line, among them at T454. This site is essential for the full transcriptional activity of GRHL3. The T454 residue is phosphorylated by p38 MAPK in vitro and activation of p38 signaling in cells causes an increase in GRHL3 activity. The regulation of GRHL3 function by this pathway is dependent on T454, as the substitution of T454 with methionine inhibits the activation of GRHL3. Taken together, our results show that T454 is one of the phosphorylated residues in GRHL3 in keratinocytes and this residue is important for the upregulation of GRHL3 transcriptional activity by the p38 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Krzywinska
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Dominick Zorawski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Taracha
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kotarba
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kikulska
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Mlacki
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wilanowski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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Kotarba G, Krzywinska E, Grabowska AI, Taracha A, Wilanowski T. TFCP2/TFCP2L1/UBP1 transcription factors in cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 420:72-79. [PMID: 29410248 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The TFCP2/Grainyhead family of transcription factors is divided into two distinct subfamilies, one of which includes the Grainyhead-like 1-3 (GRHL1-3) proteins and the other consists of TFCP2 (synonyms: CP2, LSF, LBP-1c), TFCP2L1 (synonyms: CRTR-1, LBP-9) and UBP1 (synonyms: LBP-1a, NF2d9). Transcription factors from the TFCP2/TFCP2L1/UBP1 subfamily are involved in various aspects of cancer development. TFCP2 is a pro-oncogenic factor in hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer and breast cancer, may be important in cervical carcinogenesis and in colorectal cancer. TFCP2 can also act as a tumor suppressor, for example, it inhibits melanoma growth. Furthermore, TFCP2 is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhances angiogenesis. TFCP2L1 maintains pluripotency and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells and was implicated in a wide variety of cancers, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer and thyroid cancer. Here we present a systematic review of current knowledge of this protein subfamily in the context of cancer. We also discuss potential challenges in investigating this family of transcription factors. These challenges include redundancies between these factors as well as their interactions with each other and their ability to modulate each other's activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kotarba
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Krzywinska
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna I Grabowska
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Taracha
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Wilanowski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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Kikulska A, Rausch T, Krzywinska E, Pawlak M, Wilczynski B, Benes V, Rutkowski P, Wilanowski T. Coordinated expression and genetic polymorphisms in Grainyhead-like genes in human non-melanoma skin cancers. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:23. [PMID: 29301499 PMCID: PMC5755140 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Grainyhead-like (GRHL) transcription factors have been linked to many different types of cancer. However, no previous study has attempted to investigate potential correlations in expression of different GRHL genes in this context. Furthermore, there is very little information concerning damaging mutations and/or single nucleotide polymorphisms in GRHL genes that may be linked to cancer. METHODS DNA and RNA were extracted from human non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) and adjacent normal tissues (n = 33 pairs of samples). The expression of GRHL genes was measured by quantitative real time PCR. Regulation of GRHL expression by miRNA was studied using cell transfection methods and dual-luciferase reporter system. Targeted deep sequencing of GRHL genes in tumor samples and control tissues were employed to search for mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Single marker rs141193530 was genotyped with pyrosequencing in additional NMSC replication cohort (n = 176). Appropriate statistical and bioinformatic methods were used to analyze and interpret results. RESULTS We discovered that the expression of two genes - GRHL1 and GRHL3 - is reduced in a coordinated manner in tumor samples, in comparison to the control healthy skin samples obtained from the same individuals. It is possible that both GRHL1 and GRHL3 are regulated, at least to some extent, by different strands of the same oncogenic microRNA - miR-21, what would at least partially explain observed correlation. No de novo mutations in the GRHL genes were detected in the examined tumor samples. However, some single nucleotide polymorphisms in the GRHL genes occur at significantly altered frequencies in the examined group of NMSC patients. CONCLUSIONS Non-melanoma skin cancer growth is accompanied by coordinated reduced expression of epidermal differentiation genes: GRHL1 and GRHL3, which may be regulated by miR-21-3p and -5p, respectively. Some potentially damaging single nucleotide polymorphisms in GRHL genes occur with altered frequencies in NMSC patients, and they may in particular impair the expression of GRHL3 gene or functioning of encoded protein. The presence of these polymorphisms may indicate an increased risk of NMSC development in affected people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kikulska
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tobias Rausch
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraβe 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ewa Krzywinska
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Pawlak
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartek Wilczynski
- Computational Biology Group, Institute of Informatics, University of Warsaw, 2 Banacha St, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraβe 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 5 Roentgena St, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wilanowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Pan X, Zhang R, Xie C, Gan M, Yao S, Yao Y, Jin J, Han T, Huang Y, Gong Y, Wang J, Yu B. GRHL2 suppresses tumor metastasis via regulation of transcriptional activity of RhoG in non-small cell lung cancer. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:4217-4226. [PMID: 28979695 PMCID: PMC5622264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor, Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2), is involved in wound healing, epidermal integrity, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in various biological processes; however, the biological function of GRHL2 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unknown. In the current study, we investigated the effect of GRHL2 on cell growth and migration in NSCLC cell lines and clinical tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis of clinical NSCLC specimens revealed that patients with high GRHL2 expression were associated with poor prognosis compared to patients with low GRHL2 expression. GRHL2 overexpression promoted cell growth and colony formation, and simultaneously suppressed cell migration in NSCLC cells. Furthermore, GRHL2 decreased the transcriptional activity of RhoG by directly binding to the RhoG promoter region. These findings confirm that GRHL2 plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation and migration in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 330006, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 330006, China
| | - Caifeng Xie
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 330031, China
| | - Mingxi Gan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 330031, China
| | - Sheng Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yubin Yao
- Jiangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionJiangxi 310009, China
| | - Jiangbo Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 310031, China
| | - Tianyu Han
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 310031, China
| | - Yunhe Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 330006, China
| | - Yanlong Gong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 330006, China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 330006, China
| | - Bentong Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityJiangxi 330006, China
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Burger GA, Danen EHJ, Beltman JB. Deciphering Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Regulatory Networks in Cancer through Computational Approaches. Front Oncol 2017; 7:162. [PMID: 28824874 PMCID: PMC5540937 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), the process by which epithelial cells can convert into motile mesenchymal cells, plays an important role in development and wound healing but is also involved in cancer progression. It is increasingly recognized that EMT is a dynamic process involving multiple intermediate or “hybrid” phenotypes rather than an “all-or-none” process. However, the role of EMT in various cancer hallmarks, including metastasis, is debated. Given the complexity of EMT regulation, computational modeling has proven to be an invaluable tool for cancer research, i.e., to resolve apparent conflicts in experimental data and to guide experiments by generating testable hypotheses. In this review, we provide an overview of computational modeling efforts that have been applied to regulation of EMT in the context of cancer progression and its associated tumor characteristics. Moreover, we identify possibilities to bridge different modeling approaches and point out outstanding questions in which computational modeling can contribute to advance our understanding of pathological EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard A Burger
- Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Erik H J Danen
- Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joost B Beltman
- Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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38
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Paltoglou S, Das R, Townley SL, Hickey TE, Tarulli GA, Coutinho I, Fernandes R, Hanson AR, Denis I, Carroll JS, Dehm SM, Raj GV, Plymate SR, Tilley WD, Selth LA. Novel Androgen Receptor Coregulator GRHL2 Exerts Both Oncogenic and Antimetastatic Functions in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3417-3430. [PMID: 28473532 PMCID: PMC5497757 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alteration to the expression and activity of androgen receptor (AR) coregulators in prostate cancer is an important mechanism driving disease progression and therapy resistance. Using a novel proteomic technique, we identified a new AR coregulator, the transcription factor Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2), and demonstrated its essential role in the oncogenic AR signaling axis. GRHL2 colocalized with AR in prostate tumors and was frequently amplified and upregulated in prostate cancer. Importantly, GRHL2 maintained AR expression in multiple prostate cancer model systems, was required for cell proliferation, enhanced AR's transcriptional activity, and colocated with AR at specific sites on chromatin to regulate genes relevant to disease progression. GRHL2 is itself an AR-regulated gene, creating a positive feedback loop between the two factors. The link between GRHL2 and AR also applied to constitutively active truncated AR variants (ARV), as GRHL2 interacted with and regulated ARVs and vice versa. These oncogenic functions of GRHL2 were counterbalanced by its ability to suppress epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell invasion. Mechanistic evidence suggested that AR assisted GRHL2 in maintaining the epithelial phenotype. In summary, this study has identified a new AR coregulator with a multifaceted role in prostate cancer, functioning as an enhancer of the oncogenic AR signaling pathway but also as a suppressor of metastasis-related phenotypes. Cancer Res; 77(13); 3417-30. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Paltoglou
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rajdeep Das
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Scott L Townley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Theresa E Hickey
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gerard A Tarulli
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Isabel Coutinho
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rayzel Fernandes
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adrienne R Hanson
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Iza Denis
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Stephen R Plymate
- Department of Medicine and VAPSHCS, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luke A Selth
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Pawlak M, Kikulska A, Wrzesinski T, Rausch T, Kwias Z, Wilczynski B, Benes V, Wesoly J, Wilanowski T. Potential protective role of Grainyhead-like genes in the development of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2414-2423. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pawlak
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction; Department of Cell Biology; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kikulska
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction; Department of Cell Biology; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - Tomasz Wrzesinski
- Faculty of Biology; Laboratory of High Throughput Technologies; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Adam Mickiewicz University; Poznan Poland
| | - Tobias Rausch
- Genomics Core Facility; European Molecular Biology Laboratory; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Zbigniew Kwias
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - Bartek Wilczynski
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics; Institute of Informatics; University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility; European Molecular Biology Laboratory; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Joanna Wesoly
- Faculty of Biology; Laboratory of High Throughput Technologies; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Adam Mickiewicz University; Poznan Poland
| | - Tomasz Wilanowski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction; Department of Cell Biology; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
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40
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Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related mortality in the world. Although much effort has been made to improve the 5-year survival rate of patients with EC, it still remains low due to diagnosis at an advanced stage, aggressive local invasion, early metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. Although grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) has attracted interest since it has been recently identified as a novel suppressor of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, clinical values of GRHL2 and its relationship with the metastasis-related factors, such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), remain unclear. In order to investigate the expression of GRHL2, HIF-1α, and VEGF, and their correlation with angiogenesis in EC, 63 patients with EC were examined. The expression of GRHL2, HIF-1α, and VEGF in tumor tissues was higher than that in adjacent tissues and was associated with tumor differentiation. GRHL2 expression was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and invasion depth, whereas VEGF expression was associated with tumor (TNM) stage. A significant correlation was found between the expression of GRHL2 and HIF-1α. The patients expressing low GRHL2 and high HIF-1α showed significant reduction in both overall survival rate and disease-free survival rate. The results demonstrated that abnormal expression of GRHL2 is common in EC, and low expression of GRHL2 accompanied by a high expression of HIF-1α indicates poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaoqiu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology
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41
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Faddaoui A, Sheta R, Bachvarova M, Plante M, Gregoire J, Renaud MC, Sebastianelli A, Gobeil S, Morin C, Ghani K, Bachvarov D. Suppression of the grainyhead transcription factor 2 gene (GRHL2) inhibits the proliferation, migration, invasion and mediates cell cycle arrest of ovarian cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:693-706. [PMID: 28278050 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1295181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have identified the Grainyhead transcription factor 2 gene (GRHL2) as notably hypomethylated in high-grade (HG) serous epithelial ovarian tumors, compared with normal ovarian tissues. GRHL2 is known for its functions in normal tissue development and wound healing. In the context of cancer, the role of GRHL2 is still ambiguous as both tumorigenic and tumor suppressive functions have been reported for this gene, although a role of GRHL2 in maintaining the epithelial status of cancer cells has been suggested. In this study, we report that GRHL2 is strongly overexpressed in both low malignant potential (LMP) and HG serous epithelial ovarian tumors, which probably correlates with its hypomethylated status. Suppression of the GRHL2 expression led to a sharp decrease in cell proliferation, migration and invasion and induced G1 cell cycle arrest in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells displaying either epithelial (A2780s) or mesenchymal (SKOV3) phenotypes. However, no phenotypic alterations were observed in these EOC cell lines following GRHL2 silencing. Gene expression profiling and consecutive canonical pathway and network analyses confirmed these data, as in both these EOC cell lines, GRHL2 ablation was associated with the downregulation of various genes and pathways implicated in cell growth and proliferation, cell cycle control and cellular metabolism. Taken together, our data are indicative for a strong oncogenic potential of the GRHL2 gene in EOC progression and support recent findings on the role of GRHL2 as one of the major phenotypic stability factors (PSFs) that stabilize the highly aggressive/metastatic hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) phenotype of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnen Faddaoui
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Université Laval , Québec , Canada.,b Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec , L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec , Québec , Canada
| | - Razan Sheta
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Université Laval , Québec , Canada.,b Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec , L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec , Québec , Canada
| | - Magdalena Bachvarova
- b Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec , L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec , Québec , Canada
| | - Marie Plante
- b Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec , L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec , Québec , Canada.,c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Jean Gregoire
- b Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec , L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec , Québec , Canada.,c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Renaud
- b Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec , L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec , Québec , Canada.,c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Alexandra Sebastianelli
- b Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec , L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec , Québec , Canada.,c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Stephane Gobeil
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Université Laval , Québec , Canada.,d Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec , CHUL , Québec , Canada
| | - Chantale Morin
- b Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec , L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec , Québec , Canada
| | - Karim Ghani
- b Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec , L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec , Québec , Canada
| | - Dimcho Bachvarov
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Université Laval , Québec , Canada.,b Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec , L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec , Québec , Canada
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42
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Stable Binding of the Conserved Transcription Factor Grainy Head to its Target Genes Throughout Drosophila melanogaster Development. Genetics 2016; 205:605-620. [PMID: 28007888 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.195685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that transcription factor binding is temporally dynamic, and that changes in binding determine transcriptional output. Nonetheless, this model is based on relatively few examples in which transcription factor binding has been assayed at multiple developmental stages. The essential transcription factor Grainy head (Grh) is conserved from fungi to humans, and controls epithelial development and barrier formation in numerous tissues. Drosophila melanogaster, which possess a single grainy head (grh) gene, provide an excellent system to study this conserved factor. To determine whether temporally distinct binding events allow Grh to control cell fate specification in different tissue types, we used a combination of ChIP-seq and RNA-seq to elucidate the gene regulatory network controlled by Grh during four stages of embryonic development (spanning stages 5-17) and in larval tissue. Contrary to expectations, we discovered that Grh remains bound to at least 1146 genomic loci over days of development. In contrast to this stable DNA occupancy, the subset of genes whose expression is regulated by Grh varies. Grh transitions from functioning primarily as a transcriptional repressor early in development to functioning predominantly as an activator later. Our data reveal that Grh binds to target genes well before the Grh-dependent transcriptional program commences, suggesting it sets the stage for subsequent recruitment of additional factors that execute stage-specific Grh functions.
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43
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Walne AJ, Collopy L, Cardoso S, Ellison A, Plagnol V, Albayrak C, Albayrak D, Kilic SS, Patıroglu T, Akar H, Godfrey K, Carter T, Marafie M, Vora A, Sundin M, Vulliamy T, Tummala H, Dokal I. Marked overlap of four genetic syndromes with dyskeratosis congenita confounds clinical diagnosis. Haematologica 2016; 101:1180-1189. [PMID: 27612988 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.147769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyskeratosis congenita is a highly pleotropic genetic disorder. This heterogeneity can lead to difficulties in making an accurate diagnosis and delays in appropriate management. The aim of this study was to determine the underlying genetic basis in patients presenting with features of dyskeratosis congenita and who were negative for mutations in the classical dyskeratosis congenita genes. By whole exome and targeted sequencing, we identified biallelic variants in genes that are not associated with dyskeratosis congenita in 17 individuals from 12 families. Specifically, these were homozygous variants in USB1 (8 families), homozygous missense variants in GRHL2 (2 families) and identical compound heterozygous variants in LIG4 (2 families). All patients had multiple somatic features of dyskeratosis congenita but not the characteristic short telomeres. Our case series shows that biallelic variants in USB1, LIG4 and GRHL2, the genes mutated in poikiloderma with neutropenia, LIG4/Dubowitz syndrome and the recently recognized ectodermal dysplasia/short stature syndrome, respectively, cause features that overlap with dyskeratosis congenita. Strikingly, these genes also overlap in their biological function with the known dyskeratosis congenita genes that are implicated in telomere maintenance and DNA repair pathways. Collectively, these observations demonstrate the marked overlap of dyskeratosis congenita with four other genetic syndromes, confounding accurate diagnosis and subsequent management. This has important implications for establishing a genetic diagnosis when a new patient presents in the clinic. Patients with clinical features of dyskeratosis congenita need to have genetic analysis of USB1, LIG4 and GRHL2 in addition to the classical dyskeratosis congenita genes and telomere length measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Walne
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Laura Collopy
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Shirleny Cardoso
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alicia Ellison
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Canan Albayrak
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Davut Albayrak
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | | | - Turkan Patıroglu
- Department of Pediatric Immunology Erciyes University Medical Facility, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Haluk Akar
- Department of Pediatric Immunology Erciyes University Medical Facility, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Keith Godfrey
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Southampton and University of Southampton, UK
| | - Tina Carter
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Makia Marafie
- Clinical Cancer and Community Genetics, Kuwait Medical Genetics Center, Al-Sabah Medical area, Kuwait
| | - Ajay Vora
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Children's NHS foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mikael Sundin
- Section of Pediatric Hematology/Immunology/SCT, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Division of Pediatrics, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Vulliamy
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Hemanth Tummala
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Inderjeet Dokal
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts NHS Trust, London, UK
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44
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Farris JC, Pifer PM, Zheng L, Gottlieb E, Denvir J, Frisch SM. Grainyhead-like 2 Reverses the Metabolic Changes Induced by the Oncogenic Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: Effects on Anoikis. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:528-38. [PMID: 27084311 PMCID: PMC4912396 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Resistance to anoikis is a prerequisite for tumor metastasis. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows tumor cells to evade anoikis. The wound-healing regulatory transcription factor Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) suppresses/reverses EMT, accompanied by suppression of the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype and by resensitization to anoikis. Here, the effects of GRHL2 upon intracellular metabolism in the context of reversion of the EMT/CSC phenotype, with a view toward understanding how these effects promote anoikis sensitivity, were investigated. EMT enhanced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Although this was accompanied by higher accumulation of superoxide, the overall level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) declined, due to decreased hydrogen peroxide. Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) expression increased in EMT, and this increase, via the product α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), was important for suppressing hydrogen peroxide and protecting against anoikis. GRHL2 suppressed GLUD1 gene expression, decreased α-KG, increased ROS, and sensitized cells to anoikis. IMPLICATIONS These results demonstrate a mechanistic role for GRHL2 in promoting anoikis through metabolic alterations. Mol Cancer Res; 14(6); 528-38. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Farris
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Phillip M Pifer
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Liang Zheng
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James Denvir
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Steven M Frisch
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia. Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
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45
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Pifer PM, Farris JC, Thomas AL, Stoilov P, Denvir J, Smith DM, Frisch SM. Grainyhead-like 2 inhibits the coactivator p300, suppressing tubulogenesis and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2479-92. [PMID: 27251061 PMCID: PMC4966987 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-04-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
GRHL2 suppresses EMT to give a default epithelial phenotype. GRHL2 inhibits this process through the histone acetyltransferase coactivator p300, repressing the partial EMT and preventing induction of MMPs. The results demonstrate novel roles for p300 and GRHL2 in promoting or suppressing EMT in morphogenesis and tumor progression. Developmental morphogenesis and tumor progression require a transient or stable breakdown of epithelial junctional complexes to permit programmed migration, invasion, and anoikis resistance, characteristics endowed by the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). The epithelial master-regulatory transcription factor Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) suppresses and reverses EMT, causing a mesenchymal–epithelial transition to the default epithelial phenotype. Here we investigated the role of GRHL2 in tubulogenesis of Madin–Darby canine kidney cells, a process requiring transient, partial EMT. GRHL2 was required for cystogenesis, but it suppressed tubulogenesis in response to hepatocyte growth factor. Surprisingly, GRHL2 suppressed this process by inhibiting the histone acetyltransferase coactivator p300, preventing the induction of matrix metalloproteases and other p300-dependent genes required for tubulogenesis. A 13–amino acid region of GRHL2 was necessary for inhibition of p300, suppression of tubulogenesis, and interference with EMT. The results demonstrate that p300 is required for partial or complete EMT occurring in tubulogenesis or tumor progression and that GRHL2 suppresses EMT in both contexts through inhibition of p300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M Pifer
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Joshua C Farris
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Alyssa L Thomas
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Peter Stoilov
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - James Denvir
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755
| | - David M Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Steven M Frisch
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
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46
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Ray HJ, Niswander LA. Grainyhead-like 2 downstream targets act to suppress epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition during neural tube closure. Development 2016; 143:1192-204. [PMID: 26903501 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) is expressed in non-neural ectoderm (NNE) and Grhl2 loss results in fully penetrant cranial neural tube defects (NTDs) in mice. GRHL2 activates expression of several epithelial genes; however, additional molecular targets and functional processes regulated by GRHL2 in the NNE remain to be determined, as well as the underlying cause of the NTDs in Grhl2 mutants. Here, we find that Grhl2 loss results in abnormal mesenchymal phenotypes in the NNE, including aberrant vimentin expression and increased cellular dynamics that affects the NNE and neural crest cells. The resulting loss of NNE integrity contributes to an inability of the cranial neural folds to move toward the midline and results in NTD. Further, we identified Esrp1, Sostdc1, Fermt1, Tmprss2 and Lamc2 as novel NNE-expressed genes that are downregulated in Grhl2 mutants. Our in vitro assays show that they act as suppressors of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Thus, GRHL2 promotes the epithelial nature of the NNE during the dynamic events of neural tube formation by both activating key epithelial genes and actively suppressing EMT through novel downstream EMT suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Ray
- Department of Pediatrics, Cell Biology Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lee A Niswander
- Department of Pediatrics, Cell Biology Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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