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Peralta M, Lizcano F. Endocrine Disruptors and Metabolic Changes: Impact on Puberty Control. Endocr Pract 2024; 30:384-397. [PMID: 38185329 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the significant impact of environmental chemicals on disease development, focusing on their role in developing metabolic and endocrine diseases. The objective is to understand how these chemicals contribute to the increasing prevalence of precocious puberty, considering various factors, including epigenetic changes, lifestyle, and emotional disturbances. METHODS The study employs a comprehensive review of descriptive observational studies in both human and animal models to identify a degree of causality between exposure to environmental chemicals and disease development, specifically focusing on endocrine disruption. Due to ethical constraints, direct causation studies in human subjects are not feasible; therefore, the research relies on accumulated observational data. RESULTS Puberty is a crucial life period with marked physiological and psychological changes. The age at which sexual characteristics develop is changing in many regions. The findings indicate a correlation between exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and the early onset of puberty. These chemicals have been shown to interfere with normal hormonal processes, particularly during critical developmental stages such as adolescence. The research also highlights the interaction of these chemical exposures with other factors, including nutritional history, social and lifestyle changes, and emotional stress, which together contribute to the prevalence of precocious puberty. CONCLUSION Environmental chemicals significantly contribute to the development of certain metabolic and endocrine diseases, particularly in the rising incidence of precocious puberty. Although the evidence is mainly observational, it adequately justifies regulatory actions to reduce exposure risks. Furthermore, these findings highlight the urgent need for more research on the epigenetic effects of these chemicals and their wider impact on human health, especially during vital developmental periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Peralta
- Center of Biomedical Investigation Universidad de La Sabana, CIBUS, Chía, Colombia
| | - Fernando Lizcano
- Center of Biomedical Investigation Universidad de La Sabana, CIBUS, Chía, Colombia; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Fundación CardioInfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Zheng CY, Yu YX, Cao SY, Bai X. Epigenetics of inflammation in hypothalamus pituitary gonadal and neuroendocrine disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 154:340-345. [PMID: 37142487 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The hormone producing hypothalamus, pituitary and gonadal are arranged in hierarchy to form the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis). The axis is neuroendocrine in nature and releases hormones in response to the inputs from nervous systems. The axis maintains homeostasis and ensures smooth body functions, particularly those related to growth and reproduction. A deregulated HPG axis, such as observed under inflammation and other conditions, is therefore associated with several disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea etc. Several factors, both genetic as well as environmental, in addition to aging, obesity etc. affect HPG axis with resulting effects on puberty, sexual maturation and reproductive health. More research is now indicative of a role of epigenetics in mediating these HPG-affecting factors. Hypothalamus-secreted gonadotropin-releasing hormone is important for eventual release of sex hormones and it is subjected to several neuronal and epigenetic regulations. Gene promoter methylation as well as histone methylations and acetylations form the backbone of epigenetic regulation of HPG-axis, as the incoming reports suggest. Epigenetic events also mediate several feedback mechanisms within HPG axis and between HPG axis and the central nervous system. In addition, data is emerging for a role of non-coding RNAs, particularly the miRNAs, in regulation and normal functioning of HPG axis. Thus, the epigenetic interactions need better understanding to understand the functioning and regulation of HPG axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yang Zheng
- Embryo Laboratory, Jinghua Hospital of Shenyang, No. 83, Zhongshan Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yue-Xin Yu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 5, Guangrong Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shi-Yue Cao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 5, Guangrong Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 5, Guangrong Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China.
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Calcaterra V, Magenes VC, Hruby C, Siccardo F, Mari A, Cordaro E, Fabiano V, Zuccotti G. Links between Childhood Obesity, High-Fat Diet, and Central Precocious Puberty. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10020241. [PMID: 36832370 PMCID: PMC9954755 DOI: 10.3390/children10020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the existing relationship between excess overweight and central precocious puberty (CPP) has been reported, especially in girls. Different nutritional choices have been associated with different patterns of puberty. In particular, the involvement of altered biochemical and neuroendocrine pathways and a proinflammatory status has been described in connection with a high-fat diet (HFD). In this narrative review, we present an overview on the relationship between obesity and precocious pubertal development, focusing on the role of HFDs as a contributor to activating the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. Although evidence is scarce and studies limited, especially in the paediatric field, the harm of HFDs on PP is a relevant problem that cannot be ignored. Increased knowledge about HFD effects will be useful in developing strategies preventing precocious puberty in children with obesity. Promoting HFD-avoiding behavior may be useful in preserving children's physiological development and protecting reproductive health. Controlling HFDs may represent a target for policy action to improve global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Chiara Hruby
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Mari
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Cordaro
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Fabiano
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “L. Sacco”, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “L. Sacco”, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
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Chowdhury SG, Misra S, Karmakar P. Understanding the Impact of Obesity on Ageing in the Radiance of DNA Metabolism. J Nutr Health Aging 2023; 27:314-328. [PMID: 37248755 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-023-1912-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is a multi-factorial phenomenon which is considered as a major risk factor for the development of neurodegeneration, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, dementia, cancer, and other chronic diseases. Phenotypically, ageing is related with a combination of molecular, cellular, and physiological levels like genomic and epi-genomic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulation of cellular and subcellular function and mitochondrial dysfunction. Though, no single molecular mechanism accounts for the functional decline of different organ systems in older humans but accumulation of DNA damage or mutations is a dominant theory which contributes largely to the development of ageing and age-related diseases. However, mechanistic, and hierarchical order of these features of ageing has not been clarified yet. Scientific community now focus on the effect of obesity on accelerated ageing process. Obesity is a complex chronic disease that affects multiple organs and tissues. It can not only lead to various health conditions such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease but also can decrease life expectancy which shows similar phenotype of ageing. Higher loads of DNA damage were also observed in the genome of obese people. Thus, inability of DNA damage repair may contribute to both ageing and obesity apart from cancer predisposition. The present review emphasizes on the involvement of molecular phenomenon of DNA metabolism in development of obesity and how it accelerates ageing in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Chowdhury
- Parimal Karmakar, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
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LIN28 Family in Testis: Control of Cell Renewal, Maturation, Fertility and Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137245. [PMID: 35806250 PMCID: PMC9266904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Male reproductive development starts early in the embryogenesis with somatic and germ cell differentiation in the testis. The LIN28 family of RNA-binding proteins promoting pluripotency has two members—LIN28A and LIN28B. Their function in the testis has been investigated but many questions about their exact role based on the expression patterns remain unclear. LIN28 expression is detected in the gonocytes and the migrating, mitotically active germ cells of the fetal testis. Postnatal expression of LIN28 A and B showed differential expression, with LIN28A expressed in the undifferentiated spermatogonia and LIN28B in the elongating spermatids and Leydig cells. LIN28 interferes with many signaling pathways, leading to cell proliferation, and it is involved in important testicular physiological processes, such as cell renewal, maturation, fertility, and aging. In addition, aberrant LIN28 expression is associated with testicular cancer and testicular disorders, such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Klinefelter’s syndrome. This comprehensive review encompasses current knowledge of the function of LIN28 paralogs in testis and other tissues and cells because many studies suggest LIN28AB as a promising target for developing novel therapeutic agents.
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Chen T, Wu H, Chen X, Xie R, Wang F, Sun H, Chen L. p53 Mediates GnRH Secretion via Lin28/let-7 System in GT1-7 Cells. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:4681-4688. [PMID: 33299335 PMCID: PMC7720897 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s279901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The well-known tumor suppressor transcriptional factor p53 has been proposed to be one of the central hubs of a functionally related and hierarchically arranged gene network coordinating pubertal timing. Our previous studies revealed that p53 is involved in the metabolic control of puberty. The current study aimed to investigate the underlying signaling pathway, through which p53 mediated the metabolic control of puberty. DESIGN SETTING PARTICIPANTS INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We engineered the expression of p53 and/or Lin28a in GT1-7 cells to investigate the interaction between p53 and Lin28/let-7 system, and their impact on GnRH secretion. RESULTS Overexpression of p53 stimulated, while inhibition of p53 by pifithrin-α significantly suppressed the GnRH secretion and GPR54 expression levels in response to kisspeptin stimulation in GT1-7 cells. Furthermore, overexpressed p53 suppressed Lin28a and c-Myc expression levels and increased let-7 expression levels in GT1-7 cell lines. On the other hand, inhibition of p53 by pifithrin-α upregulated Lin28a and c-Myc levels and downregulated let-7 expression levels. Moreover, Lin28a overexpression counteracted the effect of p53 overexpression in p53 and Lin28a co-overexpression cells, whose GnRH secretion and GPR54 expression levels were not different from controls. Meanwhile, Lin28a suppression counteracted the effect of pifithrin-α, and the GnRH secretion and GPR54 expression levels are not different from controls in p53 and Lin28a co-suppression cells. CONCLUSION These data suggest that p53 is a central mediator of GnRH secretion in hypothalamus, and this effect is at least partly through the Lin28/let-7 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou215000Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ting Chen Department of Endocrinology, Genetics, and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-512-8069-8322 Email
| | - Haiying Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou215000Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou215000Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou215000Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengyun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou215000Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou215000Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linqi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou215000Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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