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Krestel H, Schreier DR, Sakiri E, von Allmen A, Abukhadra Y, Nirkko A, Steinlin M, Rosenow F, Markhus R, Schneider G, Jagella C, Mathis J, Blumenfeld H. Predictive Power of Interictal Epileptiform Discharges in Fitness-to-Drive Evaluation. Neurology 2023; 101:e866-e878. [PMID: 37414567 PMCID: PMC10501101 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate and predict the effects of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) on driving ability using simple reaction tests and a driving simulator. METHODS Patients with various epilepsies were evaluated with simultaneous EEGs during their response to visual stimuli in a single-flash test, a car-driving video game, and a realistic driving simulator. Reaction times (RTs) and missed reactions or crashes (miss/crash) during normal EEG and IEDs were measured. IEDs, as considered in this study, were a series of epileptiform potentials (>1 potential) and were classified as generalized typical, generalized atypical, or focal. RT and miss/crash in relation to IED type, duration, and test type were analyzed. RT prolongation, miss/crash probability, and odds ratio (OR) of miss/crash due to IEDs were calculated. RESULTS Generalized typical IEDs prolonged RT by 164 ms, compared with generalized atypical IEDs (77.0 ms) and focal IEDs (48.0 ms) (p < 0.01). Generalized typical IEDs had a session miss/crash probability of 14.7% compared with a zero median for focal and generalized atypical IEDs (p < 0.01). Long repetitive bursts of focal IEDs lasting >2 seconds had a 2.6% miss/crash probabilityIED. Cumulated miss/crash probability could be predicted from RT prolongation: 90.3 ms yielded a 20% miss/crash probability. All tests were nonsuperior to each other in detecting miss/crash probabilitiesIED (zero median for all 3 tests) or RT prolongations (flash test: 56.4 ms, car-driving video game: 75.5 ms, simulator 86.6 ms). IEDs increased the OR of miss/crash in the simulator by 4.9-fold compared with normal EEG. A table of expected RT prolongations and miss/crash probabilities for IEDs of a given type and duration was created. DISCUSSION IED-associated miss/crash probability and RT prolongation were comparably well detected by all tests. Long focal IED bursts carry a low risk, while generalized typical IEDs are the primary cause of miss/crash. We propose a cumulative 20% miss/crash risk at an RT prolongation of 90.3 ms as a clinically relevant IED effect. The IED-associated OR in the simulator approximates the effects of sleepiness or low blood alcohol level while driving on real roads. A decision aid for fitness-to-drive evaluation was created by providing the expected RT prolongations and misses/crashes when IEDs of a certain type and duration are detected in routine EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Krestel
- From the Departments of Neurology (H.K., Y.A., C.J., H.B.), Neuroscience (H.B.), and Neurosurgery (H.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (H.K., F.R.), University Hospital Frankfurt, Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), and Institute of Mathematics (G.S.), Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Neurology (D.R.S., A.N., J.M.); Departments of Cardiology (E.S.) and Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Neurocenter Lucerne (A.N.), Switzerland; and National Centre for Epilepsy (R.M.), Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
| | - David R Schreier
- From the Departments of Neurology (H.K., Y.A., C.J., H.B.), Neuroscience (H.B.), and Neurosurgery (H.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (H.K., F.R.), University Hospital Frankfurt, Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), and Institute of Mathematics (G.S.), Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Neurology (D.R.S., A.N., J.M.); Departments of Cardiology (E.S.) and Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Neurocenter Lucerne (A.N.), Switzerland; and National Centre for Epilepsy (R.M.), Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Elmaze Sakiri
- From the Departments of Neurology (H.K., Y.A., C.J., H.B.), Neuroscience (H.B.), and Neurosurgery (H.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (H.K., F.R.), University Hospital Frankfurt, Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), and Institute of Mathematics (G.S.), Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Neurology (D.R.S., A.N., J.M.); Departments of Cardiology (E.S.) and Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Neurocenter Lucerne (A.N.), Switzerland; and National Centre for Epilepsy (R.M.), Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Andreas von Allmen
- From the Departments of Neurology (H.K., Y.A., C.J., H.B.), Neuroscience (H.B.), and Neurosurgery (H.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (H.K., F.R.), University Hospital Frankfurt, Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), and Institute of Mathematics (G.S.), Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Neurology (D.R.S., A.N., J.M.); Departments of Cardiology (E.S.) and Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Neurocenter Lucerne (A.N.), Switzerland; and National Centre for Epilepsy (R.M.), Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Yasmina Abukhadra
- From the Departments of Neurology (H.K., Y.A., C.J., H.B.), Neuroscience (H.B.), and Neurosurgery (H.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (H.K., F.R.), University Hospital Frankfurt, Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), and Institute of Mathematics (G.S.), Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Neurology (D.R.S., A.N., J.M.); Departments of Cardiology (E.S.) and Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Neurocenter Lucerne (A.N.), Switzerland; and National Centre for Epilepsy (R.M.), Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Arto Nirkko
- From the Departments of Neurology (H.K., Y.A., C.J., H.B.), Neuroscience (H.B.), and Neurosurgery (H.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (H.K., F.R.), University Hospital Frankfurt, Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), and Institute of Mathematics (G.S.), Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Neurology (D.R.S., A.N., J.M.); Departments of Cardiology (E.S.) and Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Neurocenter Lucerne (A.N.), Switzerland; and National Centre for Epilepsy (R.M.), Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Maja Steinlin
- From the Departments of Neurology (H.K., Y.A., C.J., H.B.), Neuroscience (H.B.), and Neurosurgery (H.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (H.K., F.R.), University Hospital Frankfurt, Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), and Institute of Mathematics (G.S.), Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Neurology (D.R.S., A.N., J.M.); Departments of Cardiology (E.S.) and Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Neurocenter Lucerne (A.N.), Switzerland; and National Centre for Epilepsy (R.M.), Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Felix Rosenow
- From the Departments of Neurology (H.K., Y.A., C.J., H.B.), Neuroscience (H.B.), and Neurosurgery (H.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (H.K., F.R.), University Hospital Frankfurt, Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), and Institute of Mathematics (G.S.), Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Neurology (D.R.S., A.N., J.M.); Departments of Cardiology (E.S.) and Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Neurocenter Lucerne (A.N.), Switzerland; and National Centre for Epilepsy (R.M.), Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Rune Markhus
- From the Departments of Neurology (H.K., Y.A., C.J., H.B.), Neuroscience (H.B.), and Neurosurgery (H.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (H.K., F.R.), University Hospital Frankfurt, Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), and Institute of Mathematics (G.S.), Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Neurology (D.R.S., A.N., J.M.); Departments of Cardiology (E.S.) and Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Neurocenter Lucerne (A.N.), Switzerland; and National Centre for Epilepsy (R.M.), Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Gaby Schneider
- From the Departments of Neurology (H.K., Y.A., C.J., H.B.), Neuroscience (H.B.), and Neurosurgery (H.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (H.K., F.R.), University Hospital Frankfurt, Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), and Institute of Mathematics (G.S.), Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Neurology (D.R.S., A.N., J.M.); Departments of Cardiology (E.S.) and Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Neurocenter Lucerne (A.N.), Switzerland; and National Centre for Epilepsy (R.M.), Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Caroline Jagella
- From the Departments of Neurology (H.K., Y.A., C.J., H.B.), Neuroscience (H.B.), and Neurosurgery (H.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (H.K., F.R.), University Hospital Frankfurt, Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), and Institute of Mathematics (G.S.), Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Neurology (D.R.S., A.N., J.M.); Departments of Cardiology (E.S.) and Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Neurocenter Lucerne (A.N.), Switzerland; and National Centre for Epilepsy (R.M.), Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Johannes Mathis
- From the Departments of Neurology (H.K., Y.A., C.J., H.B.), Neuroscience (H.B.), and Neurosurgery (H.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (H.K., F.R.), University Hospital Frankfurt, Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), and Institute of Mathematics (G.S.), Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Neurology (D.R.S., A.N., J.M.); Departments of Cardiology (E.S.) and Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Neurocenter Lucerne (A.N.), Switzerland; and National Centre for Epilepsy (R.M.), Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- From the Departments of Neurology (H.K., Y.A., C.J., H.B.), Neuroscience (H.B.), and Neurosurgery (H.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (H.K., F.R.), University Hospital Frankfurt, Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), and Institute of Mathematics (G.S.), Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Neurology (D.R.S., A.N., J.M.); Departments of Cardiology (E.S.) and Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Neurocenter Lucerne (A.N.), Switzerland; and National Centre for Epilepsy (R.M.), Division of Clinical Neuroscience Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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Möller L, Krämer G, Habermehl L, Menzler K, Knake S. Driving regulations for epilepsy in Europe. Seizure 2023; 109:83-91. [PMID: 37276778 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Across Europe, there are differences regarding driving restrictions for patients with epilepsies and seizures. In the light of increasing mobility, knowledge about those different regulations is of high importance for counseling patients, and physicians. METHODS A structured online survey was sent to the official representatives of the different European ILAE chapters, asking for the local driving restrictions for patients with epilepsies, first seizures, syncopes, and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. RESULTS The survey was sent to 38 chapters or representatives of 47 European Countries. 33 chapters answered. The majority of countries require 1 year of seizure-freedom for the ability to drive (Group 1, former categories A, B, B + E, F, G. H, K, L, and P; driving license which authorizes its holder to drive vehicle classes categories of the motor vehicle), usually with the need to continue antiseizure medication (ASM). Some countries have much stricter regulations before allowing for driving. Legal regulations after a first unprovoked seizure differ between 6 months for Group 1 license holders in most European countries, and one year in Luxembourg and Malta. In Serbia, there is no legal regulation for this special situation. The situation after a first seizure is even more complex for Group 2 license holders (former categories C1, C1+E, C, C + E, D1, D1+E, D, D + E). CONCLUSION Knowledge of the different recommendations of the individual European countries is of high relevance in the counseling of epilepsy patients. Europe-wide regulations, e.g. following the IBE-recommendations are needed to facilitate the patients' situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Möller
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | | | - Lena Habermehl
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katja Menzler
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Knake
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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O'Donovan S, Humphries M, van den Heuvel C, Baldock M, Byard RW. Cardiac disease and driver fatality. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2022; 18:329-332. [PMID: 35467240 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-022-00475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To determine the role of cardiac disease in driver fatalities, a retrospective review of autopsy files at Forensic Science SA in Adelaide, Australia, was undertaken over a 13-year-period January 2005-December 2017 for individuals aged ≥ 40 years who had died while driving a motor vehicle. The incidence of significant coronary artery atherosclerosis (CAA) and cardiomegaly was evaluated with comparisons between drivers and a control group of passengers. Autopsy examinations were performed on 303 drivers and 72 passengers who died of trauma and on 63 drivers who died of a cardiac event while driving. The average age for drivers dying of trauma was 58.5 years (range 40-93 years) with 48 (15.8%) having CAA and 31 (10.2%) having cardiomegaly. This was not statistically different to passengers (aged 63.3 years; range 40-93 years; 20.8% having CAA; 11 (15.2%) cardiomegaly; (p > 0.2). Drivers with significant cardiac disease did not, therefore, have increased rates of death in crashes, although a distinct subgroup of drivers consisted of those who had died from cardiac events and not trauma, while driving. The latter may be increasing in number given the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan O'Donovan
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 2, Room N237, Helen Mayo North, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa Humphries
- School of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Corinna van den Heuvel
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 2, Room N237, Helen Mayo North, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Matthew Baldock
- Centre for Automotive Safety Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Roger W Byard
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 2, Room N237, Helen Mayo North, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia. .,Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, Australia.
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