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Singh A, Sonawane P, Kumar A, Singh H, Naumovich V, Pathak P, Grishina M, Khalilullah H, Jaremko M, Emwas AH, Verma A, Kumar P. Challenges and Opportunities in the Crusade of BRAF Inhibitors: From 2002 to 2022. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27819-27844. [PMID: 37576670 PMCID: PMC10413849 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf (BRAF; RAF = rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma) plays an important role in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade. Somatic mutations in the BRAF gene were first discovered in 2002 by Davies et al., which was a major breakthrough in cancer research. Subsequently, three different classes of BRAF mutants have been discovered. This class includes class I monomeric mutants (BRAFV600), class II BRAF homodimer mutants (non-V600), and class III BRAF heterodimers (non-V600). Cancers caused by these include melanoma, thyroid cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, nonsmall cell lung cancer, and others. In this study, we have highlighted the major binding pockets in BRAF protein, their active and inactive conformations with inhibitors, and BRAF dimerization and its importance in paradoxical activation and BRAF mutation. We have discussed the first-, second-, and third-generation drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration and drugs under clinical trials with all four different binding approaches with DFG-IN/OUT and αC-IN/OUT for BRAF protein. We have investigated particular aspects and difficulties with all three generations of inhibitors. Finally, this study has also covered recent developments in synthetic BRAF inhibitors (from their discovery in 2002 to 2022), their unique properties, and importance in inhibiting BRAF mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit
Kumar Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Pankaj Sonawane
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Harshwardhan Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Vladislav Naumovich
- Laboratory
of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological
School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454008, Russia
| | - Prateek Pathak
- Laboratory
of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological
School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454008, Russia
| | - Maria Grishina
- Laboratory
of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological
School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454008, Russia
| | - Habibullah Khalilullah
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of
Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unayzah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health
Initiative and Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and
Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core
Laboratories, King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Amita Verma
- Bioorganic
and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of
Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
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2
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Ng TSC, Hu H, Kronister S, Lee C, Li R, Gerosa L, Stopka SA, Burgenske DM, Khurana I, Regan MS, Vallabhaneni S, Putta N, Scott E, Matvey D, Giobbie-Hurder A, Kohler RH, Sarkaria JN, Parangi S, Sorger PK, Agar NYR, Jacene HA, Sullivan RJ, Buchbinder E, Mikula H, Weissleder R, Miller MA. Overcoming differential tumor penetration of BRAF inhibitors using computationally guided combination therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl6339. [PMID: 35486732 PMCID: PMC9054019 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl6339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BRAF-targeted kinase inhibitors (KIs) are used to treat malignancies including BRAF-mutant non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, anaplastic thyroid cancer, and, most prominently, melanoma. However, KI selection criteria in patients remain unclear, as are pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) mechanisms that may limit context-dependent efficacy and differentiate related drugs. To address this issue, we imaged mouse models of BRAF-mutant cancers, fluorescent KI tracers, and unlabeled drug to calibrate in silico spatial PK/PD models. Results indicated that drug lipophilicity, plasma clearance, faster target dissociation, and, in particular, high albumin binding could limit dabrafenib action in visceral metastases compared to other KIs. This correlated with retrospective clinical observations. Computational modeling identified a timed strategy for combining dabrafenib and encorafenib to better sustain BRAF inhibition, which showed enhanced efficacy in mice. This study thus offers principles of spatial drug action that may help guide drug development, KI selection, and combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S. C. Ng
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huiyu Hu
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Stefan Kronister
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chanseo Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ran Li
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luca Gerosa
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sylwia A. Stopka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ishaan Khurana
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael S. Regan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sreeram Vallabhaneni
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Niharika Putta
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ella Scott
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dylan Matvey
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anita Giobbie-Hurder
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rainer H. Kohler
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jann N. Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sareh Parangi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter K. Sorger
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathalie Y. R. Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather A. Jacene
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryan J. Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Hannes Mikula
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miles A. Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Corresponding author.
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4
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Fukumura T, Mori W, Ogawa M, Fujinaga M, Zhang MR. [ 11C]phosgene: Synthesis and application for development of PET radiotracers. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 92:138-148. [PMID: 32546396 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-11-labeled phosgene ([11C]phosgene, [11C]COCl2) is a useful labeling agent that connects two heteroatoms by inserting [11C]carbonyl (11C=O) function in carbamates, ureas, and carbonates, which are components of biologically important heterocyclic compounds and functional groups in drugs as a linker of fragments with in vivo stability. Development of 11C-labeled PET tracers has been performed using [11C]phosgene as a labeling agent. However, [11C]phosgene has not been frequently used for 11C-labeling because preparation of [11C]phosgene required dedicated synthesis apparatus (not commercially available) and had problems in reproducibility and reliability. In our laboratory, an improved method for synthesizing [11C]phosgene using a carbon tetrachloride detection tube kit in environmental air analysis and the automated synthesis system for preparing [11C]phosgene have been developed in 2009. This apparatus has been used for routine synthesis of 11C-labeled tracers 1-4 times/week. Using [11C]phosgene we have developed and produced many PET radiotracers containing [11C]urea and [11C]carbamate moieties. In this review, we report the performance of our method for preparing [11C]phosgene, including automated synthesis apparatus developed in house, and the application of [11C]phosgene for development and production of 11C-labeled PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Fukumura
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Wakana Mori
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masanao Ogawa
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; SHI Accelerator Service, Ltd., Tokyo 141-8686, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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6
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Dornan MH, Petrenyov D, Simard JM, Boudjemeline M, Mititelu R, DaSilva JN, Belanger AP. Synthesis of a 11C-Isotopologue of the B-Raf-Selective Inhibitor Encorafenib Using In-Loop [ 11C]CO 2 Fixation. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20960-20966. [PMID: 32875231 PMCID: PMC7450646 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase B-Raf is an essential regulator of cellular growth, differentiation, and survival. B-Raf protein expression is elevated throughout melanoma progression, making it an attractive target for noninvasive imaging using positron-emission tomography. Encorafenib is a potent and highly selective inhibitor of B-Raf used in the clinical management of melanoma. In this study, the radiosynthesis of a 11C-isotopologue of encorafenib was developed using an in-loop [11C]CO2 fixation reaction. Optimization of reaction conditions reduced the formation of a radiolabeled side product and improved the isolated yields of [11C]encorafenib (14.5 ± 2.4% radiochemical yield). The process was fully automated using a commercial radiosynthesizer for the production of 6845 ± 888 MBq of [11C]encorafenib in high molar activity (177 ± 5 GBq μmol-1), in high radiochemical purity (99%), and in a formulation suitable for animal injection. An in vitro cellular binding experiment demonstrated saturable binding of the radiotracer to A375 melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H. Dornan
- Department
of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Laboratoire
de Radiochimie et Cyclotron, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier
de l’Université de Montréal & Département
de Radiologie, radiooncologie et médecine nucléaire,
Faculté de médecine, Université
de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Daniil Petrenyov
- Laboratoire
de Radiochimie et Cyclotron, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier
de l’Université de Montréal & Département
de Radiologie, radiooncologie et médecine nucléaire,
Faculté de médecine, Université
de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - José-Mathieu Simard
- Laboratoire
de Radiochimie et Cyclotron, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier
de l’Université de Montréal & Département
de Radiologie, radiooncologie et médecine nucléaire,
Faculté de médecine, Université
de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Mehdi Boudjemeline
- Laboratoire
de Radiochimie et Cyclotron, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier
de l’Université de Montréal & Département
de Radiologie, radiooncologie et médecine nucléaire,
Faculté de médecine, Université
de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Roxana Mititelu
- Division
of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jean N. DaSilva
- Laboratoire
de Radiochimie et Cyclotron, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier
de l’Université de Montréal & Département
de Radiologie, radiooncologie et médecine nucléaire,
Faculté de médecine, Université
de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Anthony P. Belanger
- Department
of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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