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Shammas NW, Mangalmurti S, Bernardo NL, Mehrle A, Adams G, Bertolet B, Stavroulakis K, Soukas PA. Intravascular Lithotripsy for Treatment of Severely Calcified Common Femoral Artery Disease: Results From the Disrupt PAD III Observational Study. J Endovasc Ther 2024:15266028241255622. [PMID: 38877777 DOI: 10.1177/15266028241255622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical endarterectomy is currently considered the front-line therapy for the treatment of calcified lesions in the common femoral artery (CFA). Endovascular interventions have evolved, and their use is increasing in frequency. Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) has shown promising safety and effectiveness in calcified CFA lesions in a small pilot study, but "real-world" evidence from a larger cohort is lacking. METHODS The Disrupt PAD III Observational Study (NCT02923193) was a prospective, multicenter registry designed to assess the acute safety and effectiveness of IVL treatment for calcified peripheral arterial disease. Any concomitant treatment with other calcium-modifying technologies as well as definitive treatment strategies was at the discretion of the operators. Patients with CFA lesions were evaluated for acute angiographic safety and effectiveness outcomes following IVL treatment as determined by an independent angiographic core lab. RESULTS Common femoral artery treatment was indicated in 177 patients (n=163 could be analyzed based on core-laboratory data) enrolled at 23 sites. Characteristics for 164 treated lesions included moderate-severe calcification 95.1%, diameter stenosis 74.8±17.7%, and lesion length 53.6±53.1 mm. Concomitant calcium-modifying therapy was used in 32.3% of lesions. Final therapy included drug-coated balloons in 68.9% and stenting in 16.5% of lesions. Post-IVL and final residual stenoses were 29.2±16.5%and 23.6±11.5%, respectively. No vascular complications (flow-limiting dissections, perforations, embolization, slow or no reflow, or abrupt closure) were present at the end of the procedure by core-laboratory assessment, with 1 (0.8%) flow-limiting dissection initially occurring immediately following IVL treatment. CONCLUSION This study represents the largest real-world experience of IVL treatment in heavily calcified CFA lesions. Intravascular lithotripsy treatment showed significant stenosis reduction and favorable periprocedural safety in this challenging patient population. CLINICAL IMPACT In this study we show that calcified common femoral artery disease can be safely and effectively treated with shockwave balloon angioplasty with high procedural success and low complication rates and in clinical practice can now be offered as an alternative to surgical treatment in those patients reluctant to or high risk for vascular surgery. This opens another option for clinicians to treat calcified common femoral artery disease without the risk of dissection, perforation or distal embolization that are associated with atherectomy. This study shows that shockwave lithoplasty offers an innovative plaque modification technology to tackle calcified disease in the common femoral artery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - George Adams
- Department of Cardiology, North Carolina Heart & Vascular, Rex Hospital, UNC School of Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Barry Bertolet
- Cardiology Associates Research, LLC, North Mississippi Medical Center, Tupelo, MS, USA
| | | | - Peter A Soukas
- Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
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Rassam S, Coscas R. Percutaneous Endovascular Reconstruction of the Common Femoral Artery and Its Bifurcation. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3169. [PMID: 38892880 PMCID: PMC11173178 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13113169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Occlusive lesions of the common femoral artery (CFA) and its bifurcation have traditionally been treated with open surgery. Although long-term patency rates after open surgery are excellent, such repairs are associated with substantial local and general morbidity. In recent years, different treatment options have emerged within percutaneous endovascular repair. We hereby present a narrative review on endovascular treatment modalities and a treatment algorithm for endovascular revascularisation of the CFA and its bifurcation. Lesion analysis, access issues, vessel preparation tools, and types of repairs with or without the involvement of the bifurcation are described. Based on current data, an interventional approach can result in high technical success and acceptable mid-term patency rates. Further comparative evidence with open surgery and/or between the different types of endovascular repairs is required to improve the current treatment algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rassam
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Heart, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Raphaël Coscas
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 92104 Boulogne-Billancourt cedex, France
- UMR 1018, Inserm-Paris11—CESP, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Paris-Saclay University, Paul Brousse Hospital, 94807 Villejuif, France
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Messeder SJ, López-Peña G, Pepper C, Saratzis A. Biomimetic Stents for Infrainguinal Peripheral Arterial Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2024; 67:468-479. [PMID: 37931680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Biomimetic stents are peripheral infrainguinal self expanding stents that mimic the anatomy of the vasculature and artery movement. They are indicated for use in infrainguinal arteries. This research aimed to synthesise all current evidence on the use of biomimetic stents as adjuncts for endovascular treatment of infrainguinal peripheral arterial disease (PAD), helping to guide clinical decision making. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Cochrane databases. REVIEW METHODS Random effects meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO registration CRD42022385256). Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools checklist, and certainty assessment through the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Endpoints included primary patency, target lesion revascularisation, stent fracture, secondary patency, and Death at one year. RESULTS In total, 37 studies were included in the meta-analysis (33 cohort studies, two case series, and two randomised controlled trials [RCTs]), representing 4 480 participants. Of these, 34 studies included data on the Supera (81.5% of participants) and three studies reported data on the BioMimics 3D (18.5% of participants) stents. The pooled primary patency rate of 33 studies at one year follow up was 81.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 78.7 - 83.9%), and the pooled target lesion revascularisation rate of 18 studies at one year was 12.2% (95% CI 9.6 - 15.0%). The certainty of evidence outcome rating as qualified by GRADE was very low for both. Only one study reported a positive stent fracture rate at one year follow up of 0.4% with a certainty of evidence outcome of low. CONCLUSION Using biomimetic stents for infrainguinal PAD may be associated with acceptable one year primary patency and target lesion revascularisation rates, with a near negligible one year stent fracture rate. Their use should be considered in those presenting with infrainguinal PAD undergoing endovascular revascularisation. A RCT is necessary to determine their clinical and cost effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jane Messeder
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK; Leicester Vascular Institute, University Hospitals of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK; British Heart Foundation, Clinical Research Training Fellow, Leicester, UK.
| | - Gabriel López-Peña
- Leicester Vascular Institute, University Hospitals of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Coral Pepper
- Library and Information Services, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Athanasios Saratzis
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK; Leicester Vascular Institute, University Hospitals of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
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Suwanruangsri V, Bokerd S, Chanchitsopon V, Jowcharoen S. Endovascular treatment with interwoven nitinol stent for common femoral artery lesions: 2-year outcomes of a single center experience. Vascular 2024:17085381241236564. [PMID: 38409957 DOI: 10.1177/17085381241236564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed was to report 2-year outcomes of endovascular treatment with interwoven nitinol (Supera™) stent for common femoral artery (CFA) lesions. METHODS We reviewed the clinical data of 20 patients who presented with CFA stenosis or occlusion and underwent balloon angioplasty followed by Supera™ stenting in CFA between February 2016 and January 2022. The outcomes were evaluated in these patients in terms of technical success, post-intervention complications, reintervention, and cumulative patency (1 year, and 2 years). RESULTS The study included 20 patients (22 lesions) who presented with isolated CFA lesions (3), iliac lesions involving CFA (6), superficial femoral artery (SFA) lesions involving CFA (8), and extensive lesions from the iliac artery to SFA (5). There were 16 men (80%) with a mean age of 69.7 years (range, 34-83). Hypertension, smoking, and diabetes were found in 15 (75%), 7 (35%), and 7 patients (35%), respectively. Clinical presentations were Rutherford stage 5 (9, 45%), Rutherford stage 4 (5, 25%), Rutherford stage 6 (4, 20%), and Rutherford stage 3 (2, 10%). Technical success was achieved in all patients (100%). The procedures for treatment were isolated CFA Supera™ stenting (1, 4.5%), CFA plus DFA Supera™ stenting (jailed SFA) (2, 9.1%), CFA plus SFA Supera™ stenting (jailed DFA) (8, 36.4%), CFA Supera™ stenting plus bare iliac stenting (Astron) (6, 27.3%), CFA plus SFA Supera™ stenting (jailed DFA) plus bare iliac stenting (Astron) (5, 22.7%), and additional DFA angioplasty (7, 31.8%). The rate of in-hospital mortality and morbidity were 0% and 10%, respectively. Distal embolization after pre-dilatation occurred in 1 patient, and cerebral infarction occurred 12 h after the procedure in 1 patient. The mean follow-up time was 23 months (range, 2-64). During the follow-up period, in-stent occlusion occurred in 2 patients at 9 and 46 months. Re-intervention was performed in 1 patient due to recurrent symptom of claudication. The cumulative primary patency at 1 year and 2 years were 93.3% and 93.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION Endovascular treatment with interwoven nitinol (Supera™) stent for CFA lesions was associated with acceptable outcomes at 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Suwanruangsri
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Surakiat Bokerd
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Virapat Chanchitsopon
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Sirakarn Jowcharoen
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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Horie K, Takahara M, Nakama T, Tobita K, Tanaka A, Shintani Y, Tsubakimoto Y, Yoshioka N, Hayakawa N, Sasaki S, Iwata Y, Ogata K, Takagi T, Doijiri T, Fujihara M. Multicenter Registry of Common Femoral Artery Disease Treated With Endovascular Revascularization Using Interwoven Nitinol Stents: An Observational Retrospective Study. J Endovasc Ther 2024:15266028241231472. [PMID: 38369732 DOI: 10.1177/15266028241231472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Surgical thromboendarterectomy has been the gold standard treatment for common femoral artery (CFA) disease. However, endovascular therapy (EVT) is conducted in certain patients with CFA lesions because of multiple comorbidities. The interwoven nitinol stent (IWS) has been developed to prevent stent fracture. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of EVT using IWS for CFA lesions in clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective multicenter registry analyzed patients who had symptomatic lower-extremity artery disease due to CFA lesions and underwent EVT using IWS between 2019 and 2021. The primary endpoint was restenosis 2 years after EVT. RESULTS This study enrolled a total of 177 patients with 196 CFA lesions. The 2-year estimate of freedom from restenosis was 88.0%. The 2-year freedom rates from the target-lesion revascularization, major amputation, and all-cause death were 92.9%, 99.0%, and 75.2%, respectively. The clinical features significantly associated with restenosis risk were the reference vessel diameter (RVD, per 1.0 mm, hazard ratio [HR], 0.24 [0.08-0.70]; p=0.009), external iliac artery (EIA) involvement (HR=4.03 [1.56-10.4]; p=0.004), superficial femoral artery (SFA) involvement (HR=3.05 [1.00-9.25]; p=0.049), body mass index (BMI; per 1.0, HR=0.85 [0.73-0.99]; p=0.032), occlusion of deep femoral arteries (DFAs) at baseline (HR=7.89 [2.04-30.5]; p=0.003), and chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI, HR=2.63 [1.02-6.78]; p=0.045). Their significant association was also confirmed by the random survival forest analysis. During a median follow-up of 12.0 months, guiding sheaths were inserted via CFAs implanted IWSs in 73 cases (37.2%), and no patients had cannulation-related complications, such as failed hemostasis, fracture of IWS, and stent occlusion. CONCLUSIONS Endovascular therapy using IWS in CFA lesions showed acceptable 2-year patency rates at 88.0% and might preserve the arterial access via the ipsilateral CFAs. Small RVD, involving EIA and SFA lesions, emaciation, occluded DFA, and CLTI are associated with poor 2-year patency rates following EVT, thus, IWS implantation in CFA lesions may be an option for patients unsuitable for surgical revascularization. CLINICAL IMPACT This retrospective multicenter registry enrolled 177 patients with 199 CFA lesions treated with EVT using interwoven nitinol stents, because surgical thromboendarterectomy was difficult due to their multiple comorbidities. The 2-year estimate of freedom from restenosis was acceptable at 88.0%. The 2-year freedom rate from major amputation was also high at 99.0%. Moreover, during a median follow-up of 12.0 months, guiding sheaths were inserted via CFAs implanted IWSs in 73 cases, and no patients had cannulation-related complications such as failed hemostasis, fracture of IWS, and stent occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Horie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takahara
- Department of Diabetes Care Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nakama
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Bay Medical Center, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tobita
- Department of Cardiology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Japan
| | - Akiko Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Shintani
- Department of Cardiology, Ageo Central General Hospital, Ageo, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Yoshioka
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayakawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Asahi General Hospital, Asahi, Japan
| | - Shinya Sasaki
- Department of Cardiology, Saka General Hospital, Shiogama, Japan
| | - Yo Iwata
- Department of Cardiology, Funabashi Municipal Medical Center, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Kenji Ogata
- Cardiovascular Center, Miyazaki Medical Association Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tomonari Takagi
- Cardiovascular Center, Takatsu General Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Doijiri
- Department of Cardiology, Yamato Seiwa Hospital, Yamato, Japan
| | - Masahiko Fujihara
- Department of Cardiology, Kishiwada Tokushukai Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Allan RB, Puckridge PJ, Travers EJ, Delaney CL. Early Outcomes of Interwoven Nitinol Wire Stent Placement versus Endarterectomy for the Treatment of Atherosclerotic Disease of the Common Femoral Artery. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2024; 35:269-277.e1. [PMID: 37918523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2023.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the clinical outcomes of common femoral artery (CFA) atherosclerotic disease treated with either surgical endarterectomy or an interwoven nitinol wire stent system. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of all patients with chronic, de novo atherosclerotic CFA disease treated with surgical endarterectomy (CFAE) or stent placement between July 2019 and March 2022. Outcome measures assessed up to 12 months after procedure included clinical improvement, primary restenosis, target vessel revascularization (TVR), major adverse limb events (MALEs), and all-cause mortality. RESULTS Thirty-nine stents were deployed in 33 patients, and 56 CFAEs were performed in 55 patients. No differences were noted in the rate of primary patency (95.5% vs 94.4%, P = .618), TVR (2.9% vs 1.8%, P = .777), MALE (5.1% vs 5.4%, P = .949), and all-cause mortality (14.1% vs 3.6%, P = .076) between the stent and CFAE groups up to 12 months after procedure. There was greater improvement in median clinical severity in the stent group than in the CFAE group (Rutherford score change of 3.0 vs 1.5, P = .013). The median length of stay was less for the stent group (3 vs 7 days, P = .002), and there was a lower likelihood of severe or disabling adverse events in the stent group (0 vs 9 cases, P = .010). CONCLUSIONS Patients treated with an interwoven nitinol wire stent had patency rates comparable to those treated with CFAE while having a lower incidence of severe adverse events and a shorter length of hospital stay than those who underwent CFAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Allan
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Phillip J Puckridge
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Edward J Travers
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher L Delaney
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia.
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Schmidt W, Brandt-Wunderlich C, Behrens P, Kopetsch C, Schmitz KP, Andresen JR, Grabow N. Revisiting SFA stent technology: an updated overview on mechanical stent performance. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2023; 68:523-535. [PMID: 37183602 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2022-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study investigated mechanical parameters of stent systems indicated for treatment of femoropopliteal (FP) arterial disease to support interpretation of clinical results and the related causalities. METHODS Eight stent system types of same dimensions were investigated (n=2). Parameters were the profile of stent delivery system (SDS), radiopacity, trackability and pushability, bending stiffness (flexibility) and axial stiffness of expanded stents, length change during expansion, radial force, crush resistance, strut thickness and general surface condition. RESULTS The trackability ranged from 0.237 to 0.920 N and the pushability was 47.9-67.6 %. The bending stiffness of SDS was between 108.42 and 412.68 N mm2. The length change during stent release to 5 mm was low, with one exception. The bending stiffness of the expanded stents was 2.73-41.67 N mm2. The normalized radial forces at 5 mm diameter ranged from 0.133 N/mm to 0.503 N/mm. During non-radial compression by 50 %, the forces were 3.07-8.42 N, with one exception (58.7 N). The strut thickness was 153-231 µm. CONCLUSIONS Large differences occurred for flexibility, radial force and length change during expansion. The data should be used when choosing the proper device for restoring vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Schmidt
- University Medical Center Rostock, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Barnewitz-Str. 4, Rostock, 18119, Germany
| | | | - Peter Behrens
- Institute for ImplantTechnology and Biomaterials - IIB e.V., Rostock-Warnemuende, Germany
| | - Christoph Kopetsch
- Westkustenklinikum Heide, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology/Neuroradiology, Heide, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Schmitz
- Institute for ImplantTechnology and Biomaterials - IIB e.V., Rostock-Warnemuende, Germany
| | | | - Niels Grabow
- University Medical Center Rostock, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rostock, Germany
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Shaker AA, Shehata AH, Alhindawy KM, El Daly W. Pure Endovascular versus Hybrid Approach for Management of Iliofemoral Arterial Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Angiol 2023; 32:88-94. [PMID: 37207014 PMCID: PMC10191691 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1756622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Common femoral artery (CFA) atherosclerotic lesions currently remain one of the last limitations for adoption of endovascular repair as the first-line treatment, easy surgical accessibility, and, last but not least, favorable long-term outcomes, still making CFA disease treatment part of the surgical domain. In the last 5 years, improvement of the endovascular equipment and technical skills of the operators have led to an increase in percutaneous CFA procedures. A single-center randomized prospective study of 36 symptomatic (Rutherford 2-4) CFA stenotic or occlusive lesions were included, and patients were randomized over two groups based on the management approach SUPERA versus hybrid technique. Patients had a mean age 60.8 ± 8.2 years. Thirty-two (88.9%) patients reported improvement of the clinical symptoms, 28 (87.5%) patients had intact pulse postoperatively, and 28 (87.5%) had patent vessels. Follow-up showed that none developed reocclusion or restenosis during the period of follow-up. Comparison of difference in peak systolic velocity ratio (PSVR) among study groups showed that the hybrid technique had more reduction of PSVR postintervention compared to the SUPERA group with a p -value of < 0.0001. Safety and feasibility of endovascular approach with the SUPERA stent to the CFA (no stent zone) has low incidence of postoperative morbidity and mortality in well experienced surgical hands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Shaker
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H. Shehata
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled M. Alhindawy
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walid El Daly
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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