1
|
Álvarez-Vásquez JL, Castañeda-Alvarado CP. Dental pulp fibroblast: A star Cell. J Endod 2022; 48:1005-1019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
2
|
Abstract
Creating an optimal microenvironment that supports angiogenesis, cell-cell cross talk, cell migration, and differentiation is crucial for pulp/dentin regeneration. It was shown that dental stem cells being seeded onto a scaffold and transplanted in vivo could give rise to a new tissue similar to that of the native pulp. However, the unique structure of the tooth with a pulp space encased within hard dentin allows only a single blood supply from a small apical opening located at the apex of the root canals. Therefore, a further strategy that can address this limitation such as the incorporation of endothelial/endothelial progenitor cells or cells with high angiogenic potential into the transplant is required so that the added cells can contribute to the vascularization within the implant. However, the placement of 2 or more different cell types inside 3-dimensional porous scaffolds is technologically challenging. In contrast to the conventional scaffolding approach, self-assembly of monodispersed cells into 3-dimensional tissue mimics permits true physiological interactions between and among different types of cells without any influence from a secondary material. In this review, we discuss potential strategies that can be used in vasculature engineering in dental pulp regeneration with a specific emphasis on combining prevascularization and scaffold-based or scaffold-free approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lira-Junior R, Åkerman S, Gustafsson A, Klinge B, Boström EA. Colony stimulating factor-1 in saliva in relation to age, smoking, and oral and systemic diseases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7280. [PMID: 28779164 PMCID: PMC5544729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colony stimulating factor (CSF)-1 is a growth factor that stimulates the survival, proliferation and differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes, which has been implicated in several inflammatory diseases. This study evaluated the possible influence of age, sex, smoking, periodontitis, caries, and several systemic conditions on salivary levels of CSF-1. Four-hundred and forty-one individuals were enrolled in this study. All participants answered a health questionnaire and underwent a comprehensive oral examination. Stimulated saliva was collected and CSF-1 levels were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Salivary levels of CSF-1 were significantly increased in participants over 64 years old and in non-smoking individuals, whereas no difference was observed between men and women. Individuals having periodontitis and manifest caries had significantly higher levels of CSF-1. Participants with muscle and joint disease exhibited increased CSF-1 levels as compared to those without. Age, smoking, percentage of pockets ≥4 mm, number of manifest caries lesions, and presence of tumor were associated with CSF-1 levels. Salivary levels of CSF-1 are associated with age, smoking, periodontitis, manifest caries, and the presence of muscle and joint diseases and tumors. CSF-1 might be a promising biomarker candidate in saliva of both local and systemic conditions that needs further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Lira-Junior
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Rio de Janeiro State University, Faculty of Odontology, Department of Periodontology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sigvard Åkerman
- Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology, Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Gustafsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Klinge
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology, Department of Periodontology, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth A Boström
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carr MJ, Li Y, Rezakhanlou AM, Ghahary A. Keratinocyte-Releasable Factors Stimulate the Expression of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:308-317. [PMID: 27340768 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Interaction between keratinocytes and fibroblasts plays a critical role in maintaining skin integrity under both normal and pathological conditions. We have previously demonstrated that keratinocyte-releasable factors influence the expression of key extracellular matrix components, such as collagen and matrix metalloproteinases in dermal fibroblasts. In this study, we utilized DNA microarray analysis to examine the effects of keratinocyte-releasable factors on the expression of several cytokines in human dermal fibroblasts. The results revealed significantly higher granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) expression in fibroblasts co-cultured with keratinocytes relative to mono-cultured cells, which was verified by RT-PCR and western blot. G-CSF is an important hematopoietic factor also thought to play a beneficial role in wound healing through stimulating keratinocyte proliferation. To partially characterize the keratinocyte-releasable factors responsible for stimulating G-CSF production, keratinocyte-conditioned medium (KCM) was subjected to thermal treatment and ammonium sulfate precipitation before treating fibroblasts. The results showed that keratinocyte-releasable G-CSF-stimulating factors remain stable at 56°C and upon 50% ammonium sulfate precipitation. Knowing that keratinocytes release IL-1, which stimulates G-CSF expression in various immune cells, several experiments were conducted to ask whether this might also be the case for fibroblasts. The results showed that the addition of recombinant IL-1 markedly increased G-CSF expression in fibroblasts; however, IL-1 receptor antagonist only partially abrogated KCM-stimulated G-CSF expression, indicating the role of additional keratinocyte-releasable factors. These findings underline the importance of cross-talk between keratinocytes and fibroblasts, suggesting that communication between these cells in vivo modulates the production of cytokines required for cutaneous wound healing and maintenance. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 308-317, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Carr
- Department of Surgery, BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Research Lab, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yunyuan Li
- Department of Surgery, BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Research Lab, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alireza Moeen Rezakhanlou
- Department of Surgery, BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Research Lab, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aziz Ghahary
- Department of Surgery, BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Research Lab, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Frederick RE, Caranto JD, Masitas CA, Gebhardt LL, MacGowan CE, Limberger RJ, Kurtz DM. Dioxygen and nitric oxide scavenging by Treponema denticola flavodiiron protein: a mechanistic paradigm for catalysis. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:603-13. [PMID: 25700637 PMCID: PMC4768905 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-015-1248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Flavodiiron proteins (FDPs) contain a unique active site consisting of a non-heme diiron carboxylate site proximal to a flavin mononucleotide (FMN). FDPs serve as the terminal components for reductive scavenging of dioxygen (to water) or nitric oxide (to nitrous oxide), which combats oxidative or nitrosative stress in many bacteria. Characterizations of FDPs from spirochetes or from any oral microbes have not been previously reported. Here, we report characterization of an FDP from the anaerobic spirochete, Treponema (T.) denticola, which is associated with chronic periodontitis. The isolated T. denticola FDP exhibited efficient four-electron dioxygen reductase activity and lower but significant anaerobic nitric oxide reductase activity. A mutant T. denticola strain containing the inactivated FDP-encoding gene was significantly more air-sensitive than the wild-type strain. Single turnover reactions of the four-electron-reduced FDP (FMNH2-Fe(II)Fe(II)) (FDPred) with O2 monitored on the milliseconds to seconds time scale indicated initial rapid formation of a spectral feature consistent with a cis-μ-1,2-peroxo-diferric intermediate, which triggered two-electron oxidation of FMNH2. Reaction of FDPred with NO showed apparent cooperativity between binding of the first and second NO to the diferrous site. The resulting diferrous dinitrosyl complex triggered two-electron oxidation of the FMNH2. Our cumulative results on this and other FDPs indicate that smooth two-electron FMNH2 oxidation triggered by the FDPred/substrate complex and overall four-electron oxidation of FDPred to FDPox constitutes a mechanistic paradigm for both dioxygen and nitric oxide reductase activities of FDPs. Four-electron reductive O2 scavenging by FDPs could contribute to oxidative stress protection in many other oral bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne E. Frederick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Caranto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Cesar A. Masitas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Linda L. Gebhardt
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Charles E. MacGowan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Ronald J. Limberger
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Donald M. Kurtz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with repetitive implantation failures and/or recurrent spontaneous abortions. J Reprod Immunol 2015; 108:123-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
7
|
Batarseh G, Windsor LJ, Labban NY, Liu Y, Gregson K. Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Induction of Apoptotic Proteins in Pulp Fibroblasts. Oper Dent 2014; 39:E1-8. [DOI: 10.2341/12-417-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Objective
Monomers such as triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) can leach from dental composites. TEGDMA-induced apoptosis in human pulp has been reported. However, the apoptotic (pro or anti) proteins involved in this process remain unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine which apoptotic proteins are enhanced or suppressed during TEGDMA-induced apoptosis.
Materials and Methods
Human pulp fibroblasts (HPFs) were incubated with different TEGDMA concentrations (0.125-1.0 mM) and cytotoxicity was determined. TEGDMA was shown to be cell cytotoxic at concentrations of 0.50 mM and higher. The highest concentration with no significant cytotoxicity was then incubated (0.25 mM TEGDMA) with the HPFs. Cell lysates were then prepared and the protein concentrations determined. Human Apoptosis Array kits were utilized to detect the relative levels of 43 apoptotic proteins.
Results
HPFs exposed to TEGDMA showed significant increases in multiple pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bid, Bim, Caspase 3, Caspase 8, and Cytochrome c at 24 hours. Some anti-apoptotic proteins were also altered.
Conclusions
The results indicated that TEGDMA activates both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Batarseh
- Ghada Batarseh, DDS, MSD, Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University–Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - LJ Windsor
- L Jack Windsor, PhD, Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University–Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - NY Labban
- Nawaf Y Labban, BDS, MSD, Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA and Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, King Saud University College of Dentistry, Riyadh, KSA
| | - Y Liu
- Yang Liu, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - K Gregson
- Karen Gregson, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ahn SJ, Jang JH, Seo JS, Cho KM, Jung SH, Lee HW, Kim EC, Park SH. Influence of 2 cryopreservation methods to induce CCL-13 from dental pulp cells. J Endod 2013; 39:1562-6. [PMID: 24238447 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cryopreservation preserves periodontal ligament cells but has a lower success rate with dental pulp cells (DPCs) because it causes inflammation. There are 2 well-known cryopreservation methods that reduce inflammation, slow freezing and rapid freezing, but the effects of the 2 methods on inflammation are not well-established. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the 2 different cryopreservation methods on CCL-13 induction from DPCs by using microarrays, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). METHODS In this study, the concentration of cryoprotectant was fixed, and the methods compared differed with respect to freezing speed. Initially we screened the DPCs of cryopreserved teeth with expression microarrays, and CCL-13 was identified as a differentially expressed gene involved in generalized inflammation. We then compared the expression of CCL-13 after exposing teeth to the 2 cryopreservation methods by using real-time PCR, Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and CLSM. RESULTS Expression of CCL-13 was up-regulated significantly only in the rapid freezing group, except in measurements made by real-time PCR. CLSM analysis also confirmed this up-regulation visually. CONCLUSIONS Rapid freezing increased the expression of CCL-13 in DPCs compared with slow freezing. Understanding the inflammatory effect of cryopreservation should help to establish an optimal cryoprofile to minimize inflammation of DPCs and reduce the need for endodontic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Ahn
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Calcified tissue formation of subcutaneously transplanted mouse dental pulp. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:55-61. [PMID: 21397933 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that dental pulp has the ability to form calcified tissue, however, the precise process of calcified tissue formation and its characteristics are still undetermined. In this study we examined the process and the matrix components of the calcified tissues by means of subcutaneously transplanted dental pulp tissue. The mid-third of the mouse incisor pulp was transplanted into abdominal subcutaneous tissue. Two calcified tissues were independently formed within the implanted pulp at 7 days after the implantation, one developed in the peripheral region and the other was formed in the middle region of the pulp. Histological investigation indicated the existence of hypertrophic chondrocytes in the peripheral calcified tissue. Immunohistochemical study indicated the colocalization of types I and II collagen surrounding these cells. RT-PCR analysis indicated the transient expression of type II collagen at 7 days and the constant expression of type I collagen, osteonectin, osteocalcin and dentin matrix protein-1 and 2 at all examined times. Dentin sialophosphoprotein was only detected at 28 days after the transplantation. These results indicated that dental pulp cells might have the capacity to form calcified tissue by implanted dental pulp and it is possible that the difference of local environments induced the cells to form different types of calcified tissues within the implanted pulp.
Collapse
|
10
|
Iwasaki Y, Otsuka H, Yanagisawa N, Hisamitsu H, Manabe A, Nonaka N, Nakamura M. In situ proliferation and differentiation of macrophages in dental pulp. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 346:99-109. [PMID: 21922246 PMCID: PMC3204101 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of macrophages in dental pulp is well known. However, whether these macrophages proliferate and differentiate in the dental pulp in situ, or whether they constantly migrate from the blood stream into the dental pulp remains unknown. We have examined and compared the development of dental pulp macrophages in an organ culture system with in vivo tooth organs to clarify the developmental mechanism of these macrophages. The first mandibular molar tooth organs from ICR mice aged between 16 days of gestation (E16) to 5 days postnatally were used for in vivo experiments. Those from E16 were cultured for up to 14 days with or without 10% fetal bovine serum. Dental pulp tissues were analyzed with immunohistochemistry to detect the macrophages and with reverse transcription and the polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of factors related to macrophage development. The growth curves for the in vivo and in vitro cultured cells revealed similar numbers of F4/80-positive macrophages in the dental pulp. RT-PCR analysis indicated the constant expression of myeloid colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in both in-vivo- and in-vitro-cultured dental pulp tissues. Anti-M-CSF antibodies significantly inhibited the increase in the number of macrophages in the dental pulp. These results suggest that (1) most of the dental pulp macrophages proliferate and differentiate in the dental pulp without a supply of precursor cells from the blood stream, (2) M-CSF might be a candidate molecule for dental pulp macrophage development, and (3) serum factors might not directly affect the development of macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukikatsu Iwasaki
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
- Department of Clinical Cariology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
- Department of Aesthetic Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Hirotada Otsuka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Nobuaki Yanagisawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Hisashi Hisamitsu
- Department of Clinical Cariology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
- Department of Aesthetic Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Atsufumi Manabe
- Department of Clinical Cariology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
- Department of Aesthetic Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Naoko Nonaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gandia C, Armiñan A, García-Verdugo JM, Lledó E, Ruiz A, Miñana MD, Sanchez-Torrijos J, Payá R, Mirabet V, Carbonell-Uberos F, Llop M, Montero JA, Sepúlveda P. Human dental pulp stem cells improve left ventricular function, induce angiogenesis, and reduce infarct size in rats with acute myocardial infarction. Stem Cells 2007; 26:638-45. [PMID: 18079433 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human dental pulp contains precursor cells termed dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) that show self-renewal and multilineage differentiation and also secrete multiple proangiogenic and antiapoptotic factors. To examine whether these cells could have therapeutic potential in the repair of myocardial infarction (MI), DPSC were infected with a retrovirus encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and expanded ex vivo. Seven days after induction of myocardial infarction by coronary artery ligation, 1.5 x 10(6) GFP-DPSC were injected intramyocardially in nude rats. At 4 weeks, cell-treated animals showed an improvement in cardiac function, observed by percentage changes in anterior wall thickening left ventricular fractional area change, in parallel with a reduction in infarct size. No histologic evidence was seen of GFP+ endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, or cardiac muscle cells within the infarct. However, angiogenesis was increased relative to control-treated animals. Taken together, these data suggest that DPSC could provide a novel alternative cell population for cardiac repair, at least in the setting of acute MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gandia
- Fundación Hospital General Universitario, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Avenida Tres Cruces s/n, 46014 Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Heinrich J, Bsoul S, Barnes J, Woodruff K, Abboud S. CSF-1, RANKL and OPG regulate osteoclastogenesis during murine tooth eruption. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 50:897-908. [PMID: 16137499 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During tooth eruption, osteoclast-mediated bone resorption predominates in alveolar bone along the occlusal surface rather than in bone basal to the tooth. CSF-1, RANKL and OPG, regulatory molecules essential for osteoclastogenesis, are expressed during eruption. However, it is unclear if these cytokines exhibit an expression pattern that correlates with sites of osteoclastogenesis in vivo. To address this issue, mouse mandibles, isolated from 1 to 14 days postnatal, were analysed for osteoclast activity using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining as well as colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA expression using in situ hybridisation. Results showed that CSF-1, RANKL and OPG are expressed in a distinct temporal and spatial manner. In the occlusal region, osteoclast activity was maximal at day 5 and correlated with a relative high expression of CSF-1 and RANKL compared to OPG. In basal bone at this time point, osteoclast activity decreased despite persistent CSF-1 expression and was associated with increased expression of OPG compared to RANKL. By day 8, osteoclastogenesis declined and correlated with upregulation of OPG at the occlusal and basal regions, with this effect continuing throughout eruption. These findings suggest that the spatiotemporal pattern and relative abundance of CSF-1, RANKL and OPG during eruption are key determinants of site-specific osteoclast activity in bone surrounding the tooth. Targeting these cytokines to specific regions in alveolar bone may provide a mechanism for regulating osteoclastogenesis in dental disorders associated with altered tooth eruption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Heinrich
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The molecular immune response of the pulpal tissue during chronic carious infection is poorly characterized. Our objective was to examine the expression of potential molecular mediators of pulpal inflammation, correlate their levels with disease severity, and determine the cellular localization of key molecules. Results indicated that there was significantly increased transcriptional activity in carious compared to healthy pulp, and the increase correlated positively with disease severity. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase PCR analysis in 10 carious and 10 healthy pulpal tissue samples of the S100 family members S100A8, S100A9, S100A10, S100A12, and S100A13; the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-8, IL-6, and epithelial cell-derived neutrophil attractant 78 (ENA-78); and the structural protein collagen-1alpha indicated that all genes tested, with the exception of S100A10, were more abundantly expressed in carious teeth. In addition, we found that the closer the carious lesion front was to the pulpal chamber the higher the expression was for all genes except S100A10. Multiple-regression analysis identified a significant positive correlation between the expression levels of S100A8 and IL-1beta, ENA-78, and IL-6 and between collagen-1alpha and S100A8, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-8, IL-6, and ENA-78. Immunohistochemical studies in carious pulpal tissue indicated that S100A8 and the S100A8/S100A9 complex were predominantly expressed by infiltrating neutrophils. Gene expression analyses in immune system cells supported these findings and indicated that bacterial activation of neutrophils caused upregulation of S100A8, S100A9, and S100A13. This study highlights the complex nature of the molecular immune response that occurs during carious infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia L McLachlan
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B4 6NN, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kuroshima SI, Sawa Y, Kawamoto T, Yamaoka Y, Notani K, Yoshida S, Inoue N. Expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 on human intestinal lymphatic vessels. Microvasc Res 2004; 67:90-5. [PMID: 14709406 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor (TLR) is a part of the innate immune system sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Recently, TLRs 2 and 4 have been demonstrated for the ligand engagements, which result in the induction of cytokines. Here we investigated the expression of TLRs 2 and 4 on lymphatic vessels producing cys-cys chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) in the human small intestine. The specificity of antibodies to TLRs was tested on a human monocyte leukemia cell line, umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) with the examination for the TLR gene expression by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and lymphatic vessels were identified by antibodies for platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) and desmoplakin. The expression of CCL21 was not clearly detected on collecting lymphatic vessels in the submucosa while it was generally observed on the central lacteals of villi and lymphatic capillaries in the lamina propria mucosae. The reaction of antibodies to TLRs 2 and 4 was also not clearly detected on collecting lymphatic vessels in the submucosa and central lacteals of villi, but generally observed on lymphatic capillaries expressing CCL21 in the lamina propria mucosae of tissue where the expression of CCL21 and TLRs was not clearly observed in blood vessels. These may suggest that the expression of CCL21, and TLRs 2 and 4 is predominantly induced in the peripheral lymphatic endothelium of the small intestinal microcirculation. The lymphatic endothelium may contribute to allow dendritic cells to home into secondary lymphoid tissue through the expression of TLRs, the ligand engagements of which result in the induction of chemokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Kuroshima
- Department of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8586, Sapporo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|