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The etiological consideration of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in periodontitis. J Oral Biosci 2023; 65:19-23. [PMID: 36206991 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologically, correlations between periodontal disease activity and CVD/serum lipid-related condition have been reported. Known mediators of these links include triglycerides, oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α supplied by adipocytes as well as oxidative degeneration products of these lipids. In this review, we focused on oxidized LDL and considered the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic conditions. HIGHLIGHT The degree of oxidation in the periodontal pocket can be evaluated by analyzing the Gingival Cervicular Fluid (GCF), which can be easily collected with paperpoint. The oxLDL/LDL ratio in GCF has been shown to be 17 times as high as that in blood, and IL-8 and IL-1β were also abundantly found in GCF. Periodontal treatment significantly lowers oxLDL levels in not only GCF but also plasma. In addition, there has been growing body of evidence that periodontal infections by periodontopathic bacteria affect arteriosclerosis. On the other hands, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a form of innate immune responses, reportedly play a role as a defense mechanism in the periodontal pockets. However, the regulatory mechanism of NETs in periodontal pocket is still unknown. Recently, NETs induced by oxidized cholesterol have been reported to be involved in inflammatory damage to vascular endothelial cells. CONCLUSION Further understanding of the newly discovered roles of oxLDL in the defense and destruction of periodontal tissues are anticipated.
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Choowong P, Wali JA, Nguyen ATM, Jayasinghe TN, Eberhard J. Macronutrient-induced modulation of periodontitis in rodents-a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:1160-1178. [PMID: 34459490 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Consumption of dietary macronutrients is associated with the progression of a wide range of inflammatory diseases, either by direct modulation of host immune response or via microbiome. This includes periodontitis, a disease affecting tooth-supporting tissues. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to systematically review studies focusing on the effect of macronutrient (ie, carbohydrate, protein, fat) intake on periodontitis in rodents. DATA SOURCES Electronic searches were performed in February 2021 using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. Out of 883 articles reviewed, 23 studies were selected for additional analysis. DATA EXTRACTION Investigators extracted relevant data, including author names; the year of publication; article title; macronutrient composition; number and species of animals and their age at the start of the experiment; intervention period; method of periodontitis induction; and primary and secondary periodontitis outcomes. Quality assessment was done using the risk-of-bias tool for animal studies. After completing the data extraction, descriptive statistical information was obtained. DATA ANALYSIS High intakes of dietary cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, and processed carbohydrates such as sucrose, and protein-deficient diets were positively associated with periodontitis in rodents. This included greater amounts of alveolar bone loss, more lesions on periodontal tissues, and dental plaque accumulation. In contrast, high doses of milk basic protein in diets and diets with a high ratio of ω-3 to ω-6 fatty acids were negatively associated with periodontitis in rodents. CONCLUSION This work highlights the fact that, despite the large body of evidence linking macronutrients with inflammation and ageing, overall there is little information on how dietary nutrients affect periodontitis in animal models. In addition, there is inconsistency in data due to differences in methodology, outcome measurement, and dietary formulation. More studies are needed to examine the effects of different dietary macronutrients on periodontitis and investigate the underlying biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phannaphat Choowong
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jibran A Wali
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anh Thi Mai Nguyen
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thilini N Jayasinghe
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joerg Eberhard
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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A Diet Rich in Saturated Fat and Cholesterol Aggravates the Effect of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide on Alveolar Bone Loss in a Rabbit Model of Periodontal Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051405. [PMID: 32422858 PMCID: PMC7284766 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence connects periodontitis with a variety of systemic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The proposal of this study was to evaluate the role of diets rich in saturated fat and cholesterol in some aspects of periodontal diseases in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model of periodontal disease in rabbits and to assess the influence of a periodontal intervention on hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and NAFLD progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Male rabbits were maintained on a commercial standard diet or a diet rich in saturated fat (3% lard w/w) and cholesterol (1.3% w/w) (HFD) for 40 days. Half of the rabbits on each diet were treated 2 days per week with intragingival injections of LPS from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Morphometric analyses revealed that LPS induced higher alveolar bone loss (ABL) around the first premolar in animals receiving standard diets, which was exacerbated by the HFD diet. A higher score of acinar inflammation in the liver and higher blood levels of triglycerides and phospholipids were found in HFD-fed rabbits receiving LPS. These results suggest that certain dietary habits can exacerbate some aspects of periodontitis and that bad periodontal health can contribute to dyslipidemia and promote NAFLD progression, but only under certain conditions.
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Silva NLC, Motta NAV, Soares MA, Araujo OMO, Espíndola LCP, Colombo APV, Lopes RT, Brito FCF, Miranda ALP, Tributino JLM. Periodontal status, vascular reactivity, and platelet aggregation changes in rats submitted to hypercholesterolemic diet and periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:453-463. [PMID: 31994219 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Periodontitis can corroborate with development and progression of atherosclerosis and a possible bidirectional interaction between both pathologies has been hypothesized. The aim of this work was to study the interactions between diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and ligature-induced periodontitis in Wistar rats submitted to both conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Animals were divided into four experimental groups: C (control: standard diet without periodontitis), Perio (periodontitis plus standard diet), HC (high cholesterol diet without periodontitis), and HC + Perio (high cholesterol diet plus periodontitis). The diets were offered for 45 days and a silk ligature was applied in the lower first molars of Perio and HC-Perio animals on day 34 and maintained for 11 days until euthanasia. The mandibles were excised, and alveolar bone loss was determined by macroscopic and micro-tomographic (µ-CT) imaging. Blood samples were obtained, and platelet aggregation was induced in plasma rich in platelets by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen. Endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity and protein expression of endothelial (eNOS), phosphorylated endothelial (peNOS), and inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthases were evaluated in aorta samples. RESULTS The HC diet combined with periodontitis (HC + Perio group) was associated with an increased alveolar bone loss, when compared to the other groups. Both in Perio and HC groups, platelet aggregation induced by ADP or collagen was increased, while maximum aortic relaxation induced by acetylcholine was decreased. Periodontitis or HC diet alone decreased the expression of peNOS and HC diet increased the expression of iNOS. In contrast, no additive or synergistic effects were found in vascular reactivity or in platelet aggregation when the two conditions were associated (HC + Perio group). CONCLUSION Hypercholesterolemia accelerated the process of bone loss induced by periodontitis while a high cholesterol diet or periodontitis individually increased platelet aggregation and vascular reactivity in rats without additive or synergistic effects, when associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália L C Silva
- Laboratory of Studies in Experimental Pharmacology (LEFEx), Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nadia A V Motta
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology (LAFE), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Mariana A Soares
- Laboratory of Studies in Experimental Pharmacology (LEFEx), Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Olga M O Araujo
- Laboratory of Nuclear Instrumentation (LIN), Nuclear Engineering Program (PEN), Institute Alberto Luiz de Coimbra of Post-Graduation and Research in Engineering (COPPE-UFRJ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laís Christina P Espíndola
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula V Colombo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tadeu Lopes
- Laboratory of Nuclear Instrumentation (LIN), Nuclear Engineering Program (PEN), Institute Alberto Luiz de Coimbra of Post-Graduation and Research in Engineering (COPPE-UFRJ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Carla F Brito
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology (LAFE), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ana Luísa P Miranda
- Laboratory of Studies in Experimental Pharmacology (LEFEx), Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge L M Tributino
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (LFM), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Montalvany-Antonucci CC, Zicker MC, Oliveira MC, Macari S, Madeira MFM, Andrade I, Ferreira AVM, Silva TA. Diet versus jaw bones: Lessons from experimental models and potential clinical implications. Nutrition 2017; 45:59-67. [PMID: 29129238 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of different types of diets influences not only body health but the bone remodeling process as well. Nutritional components can directly affect maxillary and mandibular alveolar bone microarchitecture. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge regarding the influence of diets and dietary supplementation on alveolar bone. Accumulating evidence from experimental models suggests that carbohydrate- and fat-rich diets are detrimental for alveolar bone, whereas protective effects are associated with consumption of calcium, ω-3, and bioactive compounds. Little is known about the effects of protein-free and protein-rich diets, boron, vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, and caffeine on alveolar bone remodeling. Adipokines and direct effects of nutritional components on bone cells are proposed mechanisms linking diet and bone. Results from animal models substantiate the role of nutritional components on alveolar bone. It is a well-built starting point for clinical studies on nutritional monitoring and intervention for patients with alveolar bone disorders, especially those who are treatment refractory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina C Zicker
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina C Oliveira
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Soraia Macari
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mila Fernandes M Madeira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ildeu Andrade
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adaliene Versiani M Ferreira
- Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tarcilia A Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Kırzıoğlu FY, Özmen Ö, Doğan B, Bulut MT, Fentoğlu Ö, Özdem M. Effects of rosuvastatin on inducible nitric oxide synthase in rats with hyperlipidaemia and periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:258-266. [PMID: 29086411 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Nitric oxide is a free radical that is synthesized from l-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The level of inducible NOS (iNOS) in gingiva with periodontitis is higher than that in healthy gingiva. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rosuvastatin administration on alveolar bone loss (ABL) and iNOS(+) cell counts in gingival tissues in rats with ligature-induced experimental periodontitis with/without hyperlipidaemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS The rats were randomly divided into seven groups: Hy (cholesterol-added diet/water administration); HyP (cholesterol-added diet/periodontitis/water administration); HyPR (cholesterol-added diet/periodontitis/rosuvastatin administration); P (standard diet/periodontitis/water administration); PR (standard diet/periodontitis/rosuvastatin administration); C (standard diet/water administration); and R (standard diet/rosuvastatin administration). Experimental periodontitis was induced with silk ligatures, and rosuvastatin/water was administered to rats by oral gavage for the last 2 weeks of the 8-week study. After the rats were killed in week 8, histomorphometric and histological analyses were performed. Immunostained iNOS(+) cells were counted in the gingival samples and the Mann-Whitney U-test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The experimental groups exhibited increases in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein, except for Groups C and R. The cholesterol-added diet induced ABL in Group Hy. Of the periodontitis groups, the lowest ABL was found in Group PR. While there was a significant difference in ABL between Groups P (0.82 ± 0.15 mm) and PR (0.70 ± 0.21 mm) receiving a standard diet (P < .05), no difference was observed between Groups HyP (0.77 ± 0.07 mm) and HyPR (0.76 ± 0.11 mm) receiving a cholesterol-added diet (P ˃ .05). Rosuvastatin significantly reduced expression of iNOS in Groups PR (18.40 ± 2.31%) and HyPR (24.00 ± 4.83%) compared with Group P (30.90 ± 2.42%; P < .001). However, a larger number of iNOS(+) cells was found in Group HyPR than in Group PR (P < .001). CONCLUSION Administration of rosuvastatin reduced gingival iNOS expression in ligature-induced periodontitis with/without hyperlipidaemia. It also led to significant differences in ABL in rats with periodontitis, except when periodontitis was associated with hyperlipidaemia. These findings could provide an important contribution in further studies to evaluate the role of rosuvastatin as a host modulatory agent in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Kırzıoğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ö Özmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - B Doğan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - M T Bulut
- Private Elitia Oral and Dental Health Polyclinic, Alanya - Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ö Fentoğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - M Özdem
- Private Clinic, Bolu, Turkey
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7
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Lee S, Im A, Burm E, Ha M. Association Between Periodontitis With Blood Lipid Levels in Korean Population. J Periodontol 2017; 89:28-35. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.170111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyoung Lee
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Aejung Im
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunae Burm
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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Kırzıoğlu FY, Fentoğlu Ö, Bulut MT, Doğan B, Özdem M, Özmen Ö, Çarsancaklı SA, Ergün AG, Orhan H. Is a Cholestrol-Enriched Diet a Risk Factor for Alveolar Bone Loss? J Periodontol 2016; 87:529-38. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.150509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Li LW, Wong HM, Sun L, Wen YF, McGrath CP. Anthropometric measurements and periodontal diseases in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:828-41. [PMID: 26567204 PMCID: PMC4642430 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to identify and summarize evidence of the association between anthropometric measurements and periodontal status in children and adolescents. We searched PubMed, Institute for Scientific Information Web of Knowledge, Cochrane Library, and 7 additional databases, following the guidance of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, up to December 2014. Observational studies reporting data on the association between anthropometric measurements and periodontal diseases in 2-18-y-old participants were included. An initial search identified 4191 papers; 278 potentially effective studies (k = 0.82) and 16 effective studies (k = 0.83) were included after screening. The mean quality of evidence among the studies was 20.3, according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology checklist (k = 0.79). Meta-analyses showed that obesity (measured by body mass index) was significantly associated with visible plaque index (OR: 4.75; 95% CI: 2.42, 9.34), bleeding on probing (OR: 5.41; 95% CI: 2.75, 10.63), subgingival calculus (OR: 3.07; 95% CI: 1.10, 8.62), probing depth (OR: 14.15; 95% CI: 5.10, 39.25) and flow rate of salivary secretion (standardized mean difference: -0.89; 95% CI: -1.18, -0.61). However, various results were reported in the effective studies that were not included in meta-analyses. In conclusion, obesity is associated with some signs of periodontal disease in children and adolescents. Further studies with a comprehensive prospective cohort design and more potential variables are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ling Sun
- Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics and
| | | | - Colman P McGrath
- Periodontology and Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Ansari Moghaddam S, Abbasi S, Sanei Moghaddam E, Ansari Moghaddam A. Triglyceride and Cholesterol Levels in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis. HEALTH SCOPE 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/jhealthscope-19928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Varela-López A, Quiles JL, Cordero M, Giampieri F, Bullón P. Oxidative Stress and Dietary Fat Type in Relation to Periodontal Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2015; 4:322-44. [PMID: 26783708 PMCID: PMC4665476 DOI: 10.3390/antiox4020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the main factors studied to explain the pathophysiological mechanisms of inflammatory conditions, such as periodontitis. In this respect, nutrition may be of great importance. Actually, research on nutrients' effects on periodontal diseases has expanded to include those influencing the redox status, which correlates to the inflammatory process. Dietary fat or lipids are often blamed as the major source of excess energy. Consequently, when caloric intake exceeds energy expenditure, the resultant substrate-induced increase in citric acid cycle activity generates an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, dietary fatty acid intake influences in relative fatty acid composition of biological membranes determining its susceptibility to oxidative alterations. From this standpoint, here, we reviewed studies analyzing the dietary fat role in periodontal disease. Research data suggest that periodontal health could be achieved by main dietary strategies which include substitution of saturated fats with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly n-3 PUFA. Maybe in the future, we should analyze the diet and provide some advice to periodontitis patients to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Varela-López
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., Armilla, Granada 18100, Spain.
| | - José L Quiles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., Armilla, Granada 18100, Spain.
| | - Mario Cordero
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Sevilla, C/Avicena s.n., Sevilla 41009, Spain.
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona 60100, Italy.
| | - Pedro Bullón
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Sevilla, C/Avicena s.n., Sevilla 41009, Spain.
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Macri E, Lifshitz F, Ramos C, Orzuza R, Costa O, Zago V, Boyer P, Friedman S. Atherogenic cholesterol-rich diet and periodontal disease. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:679-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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Hyperlipidemia causes changes in inflammatory responses to periodontal pathogen challenge: implications in acute and chronic infections. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:1075-84. [PMID: 24992577 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, the effect of hyperlipidemia on immune responses to periodontal bacterial infections was investigated. METHODS Sixty male New Zealand white rabbits were equally assigned to normal diet (ND) and high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks. Every six rabbits with ND or HFD were orally inoculated with live Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis three times a week for 8 weeks. Also every six rabbits with ND or HFD rabbits were injected intravenously with A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis LPS. Periodontal disease severity was quantified by macroscopic and radiographical evaluation. Serum cytokines were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In vitro, peripheral mononuclear cells were collected and stimulated with LPS. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the changes in gene expression of macrophages. RESULTS In the early stages of infection, HFD rabbits were exposed to oral infection and systemic infection developed a weak inflammatory response to the reduced cytokine expression compared with ND rabbits. However, HFD rabbits exhibited higher inflammatory cytokine expression during long-term infections. Moreover, the pronounced changes in inflammatory cytokine expression elicited a significantly increase in bone loss in HFD rabbits with oral infection. Peripheral macrophages harvested from HFD rabbits and exposed to LPS exhibited reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared with those from ND rabbits in vitro. CONCLUSION These data indicated that hyperlipidemia interfered with immune responses differently. The mechanism is possibly associated with immune paralysis in the acute phase and accumulation of inflammatory mediators in the chronic period.
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Tomofuji T, Ekuni D, Azuma T, Irie K, Endo Y, Kasuyama K, Yoneda T, Morita M. Involvement of toll-like receptor 2 and 4 in association between dyslipidemia and osteoclast differentiation in apolipoprotein E deficient rat periodontium. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:1. [PMID: 23295061 PMCID: PMC3599925 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dyslipidemia increases circulating levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and this may induce alveolar bone loss through toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dyslipidemia on osteoclast differentiation associated with TLR2 and TLR4 in periodontal tissues using a rat dyslipidemia (apolipoprotein E deficient) model. Methods Levels of plasma OxLDL, and the cholesterol and phospholipid profiles in plasma lipoproteins were compared between apolipoprotein E-deficient rats (16-week-old males) and wild-type (control) rats. In the periodontal tissue, we evaluated the changes in TLR2, TLR4, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expression. Results Apolipoprotein E-deficient rats showed higher plasma levels of OxLDL than control rats (p<0.05), with higher plasma levels of total cholesterol (p<0.05) and LDL-cholesterol (p<0.05) and lower plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05). Their periodontal tissue also exhibited a higher ratio of RANKL-positive cells and a higher number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts than control rats (p<0.05). Furthermore, periodontal gene expression of TLR2, TLR4 and RANKL was higher in apolipoprotein E-deficient rats than in control rats (p<0.05). Conclusion These findings underscore the important role for TLR2 and TLR4 in mediating the osteoclast differentiation on alveolar bone response to dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Tomofuji
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, 700-8558, Okayama, Kita-ku, Japan
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Tomofuji T, Ekuni D, Azuma T, Irie K, Endo Y, Yamamoto T, Ishikado A, Sato T, Harada K, Suido H, Morita M. Supplementation of broccoli or Bifidobacterium longum-fermented broccoli suppresses serum lipid peroxidation and osteoclast differentiation on alveolar bone surface in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Nutr Res 2012; 32:301-7. [PMID: 22575044 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High-cholesterol diet enhances osteoclastic activity on alveolar bone by increasing serum lipid peroxidation. We hypothesized that supplementation with dietary antioxidants, such as found in broccoli and its fermented products, might suppress increases in serum lipid peroxidation, contributing to the inhibition of osteoclastic activity after high-cholesterol diet intake. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of broccoli and fermented broccoli consumption on serum lipid peroxidation and osteoclast differentiation in alveolar bone of rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. In this 12-week study, rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 6/group): a control group (fed regular diet) and 3 experimental groups (fed a high-cholesterol [1% wt/wt] diet, or a high-cholesterol diet supplemented with either broccoli powder [5% wt/wt] or Bifidobacterium longum-fermented broccoli powder [5% wt/wt]). Serum hexanoyl-lysine (HEL) levels were measured as a parameter of lipid peroxidation. The number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts in alveolar bone was enumerated to evaluate osteoclast differentiation. When compared with regular diet, the high-cholesterol diet increased serum HEL levels and resulted in a higher number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts at 12 weeks. The high-cholesterol diet supplemented with broccoli or B. longum-fermented broccoli showed lower levels of serum HEL and fewer TRAP-positive osteoclasts than the high-cholesterol diet at 12 weeks. In conclusion, consumption of broccoli, or its fermented product, inhibited the effects of a high-cholesterol diet on osteoclast differentiation in rat alveolar bone by suppressing serum lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Tomofuji
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Irie K, Ekuni D, Tomofuji T, Endo Y, Kasuyama K, Yaegaki K, Morita M. Combined Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide and Lipopolysaccharide on Osteoclast Differentiation in Rats. J Periodontol 2012; 83:522-7. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Pataro AL, Costa FO, Cortelli SC, Cortelli JR, Dupim Souza AC, Nogueira Guimarães Abreu MH, Girundi MG, Costa JE. Influence of Obesity and Bariatric Surgery on the Periodontal Condition. J Periodontol 2012; 83:257-66. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Griffiths R, Barbour S. Lipoproteins and lipoprotein metabolism in periodontal disease. CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY 2010; 5:397-411. [PMID: 20835400 PMCID: PMC2933935 DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that the incidence of atherosclerosis is increased in subjects with periodontitis - a chronic infection of the oral cavity. This article summarizes the evidence that suggests periodontitis shifts the lipoprotein profile to be more proatherogenic. LDL-C is elevated in periodontitis and most studies indicate that triglyceride levels are also increased. By contrast, antiatherogenic HDL tends to be low in periodontitis. Periodontal therapy tends to shift lipoprotein levels to a healthier profile and also reduces subclinical indices of atherosclerosis. In summary, periodontal disease alters lipoprotein metabolism in ways that could promote atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Griffiths
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Box 980614, Richmond, VA 23298-0614, USA
| | - Suzanne Barbour
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Box 980614, Richmond, VA 23298-0614, USA
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Ekuni D, Tomofuji T, Sanbe T, Irie K, Azuma T, Maruyama T, Tamaki N, Murakami J, Kokeguchi S, Yamamoto T. Periodontitis-induced lipid peroxidation in rat descending aorta is involved in the initiation of atherosclerosis. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:434-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Irie K, Ekuni D, Yamamoto T, Morita M, Yaegaki K, Ii H, Imai T. A single application of hydrogen sulphide induces a transient osteoclast differentiation with RANKL expression in the rat model. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:723-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Yamamoto T, Tomofuji T, Tamaki N, Ekuni D, Azuma T, Sanbe T. Effects of topical application of lipopolysaccharide and proteases on hepatic injury induced by high-cholesterol diet in rats. J Periodontal Res 2009; 45:129-35. [PMID: 19602105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Topical application of lipopolysaccharide and proteases to the gingival sulcus induced not only periodontal inflammation but also detectable liver changes in rats fed a normal diet. However, these changes in the liver were not sufficient to induce pathological consequences. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether gingival inflammation-induced liver change would have more dramatic pathological consequences in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet compared with the effect of the high-cholesterol diet alone. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. During an 8 week experimental period, two groups were fed a normal diet and the other two were fed a high-cholesterol diet containing 1% cholesterol (w/w) and 0.5% cholic acid (w/w). Four weeks prior to the end of the experimental period, one of each of the dietary groups received daily topical application of lipopolysaccharide and proteases to the gingival sulcus, while the other was treated with pyrogen-free water. RESULTS In the rats without application of lipopolysaccharide and proteases, the serum level of hexanoyl-lysine, scores of steatosis and inflammation, and concentration of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in liver of rats fed a high-cholesterol diet were higher than in those fed a normal diet. In rats fed a high-cholesterol diet, the scores of steatosis and inflammation and the concentration of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the liver of rats with application of lipopolysaccharide and proteases were higher than in those without. CONCLUSION In a rat model, application of lipopolysaccharide and proteases to the gingival sulcus augmented the effect of a high-cholesterol diet on steatosis, inflammation and oxidative damage in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamamoto
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shikata-cho, Okayama, Japan.
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Sanbe T, Tomofuji T, Ekuni D, Azuma T, Irie K, Tamaki N, Yamamoto T, Morita M. Vitamin C intake inhibits serum lipid peroxidation and osteoclast differentiation on alveolar bone in rats fed on a high-cholesterol diet. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 54:235-40. [PMID: 19110235 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A high-cholesterol diet stimulates osteoclast differentiation, which may be induced by increased serum lipid peroxidation. The inhibition of serum lipid peroxidation by vitamin C may offer beneficial effects on osteoclast differentiation including increased expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and NF-kappaB. This study investigated the effects of vitamin C intake on RANKL and NF-kappaB expression in periodontal tissue of rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. DESIGN Twenty-four rats (8 weeks old) were divided into four groups: a control group (fed a regular diet) and three experimental groups (fed a high-cholesterol diet supplemented with 0, 1 and 2 g/l vitamin C/day) in this 12-week study. Vitamin C was provided by its addition to drinking water. As an index of serum lipid peroxidation, hexanoyl-lysine (HEL) level was determined by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Immunohistological analysis was performed to evaluate RANKL and NF-kappaB expression on the alveolar bone surface. The number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts was also counted. RESULTS Feeding a high-cholesterol diet increased not only the serum HEL level but also the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts on the alveolar bone surface, with an increase in RANKL and NF-kappaB expression on alveolar bone surface. Intake of vitamin C reduced the serum HEL level and osteoclast differentiation, with decreasing RANKL and NF-kappaB expression. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin C intake could suppress osteoclast differentiation, including RANKL and NF-kappaB expression on the alveolar bone surface, by decreasing serum lipid peroxidation in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Sanbe
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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Irie K, Tomofuji T, Tamaki N, Sanbe T, Ekuni D, Azuma T, Maruyama T, Yamamoto T. Effects of Ethanol Consumption on Periodontal Inflammation in Rats. J Dent Res 2008; 87:456-60. [DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest a correlation between ethanol consumption and periodontal disease. We hypothesized that elevated levels of blood reactive oxygen species following ethanol consumption may increase inflammation in periodontal tissue. Rats were divided into 4 groups (6–7 rats/group). Two groups were fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet, and 2 groups were fed a pair-fed control diet. In one of each dietary group, periodontitis was ligature-induced, while the other group was left unligated. Chronic ethanol feeding alone decreased the ratio of reduced/oxidized glutathione and increased 8-hydroxydeoxy-guanosine and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels in the gingiva. Blood hydroperoxides were also increased. In ligature-induced periodontitis lesions, ethanol feeding enhanced polymorpho-nuclear leukocyte infiltration and TNF-α expression. The results suggest that chronic alcohol consumption increased periodontal inflammation, oxidative damage, and TNF-α production and had an additive effect on polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration and gingival oxidative damage, increasing the severity of periodontal inflammation in the ligature model.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Irie
- Department of Oral Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - T. Tomofuji
- Department of Oral Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - N. Tamaki
- Department of Oral Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - T. Sanbe
- Department of Oral Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - D. Ekuni
- Department of Oral Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - T. Azuma
- Department of Oral Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - T. Maruyama
- Department of Oral Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - T. Yamamoto
- Department of Oral Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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Ekuni D, Tomofuji T, Tamaki N, Sanbe T, Azuma T, Yamanaka R, Yamamoto T, Watanabe T. Mechanical stimulation of gingiva reduces plasma 8-OHdG level in rat periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:324-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sanbe T, Tomofuji T, Ekuni D, Azuma T, Tamaki N, Yamamoto T. Oral administration of vitamin C prevents alveolar bone resorption induced by high dietary cholesterol in rats. J Periodontol 2008; 78:2165-70. [PMID: 17970684 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.070181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high-cholesterol diet stimulates alveolar bone resorption, which may be induced via tissue oxidative damage. Vitamin C reduces tissue oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals and scavenging hydroxyl radicals, and its antioxidant effect may offer the clinical benefit of preventing alveolar bone resorption in cases of hyperlipidemia. We examined whether vitamin C could suppress alveolar bone resorption in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. METHODS In this 12-week study, rats were divided into four groups: a control group (fed a regular diet) and three experimental groups (fed a high-cholesterol diet supplemented with 0, 1, or 2 g/l vitamin C). Vitamin C was provided by adding it to the drinking water. The bone mineral density of the alveolar bone was analyzed by microcomputerized tomography. As an index of tissue oxidative damage, the 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine level in the periodontal tissue was determined using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Hyperlipidemia, induced by a high-cholesterol diet, decreased rat alveolar bone density and increased the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts. The expression of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine was upregulated in the periodontal tissues. Intake of vitamin C reduced the effect of a high-cholesterol diet on alveolar bone density and osteoclast differentiation and decreased periodontal 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine expression. CONCLUSION In the rat model, vitamin C suppressed alveolar bone resorption, induced by high dietary cholesterol, by decreasing the oxidative damage of periodontal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Sanbe
- Department of Oral Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Saito
- Department of Oral Health, Unit of Social Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Ekuni D, Firth JD, Putnins EE. Regulation of epithelial cell growth factor receptor protein and gene expression using a rat periodontitis model. J Periodontal Res 2006; 41:340-9. [PMID: 16827730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Regulation of epithelial cell behavior associated with periodontitis is not well elucidated but many responses will ultimately be regulated by growth factor receptors. Using a rat experimental periodontitis model, protein and gene expression of select growth factor receptors in junctional and pocket epithelium were examined. MATERIAL AND METHODS Periodontal disease was induced by daily topical application of lipopolysaccharide using an established protocol. Animals were killed at time 0 (control), and at 2 and 8 wk. Frozen tissue samples were collected from the right palatal gingival soft tissue, and the left periodontal tissues were decalcified and embedded in paraffin. Laser microdissection and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to quantify keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR), hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene expression, and in situ RT-PCR localized these increases to specific epithelial cells. Receptor protein expression was examined immunohistochemically. In cell culture, induction of HGFR and KGFR protein expression by serum, lipopolysaccharide and pro-inflammatory cytokines were examined using flow cytometry. RESULTS Eight-week tissue samples exhibited histological changes consistent with periodontitis. KGFR and HGFR gene and protein expression were significantly induced at the 8 wk time point. KGFR expression was significantly up-regulated in basal and parabasal pocket epithelial cells, but HGFR was up-regulated throughout the pocket epithelium. In cell culture serum, lipopolysaccharide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha significantly induced KGFR protein receptor expression, but HGFR expression was only induced by serum. CONCLUSION KGFR and HGFR are highly up-regulated in this model of periodontal disease and may play a significant role in regulating the proliferation and migration of pocket epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ekuni
- Department of Oral Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Tomofuji T, Azuma T, Kusano H, Sanbe T, Ekuni D, Tamaki N, Yamamoto T, Watanabe T. Oxidative damage of periodontal tissue in the rat periodontitis model: effects of a high-cholesterol diet. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:3601-4. [PMID: 16750199 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest an association between consumption of a high-cholesterol diet and periodontitis. We addressed the mechanism by which high dietary cholesterol could be detrimental to periodontal health in a rat model. Feeding a high-cholesterol diet augmented the effects of bacterial pathogens and their products (e.g., lipopolysaccharide and proteases) on production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in fibroblasts. High dietary cholesterol also increased mitochondrial 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the periodontal tissues. These results suggest that excessive tissue oxidative damage induced by high dietary cholesterol could potentiate pro-inflammatory cytokine production by fibroblasts stimulated with bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Tomofuji
- Department of Oral Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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