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Peake NJ, Bader DL, Vessillier S, Ramachandran M, Salter DM, Hobbs AJ, Chowdhury TT. C-type natriuretic peptide signalling drives homeostatic effects in human chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:784-9. [PMID: 26307537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Signals induced by mechanical loading and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) represent chondroprotective routes that may potentially prevent osteoarthritis (OA). We examined whether CNP will reduce hyaluronan production and export via members of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) and diminish pro-inflammatory effects in human chondrocytes. The presence of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) increased HA production and export via MRP5 that was reduced with CNP and/or loading. Treatment with IL-1β conditioned medium increased production of catabolic mediators and the response was reduced with the hyaluronan inhibitor, Pep-1. The induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the conditioned medium was reduced by CNP and/or Pep-1, αCD44 or αTLR4 in a cytokine-dependent manner, suggesting that the CNP pathway is protective and should be exploited further.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Peake
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - D L Bader
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - S Vessillier
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - M Ramachandran
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, The Royal London Hospital and Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Whitechapel Road, London E1 1BB, UK
| | - D M Salter
- Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crew Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - A J Hobbs
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - T T Chowdhury
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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Ma C, Wu G, Wang Z, Wang P, Wu L, Zhu G, Zhao H. Effects of chronic sleep deprivation on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in the temporomandibular joint of rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107544. [PMID: 25226519 PMCID: PMC4167193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To examine the possible involvement and regulatory mechanisms of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of rats subjected to chronic sleep deprivation (CSD). Methods Rats were subjected to CSD using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM). The serum levels of corticosterone (CORT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were tested and histomorphology and ultrastructure of the TMJ were observed. The ERK and phospho-ERK (p-ERK) expression levels were detected by Western blot analysis, and the MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 expression levels were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting. Results The elevated serum CORT and ACTH levels confirmed that the rats were under CSD stress. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed pathological alterations in the TMJ following CSD; furthermore, the p-ERK was activated and the mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 were upregulated after CSD. In the rats administered with the selective ERK inhibitor U0126, decreased tissue destruction was observed. Phospho-ERK activation was visibly blocked and the MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 mRNA and protein levels were lower than the corresponding levels in the CSD without U0126 group. Conclusion These findings indicate that CSD activates the ERK pathway and upregulates the MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 mRNA and protein levels in the TMJ of rats. Thus, CSD induces ERK pathway activation and causes pathological alterations in the TMJ. ERK may be associated with TMJ destruction by promoting the expression of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
- College of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gaoyi Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhaoling Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Peihuan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Longmei Wu
- cardiovascular medicine, He Bei medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Guoxiong Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Huaqiang Zhao
- College of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Skaalure SC, Dimson SO, Pennington AM, Bryant SJ. Semi-interpenetrating networks of hyaluronic acid in degradable PEG hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3409-20. [PMID: 24769116 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolytically biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels offer a promising platform for chondrocyte encapsulation and tuning degradation for cartilage tissue engineering, but offer no bioactive cues to encapsulated cells. This study tests the hypothesis that a semi-interpenetrating network of entrapped hyaluronic acid (HA), a bioactive molecule that binds cell surface receptors on chondrocytes, and crosslinked degradable PEG improves matrix synthesis by encapsulated chondrocytes. Degradation was achieved by incorporating oligo (lactic acid) segments into the crosslinks. The effects of HA molecular weight (MW) (2.9×10(4) and 2×10(6)Da) and concentration (0.5 and 5mgg(-1)) were investigated. Bovine chondrocytes were encapsulated in semi-interpenetrating networks and cultured for 4weeks. A steady release of HA was observed over the course of the study with 90% released by 4weeks. Incorporation of HA led to significantly higher cell numbers throughout the culture period. After 8days, HA increased collagen content per cell, increased aggrecan-positive cells, while decreasing the deposition of hypertrophic collagen X, but these effects were not sustained long term. Measuring total sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) and collagen content within the constructs and released to the culture medium after 4weeks revealed that total matrix synthesis was elevated by high concentrations of HA, indicating that HA stimulated matrix production although this matrix was not retained within the hydrogels. Matrix-degrading enzymes were elevated in the low-, but not the high-MW HA. Overall, incorporating high-MW HA into degrading hydrogels increased chondrocyte number and sGAG and collagen production, warranting further investigations to improve retention of newly synthesized matrix molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey C Skaalure
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Shash O Dimson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ashley M Pennington
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Stephanie J Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Effect of different doses of transforming growth factor-β1 on cartilage and subchondral bone in osteoarthritic temporomandibular joints. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 51:241-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Duygu G, Güler N, Cam B, Kürkçü M. The effects of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (Hylan G-F 20) on experimentally induced temporomandibular joint osteoartrosis: part II. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 40:1406-13. [PMID: 21889876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2011.07.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of Hylan G-F 20 on experimentally induced osteoarthritic changes in rabbit temporomandibular joint (TMJ). A 3mg/ml concentration of sodium mono iodoacetate (MIA) had been injected into both joints of 24 rabbits to create osteoartrosis. The study group was injected with Hylan G-F 20 in one joint and saline in the contralateral joint as a control (once a week for 3 weeks). Histological changes in articular cartilage, osteochondral junction, chondrocyte appearance and subchondral bone were determined at 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Regarding cartilage, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups at 4 weeks. Degenerative bony changes to subchondral bone were significantly higher in the controls. No statistical difference was found in the study group at 6 weeks. A positive correlation was found between osteochondral junction and subchondral bone in the study group at 8 weeks. The changes in chondrocyte appearance were significantly decreased in the study group at all follow-up times. Intra-articular injection of Hylan G-F 20 decreased cartilage changes in early stage TMJ osteoartrosis and clustering of chondrocytes showed the chondroprotective effects of Hylan G-F 20 caused by hypertrophic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Duygu
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
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Takahashi N, Knudson CB, Thankamony S, Ariyoshi W, Mellor L, Im HJ, Knudson W. Induction of CD44 cleavage in articular chondrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:1338-48. [PMID: 20178130 DOI: 10.1002/art.27410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hyaluronan receptor CD44 provides chondrocytes with a mechanism for sensing and responding to changes in the extracellular matrix. The purpose of this study was to document the fragmentation and loss of CD44 and to determine the likely mechanisms involved. METHODS A polyclonal anti-CD44 cytotail antibody was generated to detect CD44 fragmentation by Western blot analysis. Chondrocytes were isolated from human or bovine articular cartilage. Primary articular chondrocytes were treated with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), hyaluronan oligosaccharides, or phorbol myristate acetate or were passaged and subcultured in monolayer to induce dedifferentiation. Conditions that altered the capacity of CD44 to transit into lipid rafts, or pharmacologic inhibitors of metalloproteinase or gamma-secretase activity were used to define the mechanism of fragmentation of CD44. RESULTS Chondrocytes from osteoarthritic cartilage exhibited CD44 fragmentation as low molecular mass bands, corresponding to the CD44-EXT and CD44-ICD bands. Following dedifferentiation of chondrocytes or treatment of primary chondrocytes with hyaluronan oligosaccharides, IL-1beta, or phorbol myristate acetate, CD44 fragmentation was enhanced. Subsequent culture of the dedifferentiated chondrocytes in 3-dimensional alginate beads rescued the chondrocyte phenotype and diminished the fragmentation of CD44. Fragmentation of CD44 in chondrocytes was blocked in the presence of the metalloproteinase inhibitor GM6001 and the gamma-secretase inhibitor DAPT. CONCLUSION CD44 fragmentation, consistent with a signature pattern reported for sequential metalloproteinase/gamma-secretase cleavage of CD44, is a common metabolic feature of chondrocytes that have undergone dedifferentiation in vitro and osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Transit of CD44 into lipid rafts may be required for its fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobunori Takahashi
- The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834-4354, USA
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Schmitz I, Ariyoshi W, Takahashi N, Knudson CB, Knudson W. Hyaluronan oligosaccharide treatment of chondrocytes stimulates expression of both HAS-2 and MMP-3, but by different signaling pathways. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:447-54. [PMID: 19874928 PMCID: PMC2826598 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Small hyaluronan (HA) oligosaccharides displace HA from the cell surface and induce cell signaling events. In articular chondrocytes this cell signaling is mediated by the HA receptor CD44 and includes stimulation of genes involved in matrix degradation such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as well as matrix repair genes including collagen type II, aggrecan and HA synthase-2 (HAS-2). The objective of this study was to determine whether stimulation of HAS-2 and MMP-3 by HA oligosaccharides is due to the activation of a single, cascading pathway or multiple signaling pathways. METHOD Bovine articular chondrocytes were pre-treated with a variety of inhibitors of major signaling pathways prior to the addition of HA oligosaccharides. Changes in HA were monitored by real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of HAS-2 mRNA, HA ELISA and HA accumulation at the cell surface. A 1900 base pair sequence containing the proximal promoter of HAS-2 was inserted into a luciferase reporter construct, transfected into human immortalized chondrocytes and assayed in a similar fashion. RESULTS While our previous studies demonstrated that HA oligosaccharides stimulate MMP-13 activity via activation of p38 MAP kinase and NF-kappaB, inhibitors of these pathways did not affect the stimulation of HAS-2 mRNA expression. However, inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway blocked HA oligosaccharide-mediated stimulation of HAS-2 yet had no effect on MMP-3. Wortmannin and LY294002 also blocked HA oligosaccharide-induced serine and threonine Akt phosphorylation. Treatment of transfected immortalized chondrocytes with HA oligosaccharides resulted in stimulation of HAS-2 mRNA, activation of Akt and enhanced luciferase activity-activity that was blocked by inhibitors of Akt phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Changes in chondrocyte-matrix interactions by HA oligosaccharides induce altered matrix metabolism by the activation of least two distinct signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Schmitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Wataru Ariyoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, North Carolina 27834-4354
| | - Nobunori Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, North Carolina 27834-4354
| | - Cheryl B. Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, North Carolina 27834-4354
| | - Warren Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, North Carolina 27834-4354,Address all correspondence and reprint requests to: Warren Knudson, Ph.D., Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, North Carolina 27834-4354, 252-744-3483 office, 252-744-2850 fax,
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Tang YL, Zhu GQ, Hu L, Zheng M, Zhang JY, Shi ZD, Liang XH. Effects of intra-articular administration of sodium hyaluronate on plasminogen activator system in temporomandibular joints with osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 109:541-7. [PMID: 20185343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intra-articular sodium hyaluronate (SH) injections on the main components of plasminogen activator (PA) system in the synovial fluid of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA). STUDY DESIGN Forty patients diagnosed with TMJ OA and 20 healthy control subjects were included in this study. Synovial fluid was collected in the OA group and the healthy group at baseline. The OA patients were randomly divided into 2 groups (20 patients for each group): One group received 5 injections of SH, and the other received 5 injections of physiologic saline solution in the upper joint space at weekly intervals. Synovial fluid was collected before and after treatment. Urokinase-type PA (uPA), soluble uPA receptor (suPAR) and PA inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) levels in synovial fluid were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The OA patients had significantly higher uPA activity and levels of uPA (median 80.01 ng/L), suPAR (median 7.54 ng/L), and PAI-1 (median 54.9 ng/mL) than the healthy control subjects (median 20.47 ng/L uPA, 2.34 ng/L suPAR, and 19.9 ng/mL PAI-1; (P < .05). The uPA activity and levels of uPA, suPAR, and PAI-1 were significantly decreased after SH injections in TMJs of OA patients (P < .05), and there was no difference after saline injection. Visual analog pain score reduction correlated with changes in uPA and uPAR levels as well as uPA activity. CONCLUSION The effects of SH on PA system provide new insight into a possible underlying mechanism by which SH alleviates pain of patients with TMJ OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Ge X, Ma X, Meng J, Zhang C, Ma K, Zhou C. Role of Wnt-5A in interleukin-1β-induced matrix metalloproteinase expression in rabbit temporomandibular joint condylar chondrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:2714-22. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Chung C, Beecham M, Mauck RL, Burdick JA. The influence of degradation characteristics of hyaluronic acid hydrogels on in vitro neocartilage formation by mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2009; 30:4287-96. [PMID: 19464053 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a viable cell source for cartilage repair hinges on the development of engineered scaffolds that support adequate cartilage tissue formation. Evolving networks (hydrogels with mesh sizes that change over time due to crosslink degradation) may provide the control needed to enhance overall tissue formation when compared to static scaffolds. In this study, MSCs were photoencapsulated in combinations of hydrolytically and enzymatically degradable hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels to investigate the tunability of these hydrogels and the influence of network evolution on neocartilage formation. In MSC-laden HA hydrogels, compressive mechanical properties increased when degradation complemented extracellular matrix deposition and decreased when degradation was too rapid. In addition, dynamic hydrogels that started at a higher wt% and decreased to a lower wt% were not equivalent to static hydrogels that started at the higher or lower wt%. Specifically, evolving 2 wt% hydrogels (2 wt% degrading to 1 wt%) expressed up-regulation of type II collagen and aggrecan, and exhibited increased glycosaminoglycan content over non-evolving 2 and 1 wt% hydrogels. Likewise, mechanical properties and size maintenance were superior in the dynamic system compared to the static 2 wt% and 1 wt% hydrogels, respectively. Thus, hydrogels with dynamic properties may improve engineered tissues and help translate tissue engineering technology to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321, USA
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Lin YY, Tanaka N, Ohkuma S, Kamiya T, Kunimatsu R, Huang YC, Yoshioka M, Mitsuyoshi T, Tanne Y, Tanimoto K, Tanaka E, Tanne K. The Mandibular Cartilage Metabolism is Altered by Damaged Subchondral Bone from Traumatic Impact Loading. Ann Biomed Eng 2009; 37:1358-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-009-9696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Keller KE, Aga M, Bradley JM, Kelley MJ, Acott TS. Extracellular matrix turnover and outflow resistance. Exp Eye Res 2008; 88:676-82. [PMID: 19087875 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Normal homeostatic adjustment of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) involves remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the trabecular meshwork (TM). This entails sensing elevated IOP, releasing numerous activated proteinases to degrade existing ECM and concurrent biosynthesis of replacement ECM components. To increase or decrease IOP, the quantity, physical properties and/or organization of new components should be somewhat different from those replaced in order to modify outflow resistance. ECM degradation and replacement biosynthesis in the outflow pathway must be tightly controlled and focused to retain the complex structural organization of the tissue. Recently identified podosome- or invadopodia-like structures (PILS) may aid in the focal degradation of ECM and organization of replacement components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Keller
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-4197, USA
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Stern R, Kogan G, Jedrzejas MJ, Soltés L. The many ways to cleave hyaluronan. Biotechnol Adv 2007; 25:537-57. [PMID: 17716848 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is being used increasingly as a component of artificial matrices and in bioengineering for tissue scaffolding. The length of hyaluronan polymer chains is now recognized as informational, involving a wide variety of size-specific functions. Inadvertent scission of hyaluronan can occur during the process of preparation. On the other hand, certain size-specific hyaluronan fragments may be desirable, endowing the finished bioengineered product with specific properties. In this review, the vast arrays of reactions that cause scission of hyaluronan polymers is presented, including those on an enzymatic, free radical, and chemical basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stern
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0511, USA
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Ohno S, Schmid T, Tanne Y, Kamiya T, Honda K, Ohno-Nakahara M, Swentko N, Desai TA, Tanne K, Knudson CB, Knudson W. Expression of superficial zone protein in mandibular condyle cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14:807-13. [PMID: 16563813 PMCID: PMC3182505 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Superficial zone protein (SZP) has been shown to function in the boundary lubrication of articular cartilages of the extremities. However, the expression of SZP has not been clarified in mandibular cartilage which is a tissue that includes a thick fibrous layer on the surface. This study was conducted to clarify the distribution of SZP on the mandibular condyle and the regulatory effects of humoral factors on the expression in both explants and fibroblasts derived from mandibular condyle. METHODS The distribution of SZP was determined in bovine mandibular condyle cartilage, and the effects of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) on SZP expression were examined in condyle explants and fibroblasts derived from the fibrous zone of condyle cartilage. RESULTS SZP was highly distributed in the superficial zone of intact condyle cartilage. The SZP expression was up-regulated by TGF-beta in both explants and cultured fibroblasts, whereas the expression was slightly down-regulated by IL-1beta. A significant increase in accumulation of SZP protein was also observed in the culture medium of the fibroblasts treated with TGF-beta. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that SZP plays an important role in boundary lubrication of mandible condylar cartilage, is synthesized locally within the condyle itself, and exhibits differential regulation by cell mediators relevant to mandibular condyle repairing and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohno
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Division of Cervico-Gnathostomatology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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Stern R, Asari AA, Sugahara KN. Hyaluronan fragments: an information-rich system. Eur J Cell Biol 2006; 85:699-715. [PMID: 16822580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 798] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a straight chain, glycosaminoglycan polymer of the extracellular matrix composed of repeating units of the disaccharide [-D-glucuronic acid-beta1,3-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-beta1,4-]n. Hyaluronan is synthesized in mammals by at least three synthases with products of varying chain lengths. It has an extraordinary high rate of turnover with polymers being funneled through three catabolic pathways. At the cellular level, it is degraded progressively by a series of enzymatic reactions that generate polymers of decreasing sizes. Despite their exceedingly simple primary structure, hyaluronan fragments have extraordinarily wide-ranging and often opposing biological functions. There are large hyaluronan polymers that are space-filling, anti-angiogenic, immunosuppressive, and that impede differentiation, possibly by suppressing cell-cell interactions, or ligand access to cell surface receptors. Hyaluronan chains, which can reach 2 x 10(4) kDa in size, are involved in ovulation, embryogenesis, protection of epithelial layer integrity, wound repair, and regeneration. Smaller polysaccharide fragments are inflammatory, immuno-stimulatory and angiogenic. They can also compete with larger hyaluronan polymers for receptors. Low-molecular-size polymers appear to function as endogenous "danger signals", while even smaller fragments can ameliorate these effects. Tetrasaccharides, for example, are anti-apoptotic and inducers of heat shock proteins. Various fragments trigger different signal transduction pathways. Particular hyaluronan polysaccharides are also generated by malignant cells in order to co-opt normal cellular functions. How the small hyaluronan fragments are generated is unknown, nor is it established whether the enzymes of hyaluronan synthesis and degradation are involved in maintaining proper polymer sizes and concentration. The vast range of activities of hyaluronan polymers is reviewed here, in order to determine if patterns can be detected that would provide insight into their production and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stern
- Department of Pathology and UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-564, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA.
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