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Drug resistance mutations in protease gene of HIV-1 subtype C infected patient population. Virusdisease 2021; 32:480-491. [PMID: 34631975 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-1 infection is a critical issue for the physicians treating HIV patients. The major cause of drug failure is the development of resistance mutations in reverse transcriptase (RT) and/or protease (PR) genes. Mutations associated with drug resistance decrease drug effectiveness. This study was conducted to assess drug resistance profile of the entire PR gene in 90 HIV-1 patients consisting of 23 ART non-responsive, 32 ART responsive and 35 drug naive patients. It was observed that the majority of the sequences (94.4%) belonged to subtype C and (5.5%) to subtype A1. The ART non-responsive and responsive patients were treated with either first line of ART regimen (two NRTI and one NNRTI) or second line of ART regimen that included additional one protease inhibitor (PI). All the patients in each group except one responsive patient had various minor resistance mutations. Thus, drug failures in ART non-responsive patients may not always be due to drug resistance mutations instead other factors may also be responsible for drug failures such as non-compliance, suboptimal dose or drug interaction. The presence of minor drug resistance mutations in drug naive patients is suggestive of transmitted resistance mutations.
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Khan NH, Kohli M, Gupta K, Das BK, Pandey RM, Sinha S. HIV Drug Resistance Mutations in Patients with HIV and HIV-TB Coinfection After Failure of First-Line Therapy: A Prevalence Study in a Resource-Limited Setting. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2020; 18:2325958219849061. [PMID: 31117863 PMCID: PMC6748516 DOI: 10.1177/2325958219849061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The present study aimed to report the prevalent HIV-1 drug-resistant mutations in
patients with HIV-1 alone and tuberculosis (TB) coinfection alone to improve our
understanding of the mutation patterns and aid treatment decisions. Methods: Patients with HIV-1 and HIV-TB on treatment for more than 1 year with suspected failure
were recruited. Sequencing of protease and two-thirds of the region of reverse
transcriptase gene was done for drug-resistant mutations. Results: In the HIV-TB group (n = 25), 88%, 92%, and 12% had mutations to nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
(NNRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs), respectively. In the HIV-alone group (n = 25),
84%, 100%, and 4% had mutations to NRTIs, NNRTIs, and PIs, respectively. M184V, M41L,
D67N, G190A, A98G, and K103N were the most common mutations seen. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of drug-resistant mutations in HIV and HIV-TB coinfected
patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaid Hussain Khan
- 1 Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mikashmi Kohli
- 1 Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kartik Gupta
- 1 Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bimal Kumar Das
- 2 Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravindra Mohan Pandey
- 3 Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Sinha
- 1 Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Korniy N, Samatova E, Anokhina MM, Peske F, Rodnina MV. Mechanisms and biomedical implications of -1 programmed ribosome frameshifting on viral and bacterial mRNAs. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1468-1482. [PMID: 31222875 PMCID: PMC6771820 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Some proteins are expressed as a result of a ribosome frameshifting event that is facilitated by a slippery site and downstream secondary structure elements in the mRNA. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding mechanisms of –1 frameshifting in several viral genes, including IBV 1a/1b, HIV‐1 gag‐pol, and SFV 6K, and in Escherichia coli dnaX. The exact frameshifting route depends on the availability of aminoacyl‐tRNAs: the ribosome normally slips into the –1‐frame during tRNA translocation, but can also frameshift during decoding at condition when aminoacyl‐tRNA is in limited supply. Different frameshifting routes and additional slippery sites allow viruses to maintain a constant production of their key proteins. The emerging idea that tRNA pools are important for frameshifting provides new direction for developing antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Korniy
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Samatova
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria M Anokhina
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Peske
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marina V Rodnina
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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Luo XL, Mo LD, Su GS, Huang JP, Wu JY, Su HZ, Huang WH, Luo SD, Ni ZY. Incidence and types of HIV-1 drug resistance mutation among patients failing first-line antiretroviral therapy. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 139:275-279. [PMID: 30928089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the prevalence and types of drug resistance mutations among patients failing first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS Plasma samples from 112 patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) were collected for virus RNA extract and gene amplification. The mutations related to drug resistance were detected and the incidence was statistically analyzed, and the drug resistance rate against common drugs was also evaluated. RESULTS 103 cases were successfully amplified, and the main drug resistance mutations in the reverse transcriptase (RT) region were M184V (50.49%), K103N (28.16%), Y181C (25.24%), and K65R (27.18%), while no drug main resistance mutation was found in the protease (PR) region. The incidence of drug resistance mutations was significantly different among patients with different ages, routes of infection, duration of treatment, initial ART regimens and viral load. The drug resistance rate to the common drugs was assessed, including Efavirenz (EFV, 71.84%), Nevirapine (NVP, 74.76%), Lamivudine (3TC, 66.02%), Zidovudine (AZT, 4.85%), Stavudine (D4T, 16.51%), and Tenofovir (TDF, 21.36%). CONCLUSION The drug resistance mutations to NRTIs and NNRTIs are complex and highly prevalent, which was the leading cause of first-line ART failure. This study provides significant theoretical support for developing the second-line and third-line therapeutic schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lu Luo
- The 4th People's Hospital of Nanning, The Infectious Disease Hospital of Nanning Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, and the AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning), Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Li-da Mo
- The 4th People's Hospital of Nanning, The Infectious Disease Hospital of Nanning Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, and the AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning), Nanning, 530023, China.
| | - Guo-Sheng Su
- The 4th People's Hospital of Nanning, The Infectious Disease Hospital of Nanning Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, and the AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning), Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Jin-Ping Huang
- The 4th People's Hospital of Nanning, The Infectious Disease Hospital of Nanning Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, and the AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning), Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Jing-Yu Wu
- The Disease Control and Prevention Center of Xingning District of Nanning, Nanning 530023, Guangxi, China
| | - Han-Zhen Su
- The 4th People's Hospital of Nanning, The Infectious Disease Hospital of Nanning Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, and the AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning), Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Wan-Hong Huang
- The 4th People's Hospital of Nanning, The Infectious Disease Hospital of Nanning Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, and the AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning), Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Shun-da Luo
- The 4th People's Hospital of Nanning, The Infectious Disease Hospital of Nanning Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, and the AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning), Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Zu-Yan Ni
- The 4th People's Hospital of Nanning, The Infectious Disease Hospital of Nanning Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, and the AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning), Nanning, 530023, China
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Karade S, Chaturbhuj DN, Sen S, Joshi RK, Kulkarni SS, Shankar S, Gangakhedkar RR. HIV drug resistance following a decade of the free antiretroviral therapy programme in India: A review. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 66:33-41. [PMID: 29128646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to assess the burden of HIV drug resistance mutations (DRM) in Indian adults exposed to first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) as per national guidelines. METHODS An advanced search of the published literature on HIV drug resistance in India was performed in the PubMed and Scopus databases. Data pertaining to age, sex, CD4 count, viral load, and prevalence of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)/non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) DRM were extracted from each publication. Year-wise Indian HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) sequences were retrieved from the Los Alamos HIV database and mutation analyses were performed. A time trend analysis of the proportion of sequences showing NRTI resistance mutations among individuals exposed to first-line ART was conducted. RESULTS Overall, 23 studies (1046 unique RT sequences) were identified indicating a prevalence of drug resistance to NRTI and NNRTI. The proportion of RT sequences with any DRM, any NRTI DRM, and any NNRTI DRM was 78.39%, 68.83%, and 73.13%, respectively. The temporal trend analysis of individual DRM from sequences retrieved during 2004-2014 indicated a rising trend in K65R mutations (p=0.013). CONCLUSIONS Although the overall burden of resistance against first-line ART agents remained steady over the study decade, periodic monitoring is essential. There is the need to develop an HIV-1 subtype C-specific resistance database in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Karade
- HIV Drug Resistance Laboratory, National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR), Pune, India; Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Devidas N Chaturbhuj
- HIV Drug Resistance Laboratory, National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR), Pune, India; Symbiosis International University, Lavale, Pune, India
| | - Sourav Sen
- Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Rajneesh K Joshi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India; Department of Community Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Smita S Kulkarni
- Department of Molecular Virology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
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Karade SK, Ghate MV, Chaturbhuj DN, Kadam DB, Shankar S, Gaikwad N, Gurav S, Joshi R, Sane SS, Kulkarni SS, Kurle SN, Paranjape RS, Rewari BB, Gangakhedkar RR. Cross-sectional study of virological failure and multinucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance at 12 months of antiretroviral therapy in Western India. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4886. [PMID: 27631260 PMCID: PMC5402603 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The free antiretroviral therapy (ART) program in India has scaled up to register second largest number of people living with HIV/AIDS across the globe. To assess the effectiveness of current first-line regimen we estimated virological suppression on completion of 1 year of ART. The study describes the correlates of virological failure (VF) and multinucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) drug resistance mutations (DRMs).In this cross-sectional study conducted between June and August 2014, consecutive adults from 4 State sponsored ART clinics of western India were recruited for plasma viral load screening at 12 ± 2 months of ART initiation. Individuals with plasma viral load >1000 copies/mL were selected for HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) genotyping. Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess factors associated with VF and multi-NRTI resistance mutations. Criteria adopted for multi-NRTI resistance mutation were either presence of K65R or 3 or more thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) or presence of M184V along with 2 TAMs.Of the 844 study participants, virological suppression at 1 year was achieved in 87.7% of individuals. Factors significantly associated with VF (P < 0.005) were 12 months CD4 count of ≤100 cells/μL (adjusted OR -7.11), low reported adherence (adjusted OR -4.44), and those living without any partner (adjusted OR -1.98). In patients with VF, the prevalence of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) DRM (78.75%) were higher as compared to NRTI (58.75%). Multi-NRTI DRMs were present in 32.5% of sequences and were significantly associated with CD4 count of ≤100 cells/μL at baseline (adjusted OR -13.00) and TDF-based failing regimen (adjusted OR -20.43). Additionally, low reported adherence was negatively associated with multi-NRTI resistance (adjusted OR -0.11, P = 0.015). K65R mutation was significantly associated with tenofovir (TDF)-based failing regimen (P < 0.001).The study supports early linkage of HIV-infected individuals to the program for ART initiation, adherence improvement, and introduction of viral load monitoring. With recent introduction of TDF-based regimen, the emergence of K65R needs to be monitored closely among HIV-1 subtype C-infected Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manisha V. Ghate
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute
| | | | - Dileep B. Kadam
- Department of Medicine, BJ Medical College and Sasoon General Hospital, Pune
| | | | - Nitin Gaikwad
- Department of Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases, YCM Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bharat B. Rewari
- Department of AIDS Control, National AIDS Control Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Raman R. Gangakhedkar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute
- Correspondence: Raman R. Gangakhedkar, National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR), 73 G Block, MIDC Bhosari, Pune 411026, India (e-mail: )
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Comparative analysis of drug resistance mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase gene in patients who are non-responsive, responsive and naive to antiretroviral therapy. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1101-13. [PMID: 26801790 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2760-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance mutations in the Pol gene of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) are one of the critical factors associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure in HIV-1 patients. The issue of resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) in HIV infection has not been adequately addressed in the Indian subcontinent. We compared HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) gene sequences to identify mutations present in HIV-1 patients who were ART non-responders, ART responders and drug naive. Genotypic drug resistance testing was performed by sequencing a 655-bp region of the RT gene from 102 HIV-1 patients, consisting of 30 ART-non-responding, 35 ART-responding and 37 drug-naive patients. The Stanford HIV Resistance Database (HIVDBv 6.2), IAS-USA mutation list, ANRS_09/2012 algorithm, and Rega v8.02 algorithm were used to interpret the pattern of drug resistance. The majority of the sequences (96 %) belonged to subtype C, and a few of them (3.9 %) to subtype A1. The frequency of drug resistance mutations observed in ART-non-responding, ART-responding and drug-naive patients was 40.1 %, 10.7 % and 20.58 %, respectively. It was observed that in non-responders, multiple mutations were present in the same patient, while in responders, a single mutation was found. Some of the drug-naive patients had more than one mutation. Thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs), however, were found in non-responders and naive patients but not in responders. Although drug resistance mutations were widely distributed among ART non-responders, the presence of resistance mutations in the viruses of drug-naive patients poses a big concern in the absence of a genotyping resistance test.
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HIV multi-drug resistance at first-line antiretroviral failure and subsequent virological response in Asia. J Int AIDS Soc 2014; 17:19053. [PMID: 25141905 PMCID: PMC4139921 DOI: 10.7448/ias.17.1.19053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction First-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure often results from the development of resistance-associated mutations (RAMs). Three patterns, including thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs), 69 Insertion (69Ins) and the Q151M complex, are associated with resistance to multiple-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and may compromise treatment options for second-line ART. Methods We investigated patterns and factors associated with multi-NRTI RAMs at first-line failure in patients from The TREAT Asia Studies to Evaluate Resistance – Monitoring study (TASER-M), and evaluated their impact on virological responses at 12 months after switching to second-line ART. RAMs were compared with the IAS-USA 2013 mutations list. We defined multi-NRTI RAMs as the presence of either Q151M; 69Ins; ≥2 TAMs; or M184V+≥1 TAM. Virological suppression was defined as viral load (VL) <400 copies/ml at 12 months from switch to second-line. Logistic regression was used to analyze (1) factors associated with multi-NRTI RAMs at first-line failure and (2) factors associated with virological suppression after 12 months on second-line. Results A total of 105 patients from 10 sites in Thailand, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines were included. There were 97/105 (92%) patients harbouring ≥1 RAMs at first-line failure, 39/105 with multi-NRTI RAMs: six with Q151M; 24 with ≥2 TAMs; and 32 with M184V+≥1 TAM. Factors associated with multi-NRTI RAMs were CD4 ≤200 cells/µL at genotyping (OR=4.43, 95% CI [1.59–12.37], p=0.004) and ART duration >2 years (OR=6.25, 95% CI [2.39–16.36], p<0.001). Among 87/105 patients with available VL at 12 months after switch to second-line ART, virological suppression was achieved in 85%. The median genotypic susceptibility score (GSS) for the second-line regimen was 2.00. Patients with ART adherence ≥95% were more likely to be virologically suppressed (OR=9.33, 95% CI (2.43–35.81), p=0.001). Measures of patient resistance to second-line ART, including the GSS, were not significantly associated with virological outcome. Conclusions Multi-NRTI RAMs at first-line failure were associated with low CD4 level and longer duration of ART. With many patients switching to highly susceptible regimens, good adherence was still crucial in achieving virological response. This emphasizes the importance of continued adherence counselling well into second-line therapy.
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Ofori LO, Hilimire TA, Bennett RP, Brown NW, Smith HC, Miller BL. High-affinity recognition of HIV-1 frameshift-stimulating RNA alters frameshifting in vitro and interferes with HIV-1 infectivity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:723-32. [PMID: 24387306 PMCID: PMC3954503 DOI: 10.1021/jm401438g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
has an absolute requirement for ribosomal frameshifting during protein
translation in order to produce the polyprotein precursor of the viral
enzymes. While an RNA stem-loop structure (the “HIV-1 Frameshift
Stimulating Signal”, or HIV-1 FSS) controls the frameshift
efficiency and has been hypothesized as an attractive therapeutic
target, developing compounds that selectively bind this RNA and interfere
with HIV-1 replication has proven challenging. Building on our prior
discovery of a “hit” molecule able to bind this stem-loop,
we now report the development of compounds displaying high affinity
for the HIV-1 FSS. These compounds are able to enhance frameshifting
more than 50% in a dual-luciferase assay in human embryonic kidney
cells, and they strongly inhibit the infectivity of pseudotyped HIV-1
virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie O Ofori
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Biochemistry and Biophysics, and §Dermatology, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14642, United States
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Hao PP, Zhang XB, Luo W, Zhou CY, Wen Q, Yang Z, Liu SD, Jiang ZM, Zhou MQ, Jin Q, Ma L. Development of CD8 +
T cells expressing two distinct receptors specific for MTB and HIV-1 peptides. J Cell Mol Med 2013. [PMCID: PMC3823179 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response in individuals co-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and the human immunodeficiency virus (MTB/HIV) gradually deteriorates, particularly in the cellular compartment. Adoptive transfer of functional effector T cells can confer protective immunity to immunodeficient MTB/HIV co-infected recipients. However, few such effector T cells exist in vivo, and their isolation and amplification to sufficient numbers is difficult. Therefore, enhancing immune responses against both pathogens is critical for treating MTB/HIV co-infected patients. One approach is adoptive transfer of T cell receptor (TCR) gene-modified T cells for the treatment of MTB/HIV co-infections because lymphocyte numbers and their functional avidity is significantly increased by TCR gene transfer. To generate bispecific CD8+ T cells, MTB Ag85B199–207 peptide-specific TCRs (MTB/TCR) and HIV-1 Env120–128 peptide-specific TCRs (HIV/TCR) were isolated and introduced into CD8+ T cells simultaneously using a retroviral vector. To avoid mispairing among exogenous and endogenous TCRs, and to improve the function and stability of the introduced TCRs, several strategies were employed, including introducing mutations in the MTB/TCR constant (C) regions, substituting part of the HIV/TCR C regions with CD3ζ, and linking gene segments with three different 2A peptides. Results presented in this report suggest that the engineered T cells possessed peptide-specific specificity resulting in cytokine production and cytotoxic activity. This is the first report describing the generation of engineered T cells specific for two different pathogens and provides new insights into TCR gene therapy for the treatment of immunocompromised MTB/HIV co-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Hao
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Chao-Ying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Su-Dong Liu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Zhen-Min Jiang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Ming-Qian Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Qi Jin
- Institute of Pathogen Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
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