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TE H, A S, A SS, M B, JR R. Visualizing simultaneous eye-hand movements in a MATLAB dashboard. MethodsX 2024; 12:102722. [PMID: 38774686 PMCID: PMC11107337 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Eye-hand coordination (EHC) is crucial to our daily activities, and its underlying mechanisms are being intensely studied. The analysis of simultaneous eye and hand movements can provide valuable insights into EHC, particularly for individuals struggling with dexterous control, such as might be caused by stroke or traumatic brain injuries. Despite advancements in motion-capture and eye tracking technologies, there is currently no automated method for visualizing concurrent eye- and hand-movement data. To address this need, we have developed a MATLAB-based dashboard designed for near instantaneous analysis and visualization of eye and hand-tracking data. This paper introduces the design of the dashboard and presents experimental results obtained from its application, leveraging simulated data inspired by our recent work in stroke. This testing suggests that our solution has the potential to significantly aid in understanding and investigating EHC by providing side-by-side and time-locked comparison of eye/hand movements along with their timing and spatio-temporal errors, offering novel opportunities for research and clinical applications.•Continuous eye movement data is collected throughout the experiment•Continuous hand movement data is collected throughout the experiment•Combine datasets and display time-locked eye-hand data in a single dashboard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson TE
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, NYU Langone Health, 244 E38th St., New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, 222 E40th St., New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Seiple A
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, NYU Langone Health, 244 E38th St., New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Shafiee Sabet A
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, NYU Langone Health, 244 E38th St., New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Beheshti M
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, NYU Langone Health, 244 E38th St., New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Rizzo JR
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, NYU Langone Health, 244 E38th St., New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, 222 E40th St., New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, USA
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, USA
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Tsiakiri A, Christidi F, Tsiptsios D, Vlotinou P, Kitmeridou S, Bebeletsi P, Kokkotis C, Serdari A, Tsamakis K, Aggelousis N, Vadikolias K. Processing Speed and Attentional Shift/Mental Flexibility in Patients with Stroke: A Comprehensive Review on the Trail Making Test in Stroke Studies. Neurol Int 2024; 16:210-225. [PMID: 38392955 PMCID: PMC10893544 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint16010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Trail Making Test (TMT) is one of the most commonly administered tests in clinical and research neuropsychological settings. The two parts of the test (part A (TMT-A) and part B (TMT-B)) enable the evaluation of visuoperceptual tracking and processing speed (TMT-A), as well as divided attention, set-shifting and cognitive flexibility (TMT-B). The main cognitive processes that are assessed using TMT, i.e., processing speed, divided attention, and cognitive flexibility, are often affected in patients with stroke. Considering the wide use of TMT in research and clinical settings since its introduction in neuropsychological practice, the purpose of our review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the use of TMT in stroke patients. We present the most representative studies assessing processing speed and attentional shift/mental flexibility in stroke settings using TMT and applying scoring methods relying on conventional TMT scores (e.g., time-to-complete part A and part B), as well as derived measures (e.g., TMT-(B-A) difference score, TMT-(B/A) ratio score, errors in part A and part B). We summarize the cognitive processes commonly associated with TMT performance in stroke patients (e.g., executive functions), lesion characteristics and neuroanatomical underpinning of TMT performance post-stroke, the association between TMT performance and patients' instrumental activities of daily living, motor difficulties, speech difficulties, and mood statue, as well as their driving ability. We also highlight how TMT can serve as an objective marker of post-stroke cognitive recovery following the implementation of interventions. Our comprehensive review underscores that the TMT stands as an invaluable asset in the stroke assessment toolkit, contributing nuanced insights into diverse cognitive, functional, and emotional dimensions. As research progresses, continued exploration of the TMT potential across these domains is encouraged, fostering a deeper comprehension of post-stroke dynamics and enhancing patient-centered care across hospitals, rehabilitation centers, research institutions, and community health settings. Its integration into both research and clinical practice reaffirms TMT status as an indispensable instrument in stroke-related evaluations, enabling holistic insights that extend beyond traditional neurological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tsiakiri
- Neurology Department, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (A.T.); (F.C.); (P.V.); (S.K.); (P.B.); (K.V.)
| | - Foteini Christidi
- Neurology Department, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (A.T.); (F.C.); (P.V.); (S.K.); (P.B.); (K.V.)
| | - Dimitrios Tsiptsios
- Neurology Department, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (A.T.); (F.C.); (P.V.); (S.K.); (P.B.); (K.V.)
| | - Pinelopi Vlotinou
- Neurology Department, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (A.T.); (F.C.); (P.V.); (S.K.); (P.B.); (K.V.)
| | - Sofia Kitmeridou
- Neurology Department, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (A.T.); (F.C.); (P.V.); (S.K.); (P.B.); (K.V.)
| | - Paschalina Bebeletsi
- Neurology Department, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (A.T.); (F.C.); (P.V.); (S.K.); (P.B.); (K.V.)
| | - Christos Kokkotis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 691 00 Komotini, Greece; (C.K.); (N.A.)
| | - Aspasia Serdari
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Tsamakis
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AB, UK;
| | - Nikolaos Aggelousis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 691 00 Komotini, Greece; (C.K.); (N.A.)
| | - Konstantinos Vadikolias
- Neurology Department, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (A.T.); (F.C.); (P.V.); (S.K.); (P.B.); (K.V.)
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Fooken J, Baltaretu BR, Barany DA, Diaz G, Semrau JA, Singh T, Crawford JD. Perceptual-Cognitive Integration for Goal-Directed Action in Naturalistic Environments. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7511-7522. [PMID: 37940592 PMCID: PMC10634571 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1373-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-world actions require one to simultaneously perceive, think, and act on the surrounding world, requiring the integration of (bottom-up) sensory information and (top-down) cognitive and motor signals. Studying these processes involves the intellectual challenge of cutting across traditional neuroscience silos, and the technical challenge of recording data in uncontrolled natural environments. However, recent advances in techniques, such as neuroimaging, virtual reality, and motion tracking, allow one to address these issues in naturalistic environments for both healthy participants and clinical populations. In this review, we survey six topics in which naturalistic approaches have advanced both our fundamental understanding of brain function and how neurologic deficits influence goal-directed, coordinated action in naturalistic environments. The first part conveys fundamental neuroscience mechanisms related to visuospatial coding for action, adaptive eye-hand coordination, and visuomotor integration for manual interception. The second part discusses applications of such knowledge to neurologic deficits, specifically, steering in the presence of cortical blindness, impact of stroke on visual-proprioceptive integration, and impact of visual search and working memory deficits. This translational approach-extending knowledge from lab to rehab-provides new insights into the complex interplay between perceptual, motor, and cognitive control in naturalistic tasks that are relevant for both basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolande Fooken
- Centre for Neuroscience, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Bianca R Baltaretu
- Department of Psychology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, 35394, Germany
| | - Deborah A Barany
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, and Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Gabriel Diaz
- Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623
| | - Jennifer A Semrau
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713
| | - Tarkeshwar Singh
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - J Douglas Crawford
- Centre for Integrative and Applied Neuroscience, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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Singh T, Rizzo JR, Bonnet C, Semrau JA, Herter TM. Enhanced cognitive interference during visuomotor tasks may cause eye-hand dyscoordination. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:547-558. [PMID: 36625969 PMCID: PMC10416313 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In complex visuomotor tasks, such as cooking, people make many saccades to continuously search for items before and during reaching movements. These tasks require cognitive resources, such as short-term memory and task-switching. Cognitive load may impact limb motor performance by increasing demands on mental processes, but mechanisms remain unclear. The Trail-Making Tests, in which participants sequentially search for and make reaching movements to 25 targets, consist of a simple numeric variant (Trails-A) and a cognitively challenging variant that requires alphanumeric switching (Trails-B). We have previously shown that stroke survivors and age-matched controls make many more saccades in Trails-B, and those increases in saccades are associated with decreases in speed and smoothness of reaching movements. However, it remains unclear how patients with neurological injuries, e.g., stroke, manage progressive increases in cognitive load during visuomotor tasks, such as the Trail-Making Tests. As Trails-B trial progresses, switching between numbers and letters leads to progressive increases in cognitive load. Here, we show that stroke survivors with damage to frontoparietal areas and age-matched controls made more saccades and had longer fixations as they progressed through the 25 alphanumeric targets in Trails-B. Furthermore, when stroke survivors made saccades during reaching movements in Trails-B, their movement speed slowed down significantly. Thus, damage to frontoparietal areas serving cognitive motor functions may cause interference between oculomotor, visual, and limb motor functions, which could lead to significant disruptions in activities of daily living. These findings augment our understanding of the mechanisms that underpin cognitive-motor interference during complex visuomotor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarkeshwar Singh
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, 32 Rec Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - John-Ross Rizzo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cédrick Bonnet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| | - Jennifer A Semrau
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE-19716, USA
| | - Troy M Herter
- Department of Kinesiology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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Batool S, Zafar H, Gilani SA, Ahmad A, Hanif A. Effects of visual scanning exercises in addition to task specific approach on balance and activities of daily livings in post stroke patients with eye movement disorders: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:312. [PMID: 36002795 PMCID: PMC9400241 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired vision is one of the commonest and most disabling consequence following stroke. Among all visual impairments, eye movement disorders are found in 70% of stroke patients which include nystagmus, strabismus, gaze palsies, disconjugate eye movements and cranial nerve palsies. They have a wide ranging impact on balance and activities of daily livings by creating difficulties in maintaining normal alignment and appropriate movement of eyes. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of visual scanning exercises in addition to task specific approach on balance and activities of daily livings in post stroke patients with eye movement disorders. METHODS This study is a randomized controlled trial and was conducted in the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital from May 2019 to October 2020. A sample of 64 patients was recruited and randomly allocated into experimental and control group. 32 patients in experimental group were treated with visual scanning exercises along with task specific approach and 32 patients in control group were treated with task specific approach alone. Pre and post assessment of balance and activities of daily livings was assessed on BERG BALANCE SCALE and BARTHEL INDEX SCALE at baseline and at 4th week. RESULTS Intra-group analysis of BERG BALANCE SCALE in experimental group showed statistically significant result (p < 0.05) in all items except in items 4, 13 and 14 respectively. Intra-group analysis of BERG BALANCE SCALE in control group showed statistically significant result (p < 0.05) in items 3, 5, 8 and 12 respectively, whereas remaining all items showed statistically insignificant result. Intra-group analysis of BARTHEL INDEX SCALE in experimental group showed statistically significant result in all items (p < 0.05) except in items 9 and 10 respectively. Intra-group analysis of BARTHEL INDEX in control group showed statistically significant result (p < 0.05) in items 1, 3, 4 and 8 respectively whereas remaining all items showed statistically insignificant result. Inter-group analysis showed statistically significant result in total scores of BERG BALANCE SCALE (p = 0.000) and BARTHEL INEX SCALE (p = 0.033). CONCLUSION Visual scanning exercises along with task specific approach were found to be more effective in comparison to task specific approach alone. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration number: [IRCT20190717044237N1], trial registration date: 10/11/2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Batool
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Department University Institute of Physical Therapy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamayun Zafar
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Department University Institute of Physical Therapy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Rehabilitation Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Odontology, Clinical Oral Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Syed Amir Gilani
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Directorate of International Linkages, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ashfaq Ahmad
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Department University Institute of Physical Therapy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asif Hanif
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Department University Institute of Physical Therapy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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de Brouwer AJ, Flanagan JR, Spering M. Functional Use of Eye Movements for an Acting System. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:252-263. [PMID: 33436307 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Movements of the eyes assist vision and support hand and body movements in a cooperative way. Despite their strong functional coupling, different types of movements are usually studied independently. We integrate knowledge from behavioral, neurophysiological, and clinical studies on how eye movements are coordinated with goal-directed hand movements and how they facilitate motor learning. Understanding the coordinated control of eye and hand movements can provide important insights into brain functions that are essential for performing or learning daily tasks in health and disease. This knowledge can also inform applications such as robotic manipulation and clinical rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk J de Brouwer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - J Randall Flanagan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Miriam Spering
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Johansson J, Berthold Lindstedt M, Borg K. Vision therapy as part of neurorehabilitation after acquired brain injury - a clinical study in an outpatient setting. Brain Inj 2020; 35:82-89. [PMID: 33297770 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2020.1858495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Oculomotor (OM) functions may be affected by acquired brain injury (ABI). The ability to benefit from rehabilitation or to perform daily activities may be affected by OM dysfunctions and associated symptoms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vision therapy (VT) as part of neurorehabilitation after ABI.Materials and Methods: The study included two groups of outpatients (median 49.5-52.0 years, range 27-67) admitted to neurorehabilitation due to moderate to severe ABI. One group received VT while the other group served as controls to monitor the course of OM dysfunctions without VT.Results: The intervention group showed significant improvements in convergence (Z = 2.26, p = .02), vergence facility (Z = -2.16, p = .03) and vergence reserves (Z = -2.44, p < .01 and t = -4.47, DF = 15, p < .01) along with a significant reduction in vision-related symptoms (Z = 2.97, p < .01).Discussion: We conclude that OM issues were frequent and that targeted VT, as part of neurorehabilitation, can be an efficient treatment resulting in improved functions and reduced symptoms. Further study will be required to understand how improved functions link to performance and satisfaction with everyday activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Johansson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Eye and Vision, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Berthold Lindstedt
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Borg
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Perry CM, Singh T, Springer KG, Harrison AT, McLain AC, Herter TM. Multiple processes independently predict motor learning. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2020; 17:151. [PMID: 33203416 PMCID: PMC7670816 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-020-00766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our ability to acquire, refine and adapt skilled limb movements is a hallmark of human motor learning that allows us to successfully perform many daily activities. The capacity to acquire, refine and adapt other features of motor performance, such as visual search, eye-hand coordination and visuomotor decisions, may also contribute to motor learning. However, the extent to which refinements of multiple behavioral features and their underlying neural processes independently contribute to motor learning remains unknown. In the current study, we used an ethological approach to test the hypothesis that practice-related refinements of multiple behavioral features would be independently predictive of motor learning. Methods Eighteen healthy, young adults used an upper-limb robot with eye-tracking to practice six trials of a continuous, visuomotor task once a week for six consecutive weeks. Participants used virtual paddles to hit away 200 “Targets” and avoid hitting 100 “Distractors” that continuously moved towards them from the back of the workspace. Motor learning was inferred from trial-by-trial acquisition and week-by-week retention of improvements on two measures of task performance related to motor execution and motor inhibition. Adaptations involving underlying neural processes were inferred from trial-by-trial acquisition and week-by-week retention of refinements on measures of skilled limb movement, visual search, eye-hand coordination and visuomotor decisions. We tested our hypothesis by quantifying the extent to which refinements on measures of multiple behavioral features (predictors) were independently predictive of improvements on our two measures of task performance (outcomes) after removing all shared variance between predictors. Results We found that refinements on measures of skilled limb movement, visual search and eye-hand coordination were independently predictive of improvements on our measure of task performance related to motor execution. In contrast, only refinements of eye-hand coordination were independently predictive of improvements on our measure of task performance related to motor inhibition. Conclusion Our results provide indirect evidence that refinements involving multiple, neural processes may independently contribute to motor learning, and distinct neural processes may underlie improvements in task performance related to motor execution and motor inhibition. This also suggests that refinements involving multiple, neural processes may contribute to motor recovery after stroke, and rehabilitation interventions should be designed to produce refinements of all behavioral features that may contribute to motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Perry
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Tarkeshwar Singh
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kayla G Springer
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Adam T Harrison
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Alexander C McLain
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Troy M Herter
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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What’s the Deal With Eye-Hand Coordination Post-stroke? Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 99:968-969. [DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Carr DB, Grover P. The Role of Eye Tracking Technology in Assessing Older Driver Safety. Geriatrics (Basel) 2020; 5:E36. [PMID: 32517336 PMCID: PMC7345272 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics5020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of literature is focused on the use of eye tracking (ET) technology to understand the association between objective visual parameters and higher order brain processes such as cognition. One of the settings where this principle has found practical utility is in the area of driving safety. METHODS We reviewed the literature to identify the changes in ET parameters with older adults and neurodegenerative disease. RESULTS This narrative review provides a brief overview of oculomotor system anatomy and physiology, defines common eye movements and tracking variables that are typically studied, explains the most common methods of eye tracking measurements during driving in simulation and in naturalistic settings, and examines the association of impairment in ET parameters with advanced age and neurodegenerative disease. CONCLUSION ET technology is becoming less expensive, more portable, easier to use, and readily applicable in a variety of clinical settings. Older adults and especially those with neurodegenerative disease may have impairments in visual search parameters, placing them at risk for motor vehicle crashes. Advanced driver assessment systems are becoming more ubiquitous in newer cars and may significantly reduce crashes related to impaired visual search, distraction, and/or fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Carr
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Prateek Grover
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA;
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Herter TM, Scott SH, Dukelow SP. Vision does not always help stroke survivors compensate for impaired limb position sense. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2019; 16:129. [PMID: 31666135 PMCID: PMC6822422 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-019-0596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Position sense is commonly impaired after stroke. Traditional rehabilitation methods instruct patients to visualize their limbs to compensate for impaired position sense. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to evaluate how the use of vision influences impaired position sense. METHODS We examined 177 stroke survivors, an average of 12.7 days (+/- 10 days (SD)) post-stroke, and 133 neurologically-intact controls with a robotic assessment of position sense. The robot positioned one limb (affected) and subjects attempted to mirror-match the position using the opposite limb (unaffected). Subjects completed the test without, then with vision of their limbs. We examined three measures of position sense: variability (Var), contraction/expansion (C/E) and systematic shift (Shift). We classified stroke survivors as having full compensation if they performed the robotic task abnormally without vision but corrected performance within the range of normal with vision. Stroke survivors were deemed to have partial compensation if they performed the task outside the range of normal without and with vision, but improved significantly with vision. Those with absent compensation performed the task abnormally in both conditions and did not improve with vision. RESULTS Many stroke survivors demonstrated impaired position sense with vision occluded [Var: 116 (66%), C/E: 91 (51%), Shift: 52 (29%)]. Of those stroke survivors with impaired position sense, some exhibited full compensation with vision [Var: 23 (20%), C/E: 42 (46%), Shift: 32 (62%)], others showed partial compensation [Var: 37 (32%), C/E: 8 (9%), Shift: 3 (6%)] and many displayed absent compensation (Var: 56 (48%), C/E: 41 (45%), Shift: 17 (33%)]. Stroke survivors with an affected left arm, visuospatial neglect and/or visual field defects were less likely to compensate for impaired position sense using vision. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that vision does not help many stroke survivors compensate for impaired position sense, at least within the current paradigm. This contrasts with historical reports that vision helps compensate for proprioceptive loss following neurologic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy M Herter
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Stephen H Scott
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean P Dukelow
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 1403 29th St NW, Foothills Medical Centre, South Tower-Room 905, Calgary, AB, T2N2T9, Canada.
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