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Virtuoso A, Colangelo AM, Maggio N, Fennig U, Weinberg N, Papa M, De Luca C. The Spatiotemporal Coupling: Regional Energy Failure and Aberrant Proteins in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11304. [PMID: 34768733 PMCID: PMC8583302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial and temporal coordination of each element is a pivotal characteristic of systems, and the central nervous system (CNS) is not an exception. Glial elements and the vascular interface have been considered more recently, together with the extracellular matrix and the immune system. However, the knowledge of the single-element configuration is not sufficient to predict physiological or pathological long-lasting changes. Ionic currents, complex molecular cascades, genomic rearrangement, and the regional energy demand can be different even in neighboring cells of the same phenotype, and their differential expression could explain the region-specific progression of the most studied neurodegenerative diseases. We here reviewed the main nodes and edges of the system, which could be studied to develop a comprehensive knowledge of CNS plasticity from the neurovascular unit to the synaptic cleft. The future goal is to redefine the modeling of synaptic plasticity and achieve a better understanding of neurological diseases, pointing out cellular, subcellular, and molecular components that couple in specific neuroanatomical and functional regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (C.D.L.)
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE-IT, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy;
- Laboratory of Neuroscience “R. Levi-Montalcini”, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (N.M.); (U.F.); (N.W.)
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan 52662, Israel
| | - Uri Fennig
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (N.M.); (U.F.); (N.W.)
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan 52662, Israel
| | - Nitai Weinberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (N.M.); (U.F.); (N.W.)
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan 52662, Israel
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (C.D.L.)
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE-IT, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy;
| | - Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (C.D.L.)
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Reduced macular thickness and macular vessel density in early-treated adult patients with PKU. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 27:100767. [PMID: 34026550 PMCID: PMC8121983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Macular structure is poorly evaluated in early-treated phenylketonuria (ETPKU). To evaluate potential changes, we aimed to examine retinas of PKU patients using optical coherence tomography (OCT) with additional OCT angiography (OCTA) and compare the results to healthy controls. Methods A total of 100 adults were recruited in this monocentric, case-control study: 50 patients with ETPKU (mean age: 30.66 ± 8.00 years) and 50 healthy controls (mean age: 30.45 ± 7.18 years). Macular thickness, vessel density and flow area of the right eye was assessed with spectral domain OCT angiography SD-OCT(A). Macular microstructural data between the ETPKU and control group was compared. In the ETPKU group, the relationship between visual functional parameters (best corrected visual acuity [VA], spherical equivalent [SE], contrast sensitivity [CS] and near stereoacuity) and microstructural alterations was examined. The dependency of OCT(A) values on serum phenylalanine (Phe) level was analysed. Results There was significant average parafoveal and perifoveal total retinal layer thinning in ETPKU patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.016 and p < 0.001, respectively), while the foveal region remained unchanged in the ETPKU group. Whole macular and parafoveal superficial capillary plexus density was significantly decreased in ETPKU compared to controls (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the foveal avascular zone, nonflow area, macular superficial and deep capillary plexus between the groups. The temporal parafoveal inner retinal layer thickness was found to negatively correlate with individual Phe levels (r = -0.35, p = 0.042). There was no difference in vascular density and retinal thickness in the subgroup analysis of patients with good therapy adherence compared to patients on a relaxed diet. Conclusions Durable elevation in Phe levels are only partially associated with macular retinal structural changes. However, therapy adherence might not influence these ophthalmological complications.
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Key Words
- Dopamine
- Macular retinal vessel density
- Macular thickness
- Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography, (OCTA)
- Optical Coherence Tomography, (OCT)
- Optical coherence tomography angiography
- Parkinson's disease, (PD)
- Phenylalanine level
- Phenylalanine, (Phe)
- Phenylketonuria
- Tyrosine, (Tyr)
- aminoacid supplements, (AAS)
- axial length, (AL)
- contrast sensitivity, (CS)
- deep capillary plexus, (DCP)
- diopters, (D)
- dopamine, (DA)
- early treated phenylketonuria, (ETPKU)
- external limiting membrane/inner segment of photoreceptors/outer segment of photoreceptors, (ELM/IS/OS)
- ganglion cell complex, (GCC)
- ganglion cell layer, (GCL)
- inner limiting membrane, (ILM)
- inner nuclear layer, (INL)
- inner plexiform layer, (IPL)
- inner retinal layer, (IRL)
- intraocular pressure, (IOP)
- outer nuclear layer, (ONL)
- outer plexiform layer, (OPL)
- outer retinal layer, (ORL)
- phenylalanine hydroxylase gene, (PAH)
- phenylketonuria, (PKU)
- retinal nerve fiber layer, (RNFL)
- retinal pigment epithelium, (RPE)
- signal strength index, (SSI)
- sine-wave contrast test, (SWCT)
- spectral domain, (SD)
- spherical equivalent, (SE)
- split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography, (SSADA)
- superficial capillary plexus, (SCP)
- tetrahydrobiopterin, (BH4)
- total retinal layer thickness, (TRLT)
- vessel density, (VD)
- visual acuity, (VA)
- visual evoked potential, (VEP)
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Dönmez YE, Özcan ÖÖ, Çankaya C, Berker M, Atas PBU, Güntürkün PN, Ceylan OM. Is contrast sensitivity a physiological marker in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? Med Hypotheses 2020; 145:110326. [PMID: 33075582 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood-onset psychiatric disorders. Although the etiology is complex and has not yet been clarified, dopamine is thought to play a role in the etiology. Methylphenidate (MPH) is a psychostimulant drug used as first-line treatment for ADHD and it inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake transporters. Dopamine also has an effect on retina and contrast sensitivity. Despite evidence indicating the effects of dopamine on contrast sensitivity, the results of studies examining contrast sensitivity in ADHD patients are inconsistent. Also, no studies have been encountered examining the possible effect of MPH on contrast sensitivity. The hypotheses of this study are that children with ADHD who have not used MPH will have lower contrast sensitivity levels than the members of the control group, that contrast sensitivity levels increase after the use of MPH, and that contrast sensitivity is a potential physiological marker for ADHD. The study was conducted with 30 children with ADHD and 30 children without ADHD. Psychiatric evaluations of the participants were conducted with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime-Turkish version, Conner's Parent Rating Scale-Revised Short form and the Turgay DSM-IV-based Child and Adolescent Behavioral Disorders Screening and Rating Scale. Photopic contrast sensitivity was measured using the Functional Acuity Contrast Test (FACT). Results showed that FACT mean values of the control group were significantly higher than those of the ADHD group (pre-treatment) in all spatial frequencies. In four spatial frequencies (CPD 1.5, 3, 12 and 18), the FACT mean values of the control group were significantly higher than the ADHD group (during the OROS-MPH treatment). At all spatial frequencies, the mean values of the ADHD group during the OROS-MPH treatment were significantly higher than before the OROS-MPH treatment. In conclusion, the present study showed that contrast sensitivity is low in children with ADHD and increases significantly after OROS-MPH medication, but still did not reach the levels of the children without ADHD. Our findings suggest that contrast sensitivity may be a potential physiological marker in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Emre Dönmez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Özlem Özel Özcan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Cem Çankaya
- Department of Ophtalmology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Merve Berker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | | | | | - Osman Melih Ceylan
- Department of Ophtalmology, Sağlık Bilimleri University, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Korshunov KS, Blakemore LJ, Trombley PQ. Illuminating and Sniffing Out the Neuromodulatory Roles of Dopamine in the Retina and Olfactory Bulb. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:275. [PMID: 33110404 PMCID: PMC7488387 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, dopamine is well-known as the neuromodulator that is involved with regulating reward, addiction, motivation, and fine motor control. Yet, decades of findings are revealing another crucial function of dopamine: modulating sensory systems. Dopamine is endogenous to subsets of neurons in the retina and olfactory bulb (OB), where it sharpens sensory processing of visual and olfactory information. For example, dopamine modulation allows the neural circuity in the retina to transition from processing dim light to daylight and the neural circuity in the OB to regulate odor discrimination and detection. Dopamine accomplishes these tasks through numerous, complex mechanisms in both neural structures. In this review, we provide an overview of the established and emerging research on these mechanisms and describe similarities and differences in dopamine expression and modulation of synaptic transmission in the retinas and OBs of various vertebrate organisms. This includes discussion of dopamine neurons’ morphologies, potential identities, and biophysical properties along with their contributions to circadian rhythms and stimulus-driven synthesis, activation, and release of dopamine. As dysregulation of some of these mechanisms may occur in patients with Parkinson’s disease, these symptoms are also discussed. The exploration and comparison of these two separate dopamine populations shows just how remarkably similar the retina and OB are, even though they are functionally distinct. It also shows that the modulatory properties of dopamine neurons are just as important to vision and olfaction as they are to motor coordination and neuropsychiatric/neurodegenerative conditions, thus, we hope this review encourages further research to elucidate these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill S Korshunov
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Laura J Blakemore
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Paul Q Trombley
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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Mavilio A, Sisto D, Ferreri P, Dammacco R, Alessio G. RE-PERG, a new paradigm for glaucoma diagnosis, in myopic eyes. Clin Ophthalmol 2019; 13:1315-1322. [PMID: 31440021 PMCID: PMC6664252 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s211337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate reliability of steady-state pattern electroretinogram (ssPERG) phase variability in re-test (procedure called RE-PERG) in the presence of myopia, which is known to affect ssPERG amplitude, in glaucomatous patients (GP), normal controls (NC), and myopic patients (MY). Methods The procedure was performed on 50 GP, 35 NC, and 19 MY. All subjects were examined with RE-PERG, spectral-domain coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and standard automated perimetry (SAP). Standard deviation of phase (ssPERG SDph) and mean amplitude value (ssPERG Amp) of second harmonic (2ndH) were correlated, by means of one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation, with mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD) assessed by SAP and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness assessed by SD-OCT. Receiving operating characteristics were calculated in cohort populations with and without myopia. Results GP showed significant differences from the control group for MD, PSD, RNFL, GCC, ssPERG Amp, and ssPERG SDph; GP also showed significant differences from the MY group for all the parameters except for ssPERG Amp, which is reduced in both groups. In GP group, ssPERG Amp showed a specificity of 82.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]I: 66.5–92.5). In MY group, ssPERG Amp was reduced in 58% of the patients. As a consequence of this, in GP and MY groups, considered as a whole, total specificity dropped to 70.69% (95% CI: 57.3–81.9). In the GP group, ssPERG SDph showed a specificity of 84.6% (95% CI: 69.5–91.1). In both GP and MY groups, considered as a whole, ssPERG SDph total specificity increased from 84.6% to 93.1% (95% CI: 83.3–98.1). Conclusion Intrinsic phase variability of ssPERG is not influenced by myopia, even in the presence of fundus alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mavilio
- Social Health District, Glaucoma Center, Azienda Sanitaria Locale, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Dario Sisto
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Ferreri
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Dammacco
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Alessio
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Roy S, Field GD. Dopaminergic modulation of retinal processing from starlight to sunlight. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 140:86-93. [PMID: 31109761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulators such as dopamine, enable context-dependent plasticity of neural circuit function throughout the central nervous system. For example, in the retina, dopamine tunes visual processing for daylight and nightlight conditions. Specifically, high levels of dopamine release in the retina tune vision for daylight (photopic) conditions, while low levels tune it for nightlight (scotopic) conditions. This review covers the cellular and circuit-level mechanisms within the retina that are altered by dopamine. These mechanisms include changes in gap junction coupling and ionic conductances, both of which are altered by the activation of diverse types of dopamine receptors across diverse types of retinal neurons. We contextualize the modulatory actions of dopamine in terms of alterations and optimizations to visual processing under photopic and scotopic conditions, with particular attention to how they differentially impact distinct cell types. Finally, we discuss how transgenic mice and disease models have shaped our understanding of dopaminergic signaling and its role in visual processing. Cumulatively, this review illustrates some of the diverse and potent mechanisms through which neuromodulation can shape brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suva Roy
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Greg D Field
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Guo L, Normando EM, Shah PA, De Groef L, Cordeiro MF. Oculo-visual abnormalities in Parkinson's disease: Possible value as biomarkers. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1390-1406. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
| | - Eduardo M. Normando
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
- Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust; London UK
- Imperial College Ophthalmology Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London; London UK
| | - Parth Arvind Shah
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
| | - Lies De Groef
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - M. Francesca Cordeiro
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
- Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust; London UK
- Imperial College Ophthalmology Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London; London UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article discusses visual disorders in both Parkinson disease (PD) and other Parkinsonian disorders. It is organized largely by the anatomical site of pathology and emphasizes practical treatments. Targeted treatment options include medications, surgery, occupational, and physical therapies as well as optical aids. RECENT FINDINGS The causes of visual complaints in Parkinson disease and other similar disorders are being more clearly identified. A new medication approved specifically to treat hallucinations in PD now is available. There is increased understanding of the important role that an ophthalmologist can play in the care of these patients. Finally, research and therapeutic development are unmet needs in accessing and treating visual complaints in PD and Parkinsonian disorders. A better understanding of Parkinson-related visual complaints and of available treatment options is important to optimize patient safety and quality of life. Vision impairment leads to difficulties in many common activities including reading, ambulating, and driving. Falls and injuries, made more likely because of impaired vision, result in an early loss of independence. Awareness of the problem, patient education, ophthalmologic care, selected therapeutics, physical therapy, and occupational therapy are crucial to maximizing quality of life in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Savitt
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street 3rd Floor, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Michaela Mathews
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ding X, Liu W, Zhang J, Zhao L. A method and system to simulate human electrophysiological activity. Technol Health Care 2017; 25:167-175. [DOI: 10.3233/thc-171319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ding
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenli Liu
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyan Zhang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
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Bonilha VL, Bell BA, Rayborn ME, Samuels IS, King A, Hollyfield JG, Xie C, Cai H. Absence of DJ-1 causes age-related retinal abnormalities in association with increased oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 104:226-237. [PMID: 28088625 PMCID: PMC5328840 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress alters physiological function in most biological tissues and can lead to cell death. In the retina, oxidative stress initiates a cascade of events leading to focal loss of RPE and photoreceptors, which is thought to be a major contributing factor to geographic atrophy. Despite these implications, the molecular regulation of RPE oxidative stress under normal and pathological conditions remains largely unknown. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in regulating RPE and photoreceptors oxidative stress response is greatly needed. To this end we evaluated photoreceptor and RPE changes in mice deficient in DJ-1, a protein that is thought to be important in protecting cells from oxidative stress. Young (3 months) and aged (18 months) DJ-1 knockout (DJ-1 KO) and age-matched wild-type mice were examined. In both group of aged mice, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) showed the presence of a few autofluorescent foci. The 18 month-old DJ-1 KO retinas were also characterized by a noticeable increase in RPE fluorescence to wild-type. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging demonstrated that all retinal layers were present in the eyes of both DJ-1 KO groups. ERG comparisons showed that older DJ-1 KO mice had reduced sensitivity under dark- and light-adapted conditions compared to age-matched control. Histologically, the RPE contained prominent vacuoles in young DJ-1 KO group with the appearance of enlarged irregularly shaped RPE cells in the older group. These were also evident in OCT and in whole mount RPE/choroid preparations labeled with phalloidin. Photoreceptors in the older DJ-1 KO mice displayed decreased immunoreactivity to rhodopsin and localized reduction in cone markers compared to the wild-type control group. Lower levels of activated Nrf2 were evident in retina/RPE lysates in both young and old DJ-1 KO mouse groups compared to wild-type control levels. Conversely, higher levels of protein carbonyl derivatives and iNOS immunoreactivity were detected in retina/RPE lysates from both young and old DJ-1 KO mice. These results demonstrate that DJ-1 KO mice display progressive signs of retinal/RPE degeneration in association with higher levels of oxidative stress markers. Collectively this analysis indicates that DJ-1 plays an important role in protecting photoreceptors and RPE from oxidative damage during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Bonilha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Brent A Bell
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mary E Rayborn
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ivy S Samuels
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Anna King
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Joe G Hollyfield
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Chengsong Xie
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Mavilio A, Sisto D, Ferreri P, Cardascia N, Alessio G. RE-PERG, a new procedure for electrophysiologic diagnosis of glaucoma that may improve PERG specificity. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 11:209-218. [PMID: 28176965 PMCID: PMC5271393 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s122706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A significant variability of the second harmonic (2ndH) phase of steady-state pattern electroretinogram (SS-PERG) in intrasession retest has been recently described in glaucoma patients (GP), which has not been found in healthy subjects. To evaluate the reliability of phase variability in retest (a procedure called RE-PERG or REPERG) in the presence of cataract, which is known to affect standard PERG, we tested this procedure in GP, normal controls (NC), and cataract patients (CP). METHODS The procedure was performed on 50 GP, 35 NC, and 27 CP. All subjects were examined with RE-PERG and SS-PERG and also with spectral domain optical coherence tomography and standard automated perimetry. Standard deviation of phase and amplitude value of 2ndH were correlated by means of one-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation, with the mean deviation and pattern standard deviation assessed by standard automated perimetry and retinal nerve fiber layer and the ganglion cell complex thickness assessed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Receiver operating characteristics were calculated in cohort populations with and without cataract. RESULTS Standard deviation of phase of 2ndH was significantly higher in GP with respect to NC (P<0.001) and CP (P<0.001), and it correlated with retinal nerve fiber layer (r=-0.5, P<0.001) and ganglion cell complex (r=-0.6, P<0.001) defects in GP. Receiver operating characteristic evaluation showed higher specificity of RE-PERG (86.4%; area under the curve 0.93) with respect to SS-PERG (54.5%; area under the curve 0.68) in CP. CONCLUSION RE-PERG may improve the specificity of SS-PERG in clinical practice in the discrimination of GP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mavilio
- Social Health District, Glaucoma Center, Azienda Sanitaria Locale, Brindisi
| | - Dario Sisto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Ferreri
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Cardascia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Alessio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Miri S, Glazman S, Mylin L, Bodis-Wollner I. A combination of retinal morphology and visual electrophysiology testing increases diagnostic yield in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 22 Suppl 1:S134-7. [PMID: 26414119 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired vision and remodeled foveal pit have been demonstrated in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients using different techniques. METHODS Ten PD (20 eyes) and eight healthy controls (HC) subjects (16 eyes) were enrolled. Subjects were evaluated for N70 and P100 latencies using two-channel VEP with pattern reversal and on/off pattern; Contrast sensitivity (CS) using Pelli-Robson chart; macular thickness measured using Zeiss-HD optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS PD patients had a significantly delayed N70 (reversal pattern) and P100 (on/off pattern), lower CS score, and decreased retinal thickness at temporal 1.5-2.5 mm from the foveola. N70 latency was negatively correlated with CS (R = -0.419, P = 0.01) and average GCL-IPL thickness (R = -0.529, P = 0.001). CS was positively correlated with parafoveal thickness (R = 0.490, P = 0.002). A combination of parafoveal thickness and CS score yielded an AUC of 0.784 for PD discrimination which increased to 0.844 when combined with N70 and P100 measures. CONCLUSION A combination of pattern reversal VEP latency, CS score, and inner retinal foveal thickness measures has a high diagnostic yield for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Miri
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, MSC 1213, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Sofya Glazman
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, MSC 1213, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Leland Mylin
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, MSC 1213, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Ivan Bodis-Wollner
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, MSC 1213, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, MSC 1213, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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Can Variability of Pattern ERG Signal Help to Detect Retinal Ganglion Cells Dysfunction in Glaucomatous Eyes? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:571314. [PMID: 26167489 PMCID: PMC4475748 DOI: 10.1155/2015/571314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate variability of steady-state pattern electroretinogram (SS-PERG) signal in normal, suspected, and glaucomatous eyes. Methods. Twenty-one subjects with suspected glaucoma due to disc abnormalities (GS), 37 patients with early glaucoma (EG), and 24 normal control (NC) were tested with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), standard automated perimetry (SAP), and SS-PERG. Mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and ganglionar complex cells (GCC) were evaluated. The SS-PERG was recorded five consecutive times and the amplitude and phase of second harmonic were measured. PERG amplitude and coefficient of variation of phase (CVphase) were recorded, and correlation with structural and functional parameters of disease, by means of one-way ANOVA and Pearson's correlation, was analysed. Results. PERG amplitude was reduced, as expression of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) dysfunction, in EG patients and GS subjects compared to NC patients (P < 0.0001). CVphase was significantly increased in EG patients and GS subjects, compared to healthy (P < 0.0001), and it was also correlated with PSD (P = 0.0009), GCC (P = 0.028), and RNFL (P = 0.0078) only in EG patients. Conclusions. Increased intrasession variability of phase in suspected glaucomatous eyes may be a sign of RGCs dysfunction.
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Müller AK, Blasberg C, Südmeyer M, Aktas O, Albrecht P. Photoreceptor layer thinning in parkinsonian syndromes. Mov Disord 2014; 29:1222-3. [PMID: 24925731 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Müller
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Pescosolido N, Stefanucci A, Buomprisco G, Fazio S. Amblyopia treatment strategies and new drug therapies. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2014; 51:78-86. [PMID: 24410693 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20130107-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Amblyopia is a unilateral or bilateral reduction of visual acuity secondary to abnormal visual experience during early childhood. It is one of the most common causes of vision loss and monocular blindness and is commonly associated with strabismus, anisometropia, and visual deprivation (in particular congenital cataract and ptosis). It is clinically defined as a two-line difference of best-corrected visual acuity between the eyes. The purpose of this study was to understand the neural mechanisms of amblyopia and summarize the current therapeutic strategies. In particular, the authors focused on the concept of brain plasticity and its implication for new treatment strategies for children and adults with amblyopia.
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16
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Bessinis DP, Dalla C, Kokras N, Pitychoutis PM, Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z. Sex-dependent neurochemical effects of environmental enrichment in the visual system. Neuroscience 2013; 254:130-40. [PMID: 24042032 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in the visual system have been reported in aspects of human vision, such as color perception, peripheral vision and even in the activation of the primary visual cortex. Similarly sex differences have been identified in the visual system of laboratory animals such as monkeys and rats. On the other hand, environmental enrichment (EE) has long been known to affect visual tissues. Taking into consideration the variation in the experimental approaches concerning EE and the sex differences in the visual system, we investigated in male and female rats the serotonergic and dopaminergic effects of EE in the retina and the visual cortex at different time points (i.e. P0-25, P0-P90 and P90-P150). Early EE in adulthood increased the serotonergic activity of the male visual cortex and the female retina (P0-P90). In addition early enrichment (P0-P90) increased dopaminergic activity in the female retina and in the visual cortex of both sexes. Late enrichment increased the serotonergic activity in the retina and visual cortex of both sexes (P90-P150), but increased the dopaminergic activity in the visual cortex only in male animals. In the present study we expose marked sex differences in the neurochemistry of visual tissues and we demonstrate for the first time that EE can in fact modify the serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission in the retina and visual cortex. Overall, the present study underpins the sex-dependent neurochemical status of the visual system and provides insights into the different mechanisms underlying visual processing in the two sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Bessinis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
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17
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Hosoya KI, Tachikawa M. The Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4711-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Alexander GE. Biology of Parkinson's disease: pathogenesis and pathophysiology of a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22033559 PMCID: PMC3181806 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2004.6.3/galexander] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder. The characteristic motor impairments - bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor - result from degenerative loss of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra, and are responsive to symptomatic treatment with dopaminergic medications and functional neurosurgery. PD is also the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Viewed from this perspective, PD is a disorder of multiple functional systems, not simply the motor system, and of multiple neurotransmitter systems, not merely that of DA. The characteristic pathology - intraneuronal Lewy body inclusions and reduced numbers of surviving neurons - is similar in each of the targeted neuron groups, suggesting a common neurodegenerative process. Pathological and experimental studies indicate that oxidative stress, proteolytic stress, and inflammation figure prominently in the pathogenesis of PD. Yet, whether any of these mechanisms plays a causal role in human PD is unknown, because to date we have no proven neuroprotective therapies that slow or reverse disease progression in patients with PD. We are beginning to understand the pathophysiology of motor dysfunction in PD, but its etiopathogenesis as a neurodegenerative disorder remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett E Alexander
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga, USA
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19
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Fornaro M, Bandini F, Ogliastro C, Cordano C, Martino M, Cestari L, Escelsior A, Rocchi G, Colicchio S, Perugi G. Electroretinographic assessment in major depressed patients receiving duloxetine: might differences between responders and non-responders indicate a differential biological background? J Affect Disord 2011; 135:154-9. [PMID: 21820182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite intense research efforts, still too little is known about the biological determinants of depression, thus soliciting diverse study approaches. Among others, the electroretinography (ERG) has been proposed even as a putative proxy (retinal) measurement of central dopaminergic activity for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) both in drug-naïve patients and subjects receiving antidepressant treatments. Nonetheless, current evidences are merely preliminary, essentially considering just older classes of antidepressants, thus requiring confirmation studies even with newer agents as duloxetine. METHOD Twenty MDD subjects and 20 matched controls received duloxetine 60 mg/day for 12 weeks, being monitored both by standard ERG recording and by administration of the Hamilton scales for Depression and Anxiety and the Young Mania Rating Scale at baseline and week 12 (end of the study). RESULTS ERG mean rod b-wave amplitude significantly reduced from baseline to week 12 in those depressed subjects achieving final response (p=.024), decreasing from the highest rank values to the ones, substantially unmodified, seen among non-responders and controls. LIMITATIONS Small sample size and lack of multiple assessments. CONCLUSIONS At least some MDD patients responding to duloxetine might exhibit a peculiar ERG pattern, hypothetically indicating a specific biological background. If confirmed by larger-sampled studies, these results might shed further light in the understanding of the biological determinants of different subtypes of depression, ideally showing alternative patterns of response upon different treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fornaro
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics - Section of Psychiatry, University of Genova, Italy.
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20
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Ozsoy O, Tanriover G, Derin N, Uysal N, Demir N, Gemici B, Kencebay C, Yargicoglu P, Agar A, Aslan M. The Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Visual Evoked Potentials in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease: The Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Nuclear Factor Kappa-B. Neurotox Res 2011; 20:250-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 12/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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Lipophilicity and Transporter Influence on Blood-Retinal Barrier Permeability: A Comparison with Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability. Pharm Res 2010; 27:2715-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Yamamoto A, Akanuma SI, Tachikawa M, Hosoya KI. Involvement of LAT1 and LAT2 in the high- and low-affinity transport of L-leucine in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19 cells). J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:2475-82. [PMID: 19890975 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
System L, which is encoded by LAT1 and LAT2, is an amino acid transport system that transports neutral amino acids, including several essential amino acids in an Na+-independent manner. Due to its broad substrate selectivity, system L has been proposed to mediate the transport of amino-acid-related drugs across the blood-tissue barriers. We characterized L-leucine transport and its corresponding transporter in a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19 cells) as an in vitro model of the outer blood-retinal barrier. [3H]L-leucine uptake by ARPE-19 cells took place in an Na+-, Cl(-)-independent and saturable manner with K(m) values of 8.71 and 220 microM. This process was more potently cis-inhibited by substrates of LAT1 than those of LAT2. [3H]L-leucine efflux from ARPE-19 cells was trans-stimulated by substrates of LAT1 and LAT2 through the obligatory exchange mechanism of system L. Although RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that LAT1 and LAT2 mRNA are expressed in ARPE-19 cells, the LAT1 mRNA concentration is 42-fold higher than that of LAT2. Moreover, immunoblot analysis demonstrated that LAT1 is expressed in ARPE-19 cells. In conclusion, although the transport function of LAT1 is greater than that of LAT2, LAT1 and LAT2 are involved in L-leucine transport in ARPE-19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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23
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Bartgis J, Lefler EK, Hartung CM, Thomas DG. Contrast sensitivity in children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Dev Neuropsychol 2010; 34:663-82. [PMID: 20183726 DOI: 10.1080/87565640902964474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine regulation may play a role in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Visual contrast sensitivity has been proposed as a measure of retinal dopamine that may predict frontal lobe dopamine levels. Individuals with disorders involving dopamine dysregulation (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Phenylketonuria) have shown poor contrast sensitivity. In this study, 110 6- to 13-year-old children with and without ADHD completed a task measuring visual contrast sensitivity. As predicted, contrast sensitivity was significantly worse in children with ADHD-Combined Type than controls. Contrast sensitivity was significantly correlated with inattention and hyperactivity. However, unlike many neuropsychological studies of ADHD, only hyperactivity accounted for unique variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jami Bartgis
- National Council on Urban Indian Health, Washington, DC, USA
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24
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Tomi M, Hosoya KI. The role of blood–ocular barrier transporters in retinal drug disposition: an overview. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:1111-24. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2010.486401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Djaldetti R, Lev N, Melamed E. Lesions outside the CNS in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2009; 24:793-800. [PMID: 19224610 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is not a simple movement disorder induced just by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Apparently, the substantia nigra is not the only or the first brain region damaged in PD. Moreover, older and recent studies have shown that the degenerative process in PD is much more extensive and affects not only the central nervous system (CNS) but also the peripheral autonomic nervous system and the organs outside the brain that the latter innervates. These include mainly the gastrointestinal tract, the heart, kidneys, urogenital system, and skin. Additional extra-CNS organs that are involved in PD include the eye and the adrenal gland. This article reviews the anatomical, physiological, and clinical features of extracerebral manifestations of PD, and describes their relevance to the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease. It establishes this illness as a systemic CNS and peripheral disorder that warrants new hypotheses regarding its causation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Djaldetti
- Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva, Israel.
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26
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Inner blood-retinal barrier transporters: role of retinal drug delivery. Pharm Res 2009; 26:2055-65. [PMID: 19568694 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The inner blood-retinal barrier (inner BRB) forms complex tight junctions of retinal capillary endothelial cells to prevent the free diffusion of substances between the circulating blood and the neural retina. Thus, understanding of the inner BRB transport mechanisms could provide a basis for the development of strategies for drug delivery to the retina. Recent progress in inner BRB research has revealed that retinal endothelial cells express a variety of unique transporters which play a role in the influx transport of essential molecules and the efflux transport of xenobiotics. In this review we focus on the transport mechanism at the inner BRB in relation to its importance in influencing the inner BRB permeability of drugs.
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Ferrarin M, Rabuffetti M, Tettamanti M, Pignatti R, Mauro A, Albani G. Effect of optical flow versus attentional strategy on gait in Parkinson's Disease: a study with a portable optical stimulating device. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2008; 5:3. [PMID: 18205903 PMCID: PMC2265292 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have demonstrated the capability of PD subjects to improve gait if appropriate visual cues are provided. Possible explanations referred to attentional factors and to the presence of optic flow on peripheral vision. The aim of the present study was to evaluate separately these two mechanisms in a group of fifteen subjects with Parkinson's Disease at different stages and in a group of ten age-matched controls. Methods A microprocessor-controlled portable device implementing two different optical stimulation modalities has been used: bilateral continuous optic flow and unilateral reciprocal optical stimulus that is synchronized to the swing phase of gait. The latter allowed for the implementation of an attentional strategy. Results Results showed that mild PD subjects (H&Y<= 2) are responsive to forward oriented optic flow which produces an increment of gait cadence (+ 7.8%) and velocity (+ 8.1%) (p < 0.05), while PD subjects at more advanced stages (H&Y>2) tend to be more responsive to the attentional strategy, through an increase of stride length (+ 19.8%) and a compensatory decrease of cadence (- 16.2%). Conclusion Although stated with caution due to the limited number of considered subjects, a possible descriptive model explaining the above findings is proposed, which correlates the different responsiveness to visual stimulation strategies with the progression of pathology and the consequent changes on the activation levels of the involved motor and associative areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Ferrarin
- Polo Tecnologico, IRCCS S, Maria Nascente, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, via Capecelatro, 66 - 20148 Milano, Italy.
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Fan SF, Yazulla S. Reciprocal inhibition of voltage-gated potassium currents (IK(V)) by activation of cannabinoid CB1and dopamine D1receptors in ON bipolar cells of goldfish retina. Vis Neurosci 2005; 22:55-63. [PMID: 15842741 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523805221089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB1receptor (viaGs) and dopamine D2receptor (viaGi/o) antagonistically modulate goldfish cone membrane currents. As ON bipolar cells have CB1and D1receptors, but not D2receptors, we focused on whether CB1receptor agonist and dopamine interact to modulate voltage-dependent outward membrane K+currentsIK(V)of the ON mixed rod/cone (Mb) bipolar cells. Whole-cell currents were recorded from Mb bipolar cells in goldfish retinal slices. Mb bipolar cells were identified by intracellular filling with Lucifer yellow. The bath solution was calcium-free and contained 1 mM cobalt to block indirect calcium-dependent effects. Dopamine (10 μM) consistently increasedIK(V)by a factor of 1.57 ± 0.12 (S.E.M.,n= 15). A CB receptor agonist, WIN 55212-2 (0.25–1 μM), had no effect, but 4 μM WIN 55212-2 suppressedIK(V)by 60%. IfIK(V)was first increased by 10 μM dopamine, application of WIN 55212-2 (0.25–1 μM) reversibly blocked the effect of dopamine even though these concentrations of WIN 55212-2 had no effect of their own. If WIN 55212-2 was applied first and dopamine (10 μM) was added to the WIN-containing solution, 0.1 μM WIN 55212-2 blocked the effect of dopamine. All effects of WIN 55212-2 were blocked by coapplication of SR 141716A (CB1antagonist) and pretreatment with pertussis toxin (blocker of Gi/o) indicating actionviaCB1receptor activation of G protein Gi/o. Coactivation of CB1and D1receptors on Mb bipolar cells produces reciprocal effects onIK(V). The CB1-evoked suppression ofIK(V)is mediated by G protein Gi/o, whereas the D1-evoked enhancement is mediated by G protein Gs. As dopamine is a retinal “light” signal, these data support our notion that endocannabinoids function as a “dark” signal, interacting with dopamine to set retinal sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Fang Fan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA
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Laatu S, Revonsuo A, Pihko L, Portin R, Rinne JO. Visual object recognition deficits in early Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2004; 10:227-33. [PMID: 15120097 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2003] [Revised: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the visual perception deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD) has remained unclear. The present study explored whether there emerge deficits in the different stages of visual object recognition in early PD. Twenty-eight patients and 14 healthy controls were studied. A set of reaction time tasks were applied to measure the different stages of object recognition. The results indicate some selective problems in both basic perceptual and semantic visual processing at an early stage of cognitive deterioration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Laatu
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Turku, Assistenkatu 7, 20014, University of Turku, Finland.
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Sartucci F, Orlandi G, Lucetti C, Bonuccelli U, Murri L, Orsini C, Porciatti V. Changes in Pattern Electroretinograms to Equiluminant Red-Green and Blue-Yellow Gratings in Patients with Early Parkinson’s Disease. J Clin Neurophysiol 2003; 20:375-81. [PMID: 14701999 DOI: 10.1097/00004691-200309000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), the luminance pattern electroretinogram (PERG) is reported to be abnormal, indicating dysfunction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). To determine the vulnerability of different subpopulations of RGCs in PD patients, the authors recorded the PERG to stimuli of chromatic (red-green [R-G] and blue-yellow [B-Y]) and achromatic (yellow-black [Y-Bk]) contrast, known to emphasize the contribution of parvocellular, koniocellular, and magnocellular RGCs, respectively. Subjects were early PD patients (n = 12; mean age, 60.1 +/- 8.3 years; range, 46 to 74 years) not undergoing treatment with levodopa and age-sex-matched controls (n = 12). Pattern electroretinograms were recorded monocularly in response to equiluminant R-G, B-Y, and Y-Bk horizontal gratings of 0.3 c/deg and 90% contrast, reversed at 1Hz, and presented at a viewing distance of 24 cm (59.2 x 59 degree field). In PD patients, the PERG amplitude was significantly reduced (by 40 to 50% on average) for both chromatic and luminance stimuli. Pattern electroretinogram latency was significantly delayed (by about 15 ms) for B-Y stimuli only. Data indicate that, in addition to achromatic PERGs, chromatic PERGs are altered in PD before levodopa therapy. Overall, chromatic PERGs to B-Y equiluminant stimuli exhibited the largest changes. Data are consistent with previous findings in PD, showing that visual evoked potentials (VEP) to B-Y chromatic stimuli are more delayed than VEPs to R-G and achromatic stimuli. The results suggest that the koniocellular subpopulation of RGCs may be particularly vulnerable in early stages of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Sartucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Braverman ER, Blum K. P300 (Latency) Event-Related Potential: An Accurate Predictor of Memory Impairment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 34:124-39. [PMID: 14521274 DOI: 10.1177/155005940303400306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To determine if P300 latency changes precede and correlate with memory and mental status, patients (N=1506 aged 20–100 years) who received medical and psychiatric diagnoses (from 1997 to 2002), were assessed for P300 (N=1496), WMS-III (N=694), and MMSE (N=456). Patient and control groups included, a) normal WMS-III on all 4 subscales (N=36), b) normal WMS-III and MMSE (N=189) with subjective memory/mental status complaints, and c) medical patients with normal WMS-III and no memory complaints (N=205), and d) P300 control group without medical, psychiatric or memory problems for ROC. Patients with impaired/borderline memory had a prolonged P300 latency (P<0.02) compared to age matched non-impaired controls; in patients with normal WMS-III/MMSE, with subjective mild memory/mental status impairment, P300 latency was prolonged compared to controls (P=0.0004). The P300 latency increased by 0.72ms per year (P=7.9×10−65) and voltage decreased by 0.03dV per year (P=6.7×10−10), and both parameters were linearly correlated with the age of the subjects. Male subjects had an average voltage of 6.1dV and female 6.8dV(P=0.00009). Statistically, prolonged latency began at age range 41–50 (P=0.0002); reduced P300 voltage began at age range 51–60 (P=0.003). WMS-III memory decline for all measures began in females at age range 61–70 (P value at least=0.02) and for males at age range 61–80 (P=0.02). Prolonged P300 latency (P≤0.0001) and memory impairment (at least <0.02) were greater for females than males. MMSE memory decline, male and female, began at age range 81–90 (P value of at least 0.00007). In our logistic regression model P300 latency was more predictive of WMS-III impairment than MMSE >24. In patients whose WMS-III score is impaired ≤69, or borderline ≤79 (P at least =0.004), a P300 latency more prolonged than the norm (≥300 + 30 + Age) identifies these patients, whereas a MMSE >24 failed. With the ROC curve, we confirmed that P300 latency could accurately identify borderline/impaired memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Braverman
- Path Medical Clinics and Research Foundation, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Sener HO, Akbostanci MC, Yücesan C, Dora B, Selçuki D. Visual evoked potentials in Parkinson's disease-correlation with clinical involvement. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2001; 103:147-50. [PMID: 11532553 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-8467(01)00130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A total of 18 patients with Parkinson's disease were evaluated clinically and by transient checker-board VEP study. There were significant differences between bradykinesia (P<0.01), rigidity (P<0.02), and tremor (P<0.05) subscores of the more and less severely affected sides. There were no asymmetry of VEP latency or amplitude between the more and less severely affected sides by stimulation of the corresponding eye. There were no significant correlations between the VEP latency or amplitude and any of the clinical features except the bradykinesia scores. The bradykinesia scores on the more severely involved side (r: 0.57; P=0.014) and less severely involved side (r: 0.82; P=0.00003) showed medium to high degree positive correlations with VEP amplitudes by stimulation of the corresponding eye. By studying monocular fullfield responses our data can only suggest that there is no prechiasmal asymmetry. The positive correlation between the VEP amplitude and bradykinesia score might indicate that D2 receptors dominate in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Sener
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Wszolek ZK, Lagerlund TD, Steg RE, McManis PG. Clinical neurophysiologic findings in patients with rapidly progressive familial parkinsonism and dementia with pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1998; 107:213-22. [PMID: 9803952 DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4694(98)00064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present clinical electrophysiologic studies performed on the pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND) family linked to chromosome 17q21-22. METHODS Nine patients from this kindred were studied with 11 electroencephalograms (EEGs), 4 electroencephalographic background frequency analysis (BFA) studies, 4 electromyographic recordings (EMGs) including nerve conduction studies (NCSs), 4 electromyographic multichannel surface recordings (MSRs), one pattern visual evoked potential (VEP) study and one median nerve somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) study. RESULTS EEGs revealed normal findings early in the disease and diffuse slowing which became more prominent with disease progression. BFA studies demonstrated rapid decrease in mean parietal frequencies with disease progression. EMGs and NCSs showed no abnormalities. MSRs revealed action myoclonus and a dystonic process. Long loop reflexes were absent in resting hand muscles. VEPs and SEPs were normal. CONCLUSIONS Clinical neurophysiologic studies were consistent with a cortical and subcortical degenerative process. With clinical deterioration, there is a progressive decline in the mean parietal frequency and background rhythms. Tremor studies were consistent with action myoclonus and a dystonic process and did not show parkinsonian features of resting tremor or agonist-antagonist cocontraction. There was no evidence of peripheral nerve involvement or slowing in central sensory pathways. Electrophysiologic findings are characteristic for this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z K Wszolek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-2045, USA
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