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Shen LP, Zhang WC, Deng JR, Qi ZH, Lin ZW, Wang ZD. Advances in the mechanism of small nucleolar RNA and its role in DNA damage response. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:53. [PMID: 39118131 PMCID: PMC11308251 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) were previously regarded as a class of functionally conserved housekeeping genes, primarily involved in the regulation of ribosome biogenesis by ribosomal RNA (rRNA) modification. However, some of them are involved in several biological processes via complex molecular mechanisms. DNA damage response (DDR) is a conserved mechanism for maintaining genomic stability to prevent the occurrence of various human diseases. It has recently been revealed that snoRNAs are involved in DDR at multiple levels, indicating their relevant theoretical and clinical significance in this field. The present review systematically addresses four main points, including the biosynthesis and classification of snoRNAs, the mechanisms through which snoRNAs regulate target molecules, snoRNAs in the process of DDR, and the significance of snoRNA in disease diagnosis and treatment. It focuses on the potential functions of snoRNAs in DDR to help in the discovery of the roles of snoRNAs in maintaining genome stability and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Shen
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jia-Rong Deng
- Graduate Collaborative Training Base of Academy of Military Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Qi
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhong-Wu Lin
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhi-Dong Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
- Graduate Collaborative Training Base of Academy of Military Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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Gao L, Fan J, He J, Che X, Wang X, Han C. Small Nucleolar RNAs as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2024; 23:15330338241245939. [PMID: 38752263 PMCID: PMC11102679 DOI: 10.1177/15330338241245939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) form clusters within the genome, representing a mysterious category of small non-coding RNAs. Research has demonstrated that aberrant snoRNAs can contribute to the development of various types of cancers. Recent studies have identified snoRNAs as potentially valuable biomarkers for the diagnosis or/and prognosis of cancers. However, there has been a lack of comprehensive reviews on prognostic and diagnostic snoRNAs across different types of cancers. METHODS We conducted a systematic search of various databases including Google Scholar, Medline, Cochrane, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, Ovid-Medline, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang, and SinoMed with a time frame reception to December 30, 2022. A total of 49 relevant articles were included in our analysis, consisting of 21 articles focusing on diagnostic aspects and 41 articles focusing on prognostic aspects. Pooled odds ratio, 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and hazard ratio (HR) were utilized to evaluate clinical parameters and overall survival (OS), respectively. RESULT The findings indicated that area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.85, 75%, and 80% in cancer, respectively. There was a possibility that snoRNAs had a positive impact on the diagnosis (risk ratio, RR = 2.95, 95% CI: 2.75-3.16, P = 0.000) and OS (HR = 1) in cancer. Additionally, abnormally expressed snoRNAs were associated with a positive impact on OS time for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (HR: 0.88, 95%Cl: 0.69-1.11, P < 0.00001), colon adenocarcinoma (HR: 0.97, 95%Cl: 0.91-1.03, P < 0.0001), and ovarian cancer (HR: 0.98, 95%Cl: 0.98-0.99, P < 0.00001). However, dysregulated snoRNAs of colon cancer and colorectal cancer had a negative impact on OS time (HR = 3.01 and 1.01 respectively, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The results strongly suggested that snoRNAs could serve as potential novel indicators for prognosis and diagnosis in cancers. This systematic review followed the guidelines of the Transparent Reporting of Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PROSPERO register: CRD42020209096).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Gao
- Laboratory of Precision Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Precision Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiujiang University, China
| | - Junfei Fan
- School of Humanities, Shangluo University, Shangluo, China
| | - Jiayin He
- School of Literature and Journalism, South-central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangxin Che
- Laboratory of Precision Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Laboratory of Precision Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Chunhua Han
- Internal Medicine, Jiujiang First People's Hospital, Jiujiang, China
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Shen L, Lin C, Lu W, He J, Wang Q, Huang Y, Zheng X, Wang Z. Involvement of the oncogenic small nucleolar RNA SNORA24 in regulation of p53 stability in colorectal cancer. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:1377-1394. [PMID: 36087186 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant cancer worldwide. Although the molecular mechanism of CRC carcinogenesis has been studied extensively, the details remain unclear. Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) have recently been reported to have essential functions in carcinogenesis, although their roles in CRC pathogenesis are largely unknown. In this study, we found that the H/ACA snoRNA SNORA24 was upregulated in various cancers, including CRC. SNORA24 expression was significantly associated with age and history of colon polyps in CRC patient cohorts, with high expression associated with a decreased 5-year overall survival. Our results indicated that the oncogenic function of SNORA24 is mediated by promoting G1/S phase transformation, cell proliferation, colony formation, and growth of xenograft tumors. Furthermore, SNORA24 knockdown induced massive apoptosis. RNA-sequencing and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses were performed to explore its downstream targets. Finally, we confirmed that SNORA24 regulates p53 protein stability in a proteasomal degradation pathway. Our study clarifies the oncogenic role of SNORA24 in CRC and advance the current model of the role of the p53 pathway in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Shen
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chuxian Lin
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wenqing Lu
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Junyan He
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yujv Huang
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaofei Zheng
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Transcriptome Profiling of the Liver in Nellore Cattle Phenotypically Divergent for RFI in Two Genetic Groups. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030359. [PMID: 36766249 PMCID: PMC9913155 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification and selection of genetically superior animals for residual feed intake (RFI) could enhance productivity and minimize environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to use RNA-seq data to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), known non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), specific biomarkers and enriched biological processes associated with RFI of the liver in Nellore cattle in two genetic groups. In genetic group 1 (G1), 24 extreme RFI animals (12 low RFI (LRFI) versus 12 high RFI (HRFI)) were selected from a population of 60 Nellore bulls. The RNA-seq of the samples from their liver tissues was performed using an Illumina HiSeq 2000. In genetic group 2 (G2), 20 samples of liver tissue of Nellore bulls divergent for RFI (LRFI, n = 10 versus HRFI, n = 10) were selected from 83 animals. The raw data of the G2 were chosen from the ENA repository. A total of 1811 DEGs were found for the G1 and 2054 for the G2 (p-value ≤ 0.05). We detected 88 common genes in both genetic groups, of which 33 were involved in the immune response and in blocking oxidative stress. In addition, seven (B2M, ADSS, SNX2, TUBA4A, ARHGAP18, MECR, and ABCF3) possible gene biomarkers were identified through a receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC) considering an AUC > 0.70. The B2M gene was overexpressed in the LRFI group. This gene regulates the lipid metabolism protein turnover and inhibits cell death. We also found non-coding RNAs in both groups. MIR25 was up-regulated and SNORD16 was down-regulated in the LRFI for G1. For G2, up-regulated RNase_MRP and SCARNA10 were found. We highlight MIR25 as being able to act by blocking cytotoxicity and oxidative stress and RMRP as a blocker of mitochondrial damage. The biological pathways associated with RFI of the liver in Nellore cattle in the two genetic groups were for energy metabolism, protein turnover, redox homeostasis and the immune response. The common transcripts, biomarkers and metabolic pathways found in the two genetic groups make this unprecedented work even more relevant, since the results are valid for different herds raised in different ways. The results reinforce the biological importance of these known processes but also reveal new insights into the complexity of the liver tissue transcriptome of Nellore cattle.
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Wu F, Zhang L, Wu P, Wu Y, Zhang T, Zhang D, Tian J. The Potential Role of Small Nucleolar RNAs in Cancers – An Evidence Map. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:3851-3864. [PMID: 35431571 PMCID: PMC9005336 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s352333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cancer seriously endangers human health in every country of the world. New evidence shows that small nucleolar RNAs play important roles in tumorigenesis. Herein, we created this evidence map to systematically assess the impact of dysregulated snoRNAs on cancers. Methods We searched four databases to February 2022 using the keywords, “carcinoma”, “neoplasms”, “tumor”, “cancer”, “snoRNA”, and “small nucleolar rna”. The research data were independently screened by two reviewers. Bubble plot, mind map, heatmap were used to depict the relationship between snoRNAs and cancers. Results In total, 102 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in this evidence map. In this study, we found that dysregulated snoRNAs were statistically associated with the clinicopathological characteristics of cancer patients, and affected tumor cell phenotypes. Abnormally expressed snoRNAs were associated with poor survival in cancer patients. Current research confirmed that snoRNAs have good diagnostic efficiency for cancers. snoRNAs could modulate biological processes and signaling pathways of different cancer cells by altering rRNA, regulating mRNA, and recruiting protein factors. Conclusion Taken all together, ectopic snoRNAs may serve as new biomarkers for clinical assessment, diagnostic, prognostic prediction of cancer patients, and provide a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. This article provided a visual analysis of existing evidence on snoRNAs and cancers, which can offer useful information for different researchers interested in snoRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanqi Wu
- Department of Respiratory, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longguo Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingfan Wu
- Department of Pathology, The 940th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support of the People’s Liberation Army, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dekui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Dekui Zhang; Jinhui Tian, Tel +86 139 1978 8616; +86 136 1934 2312, Email ;
| | - Jinhui Tian
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
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Dong W, Liu X, Yang C, Wang D, Xue Y, Ruan X, Zhang M, Song J, Cai H, Zheng J, Liu Y. Glioma glycolipid metabolism: MSI2-SNORD12B-FIP1L1-ZBTB4 feedback loop as a potential treatment target. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e411. [PMID: 34047477 PMCID: PMC8114150 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal energy metabolism, including enhanced aerobic glycolysis and lipid synthesis, is a well-established feature of glioblastoma (GBM) cells. Thus, targeting the cellular glycolipid metabolism can be a feasible therapeutic strategy for GBM. This study aimed to evaluate the roles of MSI2, SNORD12B, and ZBTB4 in regulating the glycolipid metabolism and proliferation of GBM cells. MSI2 and SNORD12B expression was significantly upregulated and ZBTB4 expression was significantly low in GBM tissues and cells. Knockdown of MSI2 or SNORD12B or overexpression of ZBTB4 inhibited GBM cell glycolipid metabolism and proliferation. MSI2 may improve SNORD12B expression by increasing its stability. Importantly, SNORD12B increased utilization of the ZBTB4 mRNA transcript distal polyadenylation signal in alternative polyadenylation processing by competitively combining with FIP1L1, which decreased ZBTB4 expression because of the increased proportion of the 3' untranslated region long transcript. ZBTB4 transcriptionally suppressed the expression of HK2 and ACLY by binding directly to the promoter regions. Additionally, ZBTB4 bound the MSI promoter region to transcriptionally suppress MSI2 expression, thereby forming an MSI2/SNORD12B/FIP1L1/ZBTB4 feedback loop to regulate the glycolipid metabolism and proliferation of GBM cells. In conclusion, MSI2 increased the stability of SNORD12B, which regulated ZBTB4 alternative polyadenylation processing by competitively binding to FIP1L1. Thus, the MSI2/SNORD12B/FIP1L1/ZBTB4 positive feedback loop plays a crucial role in regulating the glycolipid metabolism of GBM cells and provides a potential drug target for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Dong
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Neuro‐oncology in Liaoning ProvinceShenyangChina
- Liaoning Province Medical Surgery and Rehabilitation Robot Technology Engineering Research CenterShenyangChina
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Neuro‐oncology in Liaoning ProvinceShenyangChina
- Liaoning Province Medical Surgery and Rehabilitation Robot Technology Engineering Research CenterShenyangChina
| | - Chunqing Yang
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Neuro‐oncology in Liaoning ProvinceShenyangChina
- Liaoning Province Medical Surgery and Rehabilitation Robot Technology Engineering Research CenterShenyangChina
| | - Di Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Neuro‐oncology in Liaoning ProvinceShenyangChina
- Liaoning Province Medical Surgery and Rehabilitation Robot Technology Engineering Research CenterShenyangChina
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life SciencesChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of ChinaChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of ChinaChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xuelei Ruan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life SciencesChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of ChinaChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of ChinaChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Mengyang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life SciencesChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of ChinaChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of ChinaChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Jian Song
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Neuro‐oncology in Liaoning ProvinceShenyangChina
- Liaoning Province Medical Surgery and Rehabilitation Robot Technology Engineering Research CenterShenyangChina
| | - Heng Cai
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Neuro‐oncology in Liaoning ProvinceShenyangChina
- Liaoning Province Medical Surgery and Rehabilitation Robot Technology Engineering Research CenterShenyangChina
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Neuro‐oncology in Liaoning ProvinceShenyangChina
- Liaoning Province Medical Surgery and Rehabilitation Robot Technology Engineering Research CenterShenyangChina
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Neuro‐oncology in Liaoning ProvinceShenyangChina
- Liaoning Province Medical Surgery and Rehabilitation Robot Technology Engineering Research CenterShenyangChina
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Nait Slimane S, Marcel V, Fenouil T, Catez F, Saurin JC, Bouvet P, Diaz JJ, Mertani HC. Ribosome Biogenesis Alterations in Colorectal Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E2361. [PMID: 33120992 PMCID: PMC7693311 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have focused on understanding the regulation and functions of aberrant protein synthesis in colorectal cancer (CRC), leaving the ribosome, its main effector, relatively underappreciated in CRC. The production of functional ribosomes is initiated in the nucleolus, requires coordinated ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing and ribosomal protein (RP) assembly, and is frequently hyperactivated to support the needs in protein synthesis essential to withstand unremitting cancer cell growth. This elevated ribosome production in cancer cells includes a strong alteration of ribosome biogenesis homeostasis that represents one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. None of the ribosome production steps escape this cancer-specific dysregulation. This review summarizes the early and late steps of ribosome biogenesis dysregulations described in CRC cell lines, intestinal organoids, CRC stem cells and mouse models, and their possible clinical implications. We highlight how this cancer-related ribosome biogenesis, both at quantitative and qualitative levels, can lead to the synthesis of ribosomes favoring the translation of mRNAs encoding hyperproliferative and survival factors. We also discuss whether cancer-related ribosome biogenesis is a mere consequence of cancer progression or is a causal factor in CRC, and how altered ribosome biogenesis pathways can represent effective targets to kill CRC cells. The association between exacerbated CRC cell growth and alteration of specific steps of ribosome biogenesis is highlighted as a key driver of tumorigenesis, providing promising perspectives for the implementation of predictive biomarkers and the development of new therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Nait Slimane
- Cancer Initiation and Tumor Cell Identity, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286 Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.N.S.); (V.M.); (F.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Virginie Marcel
- Cancer Initiation and Tumor Cell Identity, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286 Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.N.S.); (V.M.); (F.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Tanguy Fenouil
- Institute of Pathology EST, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Site-Est Groupement Hospitalier- Est, 69677 Bron, France;
| | - Frédéric Catez
- Cancer Initiation and Tumor Cell Identity, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286 Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.N.S.); (V.M.); (F.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Saurin
- Gastroenterology and Genetic Department, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France;
| | - Philippe Bouvet
- Cancer Initiation and Tumor Cell Identity, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286 Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.N.S.); (V.M.); (F.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Jean-Jacques Diaz
- Cancer Initiation and Tumor Cell Identity, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286 Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.N.S.); (V.M.); (F.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Hichem C. Mertani
- Cancer Initiation and Tumor Cell Identity, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286 Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.N.S.); (V.M.); (F.C.); (P.B.)
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