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Ahmed TA, Ali EMM, Omar AM, Almehmady AM, El‐Say KM. Enhancing Ezetimibe Anticancer Activity Through Development of Drug Nano-Micelles Formulations: A Promising Strategy Supported by Molecular Docking. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:6689-6703. [PMID: 38026536 PMCID: PMC10657552 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s438704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ezetimibe, initially recognized as a cholesterol-lowering agent, has recently attracted attention due to its potential anticancer properties. We aimed to explore an innovative approach of enhancing the drug anticancer activity through the development of drug nano-formulations. Materials and Methods Fifteen different nano-micelles formulations were prepared utilizing D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) and pluronic F127. The prepared formulations were characterized for size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency (EE). The formulations were morphologically characterized using light and transmission electron microscopies and the drug-binding mode with the active site was investigated using the molecular docking. Cell viability against MCF-7 and T47D was studied. Apoptosis and cell cycle were assessed. Results The prepared formulations were in the nano-size range (34.01 ± 2.00-278.34 ± 9.11 nm), zeta potential values were very close to zero, and the TPGS-based micelles formulations showed the highest ezetimibe EE (94.03 ± 1.71%). Morphological study illustrated a well-defined, spherical nanoparticles with a uniform size distribution. Molecular docking demonstrated good interaction of ezetimibe with Interleukin-1 Beta Convertase through multiple hydrogen bonding, covalent bond, and hydrophobic interaction. TPGS-based nano-micelle formulation (F5) demonstrated the lowest IC50 against MCF-7 (4.51 µg/mL) and T47D (8.22 µg/mL) cancer cells. When T47D cells were treated with IC50 concentrations of F5, it exhibited significant inhibition with late apoptosis (43.9%), a response comparable to T47D cells treated with an IC50 dose of ezetimibe. Cell cycle analysis revealed that both ezetimibe and F5-treated T47D cells exhibited an increase in the subG1 phase, indicating reduced DNA content and cell death. Conclusion These findings suggest that F5 could serve as a proficient drug delivery system in augmenting the cytotoxic activity of ezetimibe against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab M M Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelsattar M Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Alshaimaa M Almehmady
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M El‐Say
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Ahmed TA, Ali EMM, Kalantan AA, Almehmady AM, El-Say KM. Exploring the Enhanced Antiproliferative Activity of Turmeric Oil and 6-Mercaptopurine in a Combined Nano-Particulate System Formulation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1901. [PMID: 37514087 PMCID: PMC10385096 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) is a chemotherapeutic agent with inadequate efficacy due to its poor aqueous solubility and limited bioavailability. Turmeric oil is a naturally occurring bioactive substance obtained from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa Linn that has well-known antiproliferative activities. The aim of this study was to develop a 6-MP-loaded turmeric oil-based self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) to improve the anticancer activity of 6-MP. Turmeric oil was extracted and used in a range of 15-25% to develop SNEDDS formulations utilizing tween 80 and dimethyl sulfoxide as the surfactant and cosurfactant, respectively. The size, charge, and effect of the formulations on the viability against HepG2 and MCF-7 cell models, as well as the apoptosis and cell cycle, were analyzed. The prepared SNEDDS formulations were in the size range of 425.7 ± 7.4-303.6 ± 19.3 nm, using a polydispersity index of 0.429-0.692 and electronegative surface charges. Moreover, 6-MP-loaded SNEDDS with 15% turmeric oil content (F1) showed smaller particle sizes and a noticeable antiproliferative activity against both cell line models. Also, F1 showed a higher rate of late apoptosis than the pure drug and the corresponding non-medicated formulation. A morphological study revealed significant changes in the HepG2 cells compared to untreated cells. More cells halted in the S phase, and a marked decrease in the proportions of cells in the G1/G0 phase was observed when using SNEDDS formulation compared to pure drug. Thus, SNEDDS formulation is a promising drug delivery system for improving the antiproliferative activity of 6-MP, especially when turmeric oil is incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab M M Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A Kalantan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alshaimaa M Almehmady
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M El-Say
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Pinto S, Gaspar MM, Ascensão L, Faísca P, Reis CP, Pacheco R. Nanoformulation of Seaweed Eisenia bicyclis in Albumin Nanoparticles Targeting Cardiovascular Diseases: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:608. [PMID: 36286431 PMCID: PMC9605150 DOI: 10.3390/md20100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products, especially those derived from seaweeds, are starting to be seen as effective against various diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This study aimed to design a novel oral formulation of bovine albumin serum nanoparticles (BSA NPs) loaded with an extract of Eisenia bicyclis and to validate its beneficial health effects, particularly targeting hypercholesterolemia and CVD prevention. Small and well-defined BSA NPs loaded with Eisenia bicyclis extract were successfully prepared exhibiting high encapsulation efficiency. Antioxidant activity and cholesterol biosynthesis enzyme 3-hydroxy-3 methylutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) inhibition, as well as reduction of cholesterol permeation in intestinal lining model cells, were assessed for the extract both in free and nanoformulated forms. The nanoformulation was more efficient than the free extract, particularly in terms of HMGR inhibition and cholesterol permeation reduction. In vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo assays in Wistar rats were performed to evaluate its safety and overall effects on metabolism. The results demonstrated that the Eisenia bicyclis extract and BSA NPs were not cytotoxic against human intestinal Caco-2 and liver HepG2 cells and were also safe after oral administration in the rat model. In addition, an innovative approach was adopted to compare the metabolomic profile of the serum from the animals involved in the in vivo assay, which showed the extract and nanoformulation's impact on CVD-associated key metabolites. Altogether, these preliminary results revealed that the seaweed extract and the nanoformulation may constitute an alternative natural dosage form which is safe and simple to produce, capable of reducing cholesterol levels, and consequently helpful in preventing hypercholesterolemia, the main risk factor of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pinto
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL), Avenida Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Gaspar
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed. ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lia Ascensão
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Faísca
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologia, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
- CBIOS-Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologia, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pinto Reis
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed. ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Pacheco
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL), Avenida Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Ortiz JA, Sepúlveda FA, Panadero-Medianero C, Murgas P, Ahumada M, Palza H, Matsuhiro B, Zapata PA. Cytocompatible drug delivery hydrogels based on carboxymethylagarose/chitosan pH-responsive polyelectrolyte complexes. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 199:96-107. [PMID: 34973264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several drugs are chemically unstable in the gastric environment and have low bioavailability restricted by intestinal absorption, which motivates the development of alternative routes for drug release, such as transdermal drug carriers for drug delivery to specific areas of the skin. Herein, novel polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) consisting of carboxymethylagarose (CMA) and chitosan (CS) were prepared. pH-responsive CMA/CS hydrogels were obtained by mixing CMA and CS at various weight ratios. Swelling ratio was modulated by varying the CMA and CS weight ratio, and the highest swelling values were achieved for 2:1 wt% hydrogels at 25 °C and pH 6.0. PEC films were characterized by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, TGA, DSC, and SEM. Results indicated that CMA and CS were successfully crosslinked by ionic complexation. As a model drug, diclofenac sodium (DS) was loaded in CMA/CS PECs. Association efficiency and loading capacity were ca. 69% and 79%, respectively, exhibiting 67% cumulative release after 72 h at 37 °C and pH 6.0 through Fickian diffusion mechanism. Viability assay of immortalized human keratinocyte (HaCat) cells showed ca. 100% survival in the presence of hydrogels and DS. Therefore, this work suggests that CMA/CS PECs can be applied as pH-responsive carriers for dermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrés Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Biotecnología y Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Beaucheff 851, Santiago, Chile; Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros, Chile.
| | - Francesca Antonella Sepúlveda
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros, Chile
| | - Concepción Panadero-Medianero
- Immunology Laboratory, Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Murgas
- Immunology Laboratory, Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile; Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Ahumada
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Humberto Palza
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Biotecnología y Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Beaucheff 851, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betty Matsuhiro
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula A Zapata
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros, Chile
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Parhi R, Sahoo SK, Das A. Applications of polysaccharides in topical and transdermal drug delivery: A recent update of literature. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anik Das
- GITAM Deemed to be University, India
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Abou-Omar MN, Annadi AM, El Zahar NM, Youssef AO, Amin MA, Attia MS, Mohamed EH. Simultaneous determination of Avanafil and Dapoxetine in human plasma using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based on a protein precipitation technique. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29797-29806. [PMID: 35479534 PMCID: PMC9040755 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05492a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid and selective LC-MS/MS method is described for the simultaneous assay of Avanafil and Dapoxetine in human plasma via a protein precipitation (PP) sample preparation technique. Tadalafil was chosen as the internal standard reaching good recovery and reproducibility while diminishing the effects of the matrix. An Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18 column (4.6 × 50 mm, 1.8 μm) was used for the chromatographic separation and analysis, while 0.1% formic acid : acetonitrile (60 : 40, v/v) was utilized at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1. It was revealed that 6 min stop time accomplished the best separation. The assay was linear over the range of 10–6000 ng mL−1 for both drugs. The established bio-analytical method validation was demonstrated following US-FDA recommendations including sensitivity, selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision. Furthermore, other validation parameters were assessed such as the dilution integrity, matrix effect, carryover, and analyte stability during both short- and long-term sample processing and storage. The adopted method was efficaciously applied to a clinical study for the concurrent determination of Avanafil and Dapoxetine in human plasma. A rapid and selective LC-MS/MS method is described for the simultaneous assay of Avanafil and Dapoxetine in human plasma via a protein precipitation (PP) sample preparation technique.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona N Abou-Omar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz M Annadi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Noha M El Zahar
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia Cairo 11566 Egypt.,Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University Ras-Sedr South Sinai Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Youssef
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University P.O. BOX 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Attia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Ekram H Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt 11837 El Sherouk City Cairo Egypt
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7
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Sansone A, Aversa A, Corona G, Fisher AD, Isidori AM, La Vignera S, Limoncin E, Maggi M, Merico M, Jannini EA. Management of premature ejaculation: a clinical guideline from the Italian Society of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (SIAMS). J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1103-1118. [PMID: 33128158 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Premature ejaculation (PE) is the most prevalent male sexual dysfunction, and the most recently defined. PE is often mistakenly considered a purely psychosexological symptom by patients: the lacking awareness in regards to the pathophysiology and treatments often lead to resignation from the patients' side, making PE the most underdiagnosed sexual complaint. However, an ever-growing body of evidence supporting several organic factors has been developed in the last decades and several definitions have been suggested to encompass all defining features of PE. In the present document by the Italian Society of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (SIAMS), we propose 33 recommendations concerning the definition, pathophysiology, treatment and management of PE aimed to improve patient care. These evidence-based clinical guidelines provide the necessary up-to-date guidance in the context of PE secondary to organic and psychosexological conditions, such as prostate inflammation, endocrine disorders, and other sexual dysfunctions, and suggest how to associate pharmacotherapies and cognitive-behavioral therapy in a couple-centered approach. New therapeutic options, as well as combination and off-label treatments, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sansone
- Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - A Aversa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - G Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda-Usl, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - A D Fisher
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Florence University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - A M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - E Limoncin
- Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - M Maggi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Merico
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - E A Jannini
- Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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Basahih TS, Alamoudi AA, El-Say KM, Alhakamy NA, Ahmed OAA. Improved Transmucosal Delivery of Glimepiride via Unidirectional Release Buccal Film Loaded With Vitamin E TPGS-Based Nanocarrier. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820945164. [PMID: 32782450 PMCID: PMC7401050 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820945164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glimepiride (GMD) is a hypoglycemic agent that has variation in bioavailability for its unexpected absorption. Glimepiride was formulated in a buccal film loaded with a nanobased formulation to enhance its absorption via buccal mucosa. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-based micelles enhance GMD solubility and improve its permeation through the buccal mucosa. The formulation variables were optimized using a Box-Behnken design. These factors, such as the percent of micelles relative to NLC (X1), the percent of Carbopol (X2), and the percent of permeation enhancer (X3), were investigated for their effect on the initial release (Y1) and the cumulative release after 6 hours (Y2). The optimum levels for X1, X2, and X3 were 100%, 0.05%, and 1.8%, respectively. The optimized formulation revealed that the permeation of GMD from the film was in favor of micelles. This optimized film was then coated with ethyl cellulose to direct the release only through the buccal mucosa. The optimized unidirectional GMD transmucosal film showed a release of 93.9% of GMD content at 6 hours compared to 60.41% of GMD release from the raw GMD film. This finding confirmed the suitability of transmucosal delivery of GMD via the buccal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahani S. Basahih
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Alamoudi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M. El-Say
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A. A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Osama A. A. Ahmed, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Ahmed TA, Bawazir AO, Alharbi WS, Safo MK. Enhancement of Simvastatin ex vivo Permeation from Mucoadhesive Buccal Films Loaded with Dual Drug Release Carriers. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:4001-4020. [PMID: 32606661 PMCID: PMC7294046 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s256925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simvastatin (SMV), a hypocholesterolemic agent, suffers from very low bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism. METHODS Two SMV carrier systems, namely, polymeric drug inclusion complex (IC) and mixed micelles (MM) nanoparticles, were developed and loaded into mucoadhesive buccal films to enhance SMV bioavailability. The two carrier systems were characterized and their permeation across human oral epithelial cells (OEC) was studied. The effect of IC to MM ratio (X1) and the mucoadhesive polymer concentration (X2) on the cumulative percent of drug released, elongation percent and the mucoadhesive strength, from the prepared mucoadhesive films, were optimized. Ex vivo permeation across bovine mucosal tissue was investigated. The permeation parameters for the in vitro and ex vivo release data were calculated. RESULTS Complexation of SMV with hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HP β-CD) was superior to all other polymers as revealed by the equilibrium saturation solubility, stability constant, complexation efficiency and thermodynamic potential. SMV-HP β-CD IC was utilized to develop a saturated polymeric drug solution. Both carrier systems showed enhanced permeation across OEC when compared to pure drug. X1 and X2 were significantly affecting the characteristics of the prepared films. The optimized mucoadhesive buccal film formulation loaded with SMV IC and drug MM nanoparticles demonstrated superior ex vivo permeation when compared to the corresponding pure drug buccal film, and the calculated permeation parameters confirmed this finding. CONCLUSION Mucoadhesive buccal films containing SMV IC and drug MM can be used to improve drug bioavailability; however, additional pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa O Bawazir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed S Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298, USA
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