The Protection Effect of Resveratrol Against Radiation-Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease via NLRP-3 Inflammasome Repression in Mice

SIRT1 Stabilizes β-TrCP1 to Inhibit Snail1 Expression in Maintaining Intestinal Epithelial Integrity to Alleviate Colitis

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Dysfunction of the intestinal epithelial barrier comprising the junctional complex of tight junctions and adherent junctions leads to increased intestinal permeability, which is a major cause of uncontrolled inflammation related to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 is implicated in inflammation and the pathologic process of IBD. We aimed to elucidate the protective role and underlying mechanism of SIRT1 in cell-cell junction and intestinal epithelial integrity.

METHODS

The correlation of SIRT1 expression and human IBD was analyzed by GEO or immunohistochemical analyses. BK5.mSIRT1 transgenic mice and wild-type mice were given dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and the manifestation of colitis-related phenotypes was analyzed. Intestinal permeability was measured by FITC-dextran and cytokines expression was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression of the cell junction-related proteins in DSS-treated or SIRT1-knockdown Caco2 or HCT116 cells was analyzed by Western blotting. The effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide in DSS-induced mice colitis were investigated. Correlations of the SIRT1-β-TrCP1-Snail1-Occludin/Claudin-1/E-cadherin pathway with human IBD samples were analyzed.

RESULTS

Reduced SIRT1 expression is associated with human IBD specimens. SIRT1 transgenic mice exhibit much-reduced manifestations of DSS-induced colitis. The activation of SIRT1 by nicotinamide mononucleotide bolsters intestinal epithelial barrier function and ameliorates DSS-induced colitis in mice. Mechanistically, DSS downregulates SiRT1 expression, leading to destabilization of β-TrCP1 and upregulation of Snail1, accompanied by reduced expression of E-cadherin, Occludin, and Claudin-1, consequently resulting in increased epithelial permeability and inflammation. The deregulated SIRT1-β-TrCP1-Snail1-Occludin/Claudin-1/E-cadherin pathway correlates with human IBD.

CONCLUSIONS

SIRT1 is pivotal in maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity via modulation of the β-TrCP1-Snail1-E-cadhein/Occludin/Claudin-1 pathway.

Anti-Toxoplasma gondii effect of tylosin in vitro and in vivo

BACKGROUND

Toxoplasma gondii is an important protozoan pathogen with medical and veterinary importance worldwide. Drugs currently used for treatment of toxoplasmosis are less effective and sometimes cause serious side effects. There is an urgent need for the development of more effective drugs with relatively low toxicity.

METHODS

The effect of tylosin on the viability of host cells was measured using CCK8 assays. To assess the inhibition of tylosin on T. gondii proliferation, a real-time PCR targeting the B1 gene was developed for T. gondii detection and quantification. Total RNA was extracted from parasites treated with tylosin and then subjected to transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Finally, murine infection models of toxoplasmosis were used to evaluate the protective efficacy of tylosin against T. gondii virulent RH strain or avirulent ME49 strain.

RESULTS

We found that tylosin displayed low host toxicity, and its 50% inhibitory concentration was 175.3 μM. Tylsoin also inhibited intracellular T. gondii tachyzoite proliferation, with a 50% effective concentration of 9.759 μM. Transcriptome analysis showed that tylosin remarkably perturbed the gene expression of T. gondii, and genes involved in "ribosome biogenesis (GO:0042254)" and "ribosome (GO:0005840)" were significantly dys-regulated. In a murine model, tylosin treatment alone (100 mg/kg, i.p.) or in combination with sulfadiazine sodium (200 mg/kg, i.g.) significantly prolonged the survival time and raised the survival rate of animals infected with T. gondii virulent RH or avirulent ME49 strain. Meanwhile, treatment with tylosin significantly decreased the parasite burdens in multiple organs and decreased the spleen index of mice with acute toxoplasmosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that tylosin exhibited potency against T. gondii both in vitro and in vivo, which offers promise for treatment of human toxoplasmosis.

Effects of polyphenolic maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) extract on the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome and activation of mast cells in a mouse model of Crohn's disease-like colitis

Introduction

Crohn's disease (CD) involves activation of mast cells (MC) and NF-кB in parallel with the PPAR-α/NLRP3 inflammasome/IL-1β pathway in the inflamed colon. Whether polyphenols from maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) represent a natural alternative treatment for CD is unclear. Therefore, we used an animal model of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced CD-like colitis to investigate protective effects of maqui extract through monitoring NLRP3 inflammasome and MC activation in colon tissue.

Methods

Maqui extract was administered via orogastric route to mice after (post-Treatment group) or prior (pre-Treatment group) to TNBS-induction. Colon pathology was characterized by histoarchitectural imaging, disease activity index (DAI), and assessing NF-кB, p-NF-кB, PPAR-α/NLRP3 expression and IL-1β levels.

Results

Compared to mice treated with TNBS alone administration of anthocyanin-rich maqui extract improved the DAI, colon histoarchitecture and reduced both colon wet-weight and transmural inflammation. Induction with TNBS significantly increased colonic NLPR3 inflammasome activation, while co-treatment with maqui extract (either post- or pre-Treatment) significantly downregulated NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 levels, which manifested as reduced colonic IL-1β levels. Supplemented maqui extract marginally diminished NF-кB activity in epithelial cells but reached statistical significance in immune cells (as judged by decreased NF-кB phosphorylation). PPAR-α signaling was largely unaffected by Maqui whereas MC infiltration into the colon mucosa and submucosa decreased and their level of degranulation was suppressed.

Conclusion

These outcomes show the post- and pre- Treatment effect of a polyphenolic extract rich in anthocyanins from maqui the acute phase of TNBS- induced CD-like colitis is linked to suppression of the NLRP3 inflammasome and reduced MC responses. These data indicate that maqui extract represents a potential nutraceutical for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Natural products modulate NLRP3 in ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a clinically common, progressive, devastating, chronic inflammatory disease of the intestine that is recurrent and difficult to treat. Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) is a protein complex composed of multiple proteins whose formation activates cysteine aspartate protease-1 (caspase-1) to induce the maturation and secretion of inflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, promoting the development of inflammatory responses. Recent studies have shown that NLRP3 is associated with UC susceptibility, and that it maintains a stable intestinal environment by responding to a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. The mainstay of treatment for UC is to control inflammation and relieve symptoms. Despite a certain curative effect, there are problems such as easy recurrence after drug withdrawal and many side effects associated with long-term medication. NLRP3 serves as a core link in the inflammatory response. If the relationship between NLRP3 and gut microbes and inflammation-associated factors can be analyzed concerning its related inflammatory signaling pathways, its expression status as well as specific mechanism in the course of IBD can be elucidated and further considered for clinical diagnosis and treatment of IBD, it is expected that the development of lead compounds targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome can be developed for the treatment of IBD. Research into the prevention and treatment of UC, which has become a hotbed of research in recent years, has shown that natural products are rich in therapeutic means, and multi-targets, with fewer adverse effects. Natural products have shown promise in treating UC in numerous basic and clinical trials over the past few years. This paper describes the regulatory role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in UC and the mechanism of recent natural products targeting NLRP3 against UC, which provides a reference for the clinical treatment of this disease.

Medicinal Plants, Phytochemicals and Regulation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Comprehensive Review

Ongoing research explores the underlying causes of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Many experts suggest that dysbiosis in the gut microbiota and genetic, immunological, and environmental factors play significant roles. The term "microbiota" pertains to the collective community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, that reside within the gastrointestinal tract, with a particular emphasis on the colon. When there is an imbalance or disruption in the composition of the gut microbiota, it is referred to as dysbiosis. Dysbiosis can trigger inflammation in the intestinal cells and disrupt the innate immune system, leading to oxidative stress, redox signaling, electrophilic stress, and inflammation. The Nod-like Receptor (NLR) Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a key regulator found in immunological and epithelial cells, is crucial in inducing inflammatory diseases, promoting immune responses to the gut microbiota, and regulating the integrity of the intestinal epithelium. Its downstream effectors include caspase-1 and interleukin (IL)-1β. The present study investigated the therapeutic potential of 13 medicinal plants, such as Litsea cubeba, Artemisia anomala, Piper nigrum, Morus macroura, and Agrimonia pilosa, and 29 phytocompounds such as artemisitene, morroniside, protopine, ferulic acid, quercetin, picroside II, and hydroxytyrosol on in vitro and in vivo models of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), with a focus on their effects on the NLRP3 inflammasome. The observed effects of these treatments included reductions in IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, interferon-gamma, and caspase levels, and increased expression of antioxidant enzymes, IL-4, and IL-10, as well as regulation of gut microbiota. These effects could potentially provide substantial advantages in treating IBD with few or no adverse effects as caused by synthetic anti-inflammatory and immunomodulated drugs. However, additional research is necessary to validate these findings clinically and to develop effective treatments that can benefit individuals who suffer from these diseases.

Involvement of inflammasomes in tumor microenvironment and tumor therapies

Inflammasomes are macromolecular platforms formed in response to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, whose formation would cause maturation of interleukin-1 (IL-1) family members and gasdermin D (GSDMD), leading to IL-1 secretion and pyroptosis respectively. Several kinds of inflammasomes detecting different types of dangers have been found. The activation of inflammasomes is regulated at both transcription and posttranscription levels, which is crucial in protecting the host from infections and sterile insults. Present findings have illustrated that inflammasomes are involved in not only infection but also the pathology of tumors implying an important link between inflammation and tumor development. Generally, inflammasomes participate in tumorigenesis, cell death, metastasis, immune evasion, chemotherapy, target therapy, and radiotherapy. Inflammasome components are upregulated in some tumors, and inflammasomes can be activated in cancer cells and other stromal cells by DAMPs, chemotherapy agents, and radiation. In some cases, inflammasomes inhibit tumor progression by initiating GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in cancer cells and stimulating IL-1 signal-mediated anti-tumor immunity. However, IL-1 signal recruits immunosuppressive cell subsets in other cases. We discuss the conflicting results and propose some possible explanations. Additionally, we also summarize interventions targeting inflammasome pathways in both preclinical and clinical stages. Interventions targeting inflammasomes are promising for immunotherapy and combination therapy.

Immunoregulation by resveratrol; implications for normal tissue protection and tumour suppression

Immune reactions are involved in both tumour and normal tissue in response to therapy. Elevated secretion of certain chemokines, exosomes and cytokines triggers inflammation, pain, fibrosis and ulceration among other normal tissue side effects. On the other hand, secretion of tumour-promoting molecules suppresses activity of anticancer immune cells and facilitates the proliferation of malignant cells. Novel anticancer drugs such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) boost anticancer immunity via inducing the proliferation of anticancer cells such as natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Certain chemotherapy drugs and radiotherapy may induce anticancer immunity in the tumour, however, both have severe side effects for normal tissues through stimulation of several immune responses. Thus, administration of natural products with low side effects may be a promising approach to modulate the immune system in both tumour and normal organs. Resveratrol is a well-known phenol with diverse effects on normal tissues and tumours. To date, a large number of experiments have confirmed the potential of resveratrol as an anticancer adjuvant. This review focuses on ensuing stimulation or suppression of immune responses in both tumour and normal tissue after radiotherapy or anticancer drugs. Later on, the immunoregulatory effects of resveratrol in both tumour and normal tissue following exposure to anticancer agents will be discussed.

The protective effect of luteolin on the depression-related dry eye disorder through Sirt1/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway

Luteolin has been reported to exhibit therapeutic effect on depressive-like behaviors in mice. Nevertheless, the therapeutic effect of luteolin on the depression-related dry eye disorder remains inconclusive. In this study, C57 mice were subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress in a dry environment (relative humidity in the cage <40%). The behavioral test and phenol red cotton thread test were employed to select the mice with both dry eye and depression-like behavior. The mechanism of luteolin on depression-related dry eye disorder was assessed by the Sirt1 selective inhibitor EX-527. Luteolin alleviated depressive-like behaviors induced by CUMS, increased tear secretion and restored corneal defects in mice. The secretions of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α were decreased in hippocampi and corneal tissues by Luteolin treatment. Luteolin treatment up-regulated Sirt1 expression and down-regulated Ac-NF-κB, NLRP3, Ac-Caspase-1, GSDMD-N, Cleaved IL-1β, and Cleaved IL-18 expressions. In addition, the selective inhibition of Sirt1 could weaken the therapeutic effect of luteolin on depression-related dry eye disorder. The beneficial effect of luteolin through Sirt1/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway might be a therapeutic strategy for the depression-related dry eye disorder.

Hunting down NLRP3 inflammasome: An executioner of radiation-induced injury

Radiotherapy is one of the mainstream treatment modalities for several malignancies. However, radiation-induced injury to surrounding normal tissues limits its efficacy. The NLRP3 inflammasome is an essential mechanism of innate immunity that reacts to challenges from endogenous danger signals and pathological microbes. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated a key role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced tissue injury. Despite accumulating evidence, the potential value of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the management of radiation-induced tissue injury is not adequately recognized. We conducted a literature review to characterize the relationship between NLRP3 inflammasome and radiation injury. By analyzing recent evidence, we identify NLRP3 inflammasome as one of the executioners of radiation-induced injury, since it responds to the challenges of radiation, induces cell pyroptosis and tissue dysfunction, and initiates non-resolving inflammation and fibrosis. Based on these concepts, we propose early intervention/prevention strategies targeting NLRP3 inflammasome in a radiation context, which may help resolve imperative clinical problems.

Inflammatory auto-immune diseases of the intestine and their management by natural bioactive compounds

Autoimmune diseases are caused by the overactivity of the immune system towards self-constituents. Risk factors of autoimmune diseases are multiple and include genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and psychological. Autoimmune chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, including celiac and inflammatory diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), constitute a significant health problem worldwide. Besides the complexity of the symptoms of these diseases, their treatments have only been palliative. Numerous investigations showed that natural phytochemicals could be promising strategies to fight against these autoimmune diseases. In this respect, plant-derived natural compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids exhibited significant effects against three autoimmune diseases affecting the intestine, particularly bowel diseases. This review focuses on the role of natural compounds obtained from medicinal plants in modulating inflammatory auto-immune diseases of the intestine. It covers the most recent literature related to the effect of these natural compounds in the treatment and prevention of auto-immune diseases of the intestine.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of Shaoyao decoction on X-ray radiation-induced enteritis of C57BL/6 mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

As a typical heat-clearing prescription, Shaoyao decoction (SYD) has a robust function of clearing viscera heat for the treatment of several intestinal discomfort symptoms. Clinical evidence indicated that it had the potential to cure radiation enteritis. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study was designed to probe the protective effects and the involved mechanisms of SYD on X-ray radiation-induced enteritis of C57BL/6 mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

X-ray irradiation were used to establish the radiation enteritis model. Forty-eight male C57BL/6 mice (20 ± 2 g) were randomly divided into six groups: the control group, model group, dexamethasone group (DEX, 0.12 mg/kg) and SYD groups (0.12, 0.24 and 0.36 g/mL), respectively. All mice (except the control group) were intragastrically administrated for a continuous 7 days. H&E and Masson staining were employed to evaluate the morphological and collagen fibers changes of the colon. ELISA was performed to assess the levels of MDA, SOD, COX, LPS, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in serum. Moreover, TUNEL fluorescence, western blot and qRT-PCR were used to detect the levels of apoptosis-related proteins and genes of Dclk-1, ATM, MRE-11, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, and Cyto-c. Furthermore, immunofluorescent staining was applied to detect the protein levels of p53 and Claudin-1 in colon.

RESULTS

Treatment with SYD decreased the exfoliated and necrotic epithelial cells and prevent the proliferate from damaged fibrous tissue in the crypt layer of mucos. The levels of serum peroxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokines (MDA, COX, LPS, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α) were obviously inhibited, while SOD sharply increased in serum after administration. Moreover, SYD can significantly ameliorate the apoptosis of colon cells, evidenced by the reduced positive expression of TUNEL staining. Meanwhile, the results of qRT-PCR and western blot demonstrated that SYD can dramatically stimulate the expression of genes and proteins Dclk-1, ATM and MRE-11, thus promoting the expression of mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Caspase-3 and Cyto-c, while increasing the level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Furthermore, immunofluorescence revealed that SYD can notably decreased the protein level of p53 while reverse the reduction of Claudin-1.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicated that radiation enteritis in C57BL/6 mice can be ameliorated by treatment with SYD. The potential protection mechanisms may be involved in ameliorating tissue fibrosis by decreasing inflammatory and apoptotic events.

Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies: Biological Effects, Countermeasures and Biodosimetry

Atomic and radiological crises can be caused by accidents, military activities, terrorist assaults involving atomic installations, the explosion of nuclear devices, or the utilization of concealed radiation exposure devices. Direct damage is caused when radiation interacts directly with cellular components. Indirect effects are mainly caused by the generation of reactive oxygen species due to radiolysis of water molecules. Acute and persistent oxidative stress associates to radiation-induced biological damages. Biological impacts of atomic radiation exposure can be deterministic (in a period range a posteriori of the event and because of destructive tissue/organ harm) or stochastic (irregular, for example cell mutation related pathologies and heritable infections). Potential countermeasures according to a specific scenario require considering basic issues, e.g., the type of radiation, people directly affected and first responders, range of doses received and whether the exposure or contamination has affected the total body or is partial. This review focuses on available medical countermeasures (radioprotectors, radiomitigators, radionuclide scavengers), biodosimetry (biological and biophysical techniques that can be quantitatively correlated with the magnitude of the radiation dose received), and strategies to implement the response to an accidental radiation exposure. In the case of large-scale atomic or radiological events, the most ideal choice for triage, dose assessment and victim classification, is the utilization of global biodosimetry networks, in combination with the automation of strategies based on modular platforms.

Association of sirtuins (SIRT1-7) with lung and intestinal diseases

"Exterior-interior correlation between the lung and large intestine" is one of the important contents of traditional Chinese medicine. This theory describes the role of the lung and the intestine in association with disease treatment. The "lung-gut" axis is a modern extension of the "exterior-interior correlation between lung and large intestine" theory in TCM. Sirtuin (SIRT) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺)-dependent enzyme family with deacetylase properties, which is highly conserved from bacteria to humans. The sirtuin defines seven silencing regulatory proteins (SIRT1-7) in human cells. It can regulate aging, metabolism, and certain diseases. Current studies have shown that sirtuins have dual characteristics, acting as both tumor promoters and tumor inhibitors in cancers. This paper provides a comparative summary of the roles of SIRT1-7 in the intestine and lung (both inflammatory diseases and tumors), and the promoter/suppressor effects of targeting SIRT family microRNAs and modulators of inflammation or tumors. Sirtuins have great potential as drug targets for the treatment of intestinal and respiratory diseases. Meanwhile, it may provide new ideas of future drug target research.

SIRT1: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Autoimmune Diseases

The morbidity and mortality of autoimmune diseases (Ads) have been increasing worldwide, and the identification of novel therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment is urgently needed. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a member of the class III family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺)-dependent histone deacetylases, has been reported to participate in the progression of several diseases. SIRT1 also regulates inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, immune responses, cellular differentiation, proliferation and metabolism, and its altered functions are likely involved in Ads. Several inhibitors and activators have been shown to affect the development of Ads. SIRT1 may represent a novel therapeutic target in these diseases, and small molecules or natural products that modulate the functions of SIRT1 are potential therapeutic agents. In the present review, we summarize current studies of the biological functions of SIRT1 and its role in the pathogenesis and treatment of Ads.

Resveratrol ameliorated endothelial injury of thoracic aorta in diabetic mice and Gly-LDL-induced HUVECs through inhibiting TLR4/HIF-1α

To explore the effects of resveratrol on the levels of inflammatory cytokines and Toll-like receptor-4/ hypoxia-inducible transcription factors-1α (TLR4/HIF-1α) signalling pathway in diabetes mellitus. C57BL/6 mice received intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin for constructing diabetic mice models. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with 50 µg/mL Gly-LDL for inducing injury models. 10, 100 and 1000 mmol/L resveratrol were obtained and added into each group. Haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was used for histological evaluation. CCK8 assay was performed for determination of cell viability, and Transwell assay was implemented for detecting cell migration ability. Cell apoptosis was analysed using flow cytometry. The content of inflammatory factors including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured by ELISA. GST pull-down assay was employed for determining interactions between TLR4 and HIF-1α. The protein expression of TLR4 and HIF-1α was detected using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, while relative mRNA expression was measured by RT-qRCR. Resveratrol could reduce bodyweight and ameliorate endothelial injury of thoracic aorta in diabetic mice. Both in vivo and in vitro results revealed that the level of IL-6, TNF-α, VCAM-1 and VEGF was significantly down-regulated after being treated with resveratrol. Resveratrol inhibited the increase of MDA and ROS and increased the level of SOD in diabetic mice. Western blotting, IHC and RT-qPCR results showed that the levels of TLR4 and HIF-1α were significantly down-regulated in resveratrol group. Overexpression of TLR4 or HIF-1α could reverse the effect of resveratrol. GST pull-down elucidated that there might be a close interaction between TLR4 and HIF-1α. Resveratrol ameliorated endothelial injury of thoracic aorta in diabetic mice and Gly-LDL-induced HUVECs through inhibiting TLR4/HIF-1α signalling pathway.

Phenolic Compounds Impact on Rheumatoid Arthritis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Microbiota Modulation

Non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) are nowadays the principal cause of death, especially in most industrialized nations. These illnesses have increased exponentially with the consumption of diets very high in fat and sugar, not to mention stress and physical inactivity among other factors. The potential impact of suboptimal diets on NCDs’ morbidity and mortality rates brings to the forefront the necessity for a new way of improving dietary habits. The literature provides extensive scientific work that presents evidence that phenolic compounds from diets have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities that impact human health. Gut microbiota modulation by some phenolic compounds leads to favorable changes in abundance, diversity, and in the immune system. However, polyphenol’s limited bioavailability needs to be overcome, highlighting their application in new delivery systems and providing their health benefits in well-established ways such as health maintenance, treatment or adjuvant to conventional pharmacological treatments. In this context, novel dietary approaches, including new food supplements, have emerged to prevent diseases and preserve health.