Coexistence of Mandibular Arteriovenous Malformation and Cerebellar Arteriovenous Malformation. An Example of Cerebrofacial Arteriovenous Metameric Syndrome Type III

Cerebrofacial arteriovenous metameric syndrome type I + II + III: An unusual case

Cerebrofacial arteriovenous Metameric syndrome (CAMS) typically manifests as types I, II, or III, occasionally presenting as dual types. Our unique case underscores the coexistence of all three CAMS types in one patient. Furthermore, the concurrent acute cerebellar infarct underscores the need to consider CAMS in the differential diagnosis of adolescents experiencing neurological events.

The cerebrofacial metameric syndromes: An embryological review and proposal of a novel classification scheme

The cerebrofacial metameric syndromes are a group of congenital syndromes that result in vascular malformations throughout specific anatomical distributions of the brain, cranium and face. Multiple reports of patients with high-flow or low-flow vascular malformations following a metameric distribution have supported this idea. There has been much advancement in understanding of segmental organization and cell migration since the concept of metameric vascular syndromes was first proposed. We aim to give an updated review of these embryological considerations and then propose a more detailed classification system for these syndromes, predominately incorporating the contribution of neural crest cells and somitomeres to the pharyngeal arches.

Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: The Role of Imaging in Treatment Planning and Monitoring Response

Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are characterized by shunting between pial arteries and cortical or deep veins, with the presence of an intervening nidus of tortuous blood vessels. These lesions present a therapeutic challenge, because their natural history entails a risk of intracranial hemorrhage, but treatment may cause significant morbidity. In this article, imaging features of AVMs on MR imaging and catheter angiography are reviewed to stratify the risk of hemorrhage and guide appropriate management. The angioarchitecture of AVMs may evolve over time, spontaneously or in response to treatment, necessitating ongoing imaging surveillance.

Segmental Neurovascular Syndromes in Children

The concept of segmental vascular syndromes with different, seemingly unrelated, diseases is based on the embryology of the neural crest and the mesoderm migration of cells that share the same metameric origin. Migrating patterns of these cells link the brain, the cranial bones, and the face on the same side. A somatic mutation developing in the region of the neural crest or the adjacent cephalic mesoderm before migration can, therefore, be postulated to produce arterial or venous metameric syndromes, including PHACES, CAMS, Cobb syndrome, and Sturge-Weber syndrome. Although these diseases may be rare, their relationships among each other and their postulated linkage with the development of the neural crest and the cephalic mesoderm may shed light on the complex pathology and etiology of various cerebral vascular disorders.