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A Qualitative and Quantitative Occupational Exposure Risk Assessment to Hazardous Substances during Powder-Bed Fusion Processes in Metal-Additive Manufacturing. SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/safety8020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-additive manufacturing (AM), particularly the powder-bed fusion (PBF) technique, is undergoing a transition from the short-run production of components to higher-volume manufacturing. The industry’s increased production efficiency is paired with a growing awareness of the risks related to the inhalation of very fine metal powders during PBF and AM processes, and there is a pressing need for a ready-to-use approach to assess the risks and the occupational exposure to these very final metal powders. This article presents a study conducted in an AM facility, which was conducted with the aim to propose a solution to monitor incidental airborne particle emissions during metal AM by setting up an analytical network for a tailored approach to risk assessment. Quantitative data about the respirable and inhalable particle and metal content were obtained by gravimetric and ICP-MS analyses. In addition, the concentrations of airborne particles (10–300 nm) were investigated using a direct reading instrument. A qualitative approach for risk assessment was fulfilled using control banding Nanotool v2.0. The results show that the operations in the AM facility are in line with exposure limit levels for both micron-sized and nano-sized particles. The particulate observed in the working area contains metals, such as chromium, cobalt, and nickel; thus, biological monitoring is recommended. To manage the risk level observed for all of the tasks during the AM process, containment and the supervision of an occupational safety expert are recommended to manage the risk. This study represents a useful tool that can be used to carry out a static evaluation of the risk and exposure to potentially harmful very fine metal powders in AM; however, due to the continuous innovations in this field, a dynamic approach could represent an interesting future perspective for occupational safety.
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Evaluation of Reductions in Fume Emissions (VOCs and SVOCs) from Warm Mix Asphalt Incorporating Natural Zeolite and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement for Sustainable Pavements. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12229546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional asphalt mixtures used for road paving require high manufacturing temperatures and therefore high energy expenditure, which has a negative environmental impact and creates risk in the workplace owing to high emissions of pollutants, greenhouse gases, and toxic fumes. Reducing energy consumption and emissions is a continuous challenge for the asphalt industry. Previous studies have focused on the reduction of emissions without characterizing their composition, and detailed characterization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in asphalt fumes is scarce. This communication describes the characterization and evaluation of VOCs and SVOCs from asphalt mixtures prepared at lower production temperatures using natural zeolite; in some cases, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) was used. Fumes were extracted from different asphalt mix preparations using a gas syringe and then injected into hermetic gas sample bags. The compounds present in the fumes were sampled with a fiber and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In general, the preparation of warm mix asphalts (WMA) using RAP and natural zeolite as aggregates showed beneficial effects, reducing VOCs and SVOCs compared to hot mix asphalts (HMA). The fumes captured presented a similar composition to those from HMA, consisting principally of saturated and unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds but with few halogenated compounds and no polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Thus, the paving mixtures described here are a friendlier alternative for the environment and for the health of road workers, in addition to permitting the re-use of RAP.
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Dugheri S, Mucci N, Bonari A, Marrubini G, Cappelli G, Ubiali D, Campagna M, Montalti M, Arcangeli G. Solid phase microextraction techniques used for gas chromatography: a review. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2018.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the development and adoption of greener and sustainable microextraction techniques have been proved to be an effective alternative to classical sample preparation procedures. In this review, 10 commercially available solid-phase microextraction systems are presented, with special attention to the appraisal of their analytical, bioanalytical, and environmental engineering. This review provides an overview of the challenges and achievements in the application of fully automated miniaturized sample preparation methods in analytical laboratories. Both theoretical and practical aspects of these environment-friendly preparation approaches are discussed. The application of chemometrics in method development is also discussed. We are convinced that green analytical chemistry will be really useful in the years ahead. The application of cheap, fast, automated, “clever”, and environmentally safe procedures to environmental, clinical, and food analysis will improve significantly the quality of the analytical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dugheri
- 1 Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Laboratory, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola Mucci
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bonari
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Cappelli
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Ubiali
- 3 Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcello Campagna
- 4 Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Manfredi Montalti
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulio Arcangeli
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Dugheri S, Bonari A, Gentili M, Cappelli G, Pompilio I, Bossi C, Arcangeli G, Campagna M, Mucci N. High-Throughput Analysis of Selected Urinary Hydroxy Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by an Innovative Automated Solid-Phase Microextraction. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081869. [PMID: 30050023 PMCID: PMC6222761 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening of samples is the strategy of choice to detect occupational exposure biomarkers, yet it requires a user-friendly apparatus that gives relatively prompt results while ensuring high degrees of selectivity, precision, accuracy and automation, particularly in the preparation process. Miniaturization has attracted much attention in analytical chemistry and has driven solvent and sample savings as easier automation, the latter thanks to the introduction on the market of the three axis autosampler. In light of the above, this contribution describes a novel user-friendly solid-phase microextraction (SPME) off- and on-line platform coupled with gas chromatography and triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry to determine urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1- and 2-hydroxy-naphthalene, 9-hydroxy-phenanthrene, 1-hydroxy-pyrene, 3- and 9-hydroxy-benzoantracene, and 3-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene. In this new procedure, chromatography’s sensitivity is combined with the user-friendliness of N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide on-fiber SPME derivatization using direct immersion sampling; moreover, specific isotope-labelled internal standards provide quantitative accuracy. The detection limits for the seven OH-PAHs ranged from 0.25 to 4.52 ng/L. Intra-(from 2.5 to 3.0%) and inter-session (from 2.4 to 3.9%) repeatability was also evaluated. This method serves to identify suitable risk-control strategies for occupational hygiene conservation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dugheri
- Laboratorio di Igiene e Tossicologia Industriale, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo P. Palagi 1, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Bonari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Matteo Gentili
- Giotto Biotech Srl, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
| | - Giovanni Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Ilenia Pompilio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Costanza Bossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Giulio Arcangeli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Marcello Campagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554 bivio Sestu, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | - Nicola Mucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
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Passive Sampling and Analysis of Naphthalene in Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust with Retracted SPME Device and GC-MS. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8070130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Castellani ML, Felaco P, Galzio RJ, Tripodi D, Toniato E, De Lutiis MA, Fulcheri M, Caraffa A, Antinolfi P, Tetè S, Felaco M, Conti F, Pandolfi F, Theoharides TC, Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb YB. IL-31 a Th2 cytokine involved in immunity and inflammation. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:709-13. [PMID: 20943040 DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are immunal regulatory proteins, however they also play a relevant role in inflammatory diseases. IL-31 is a newly discovered cytokine expressed primarily in TH2 cells, introduced by activated CD4+ T cells. IL-31 is capable of inducing chemokines and other cytokines in several inflammatory diseases via its surface receptor. This cytokine is also produced by mast cells and mast cell line, suggesting a role in allergic diseases. In this editorial we revisit the biological role of IL-31 in immunity and inflammation.
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Anogeianaki A, Castellani M, Tripodi D, Toniato E, De Lutiis M, Conti F, Felaco P, Fulcheri M, Theoharides T, Galzio R, Caraffa A, Antinolfi P, Cuccurullo C, Ciampoli C, Felaco M, Cerulli G, Pandolfi F, Sabatino G, Neri G, Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb Y. Vitamins and Mast Cells. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:991-6. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a highly complex, intricately regulated group of cells whose integrated function is essential to health. The mast cell inflammatory response is characterized by an early phase with massive discharge of mediators stored in cytoplasmic secretory granules. Through multigranular/compound exocytosis and a late phase that involves generation of arachidonic acid metabolites and de novo synthesis of cytokines/chemokines and growth factors. Vitamins have been shown to have a protective effect on the body's immune cells. Vitamin C and E are necessary in allergic disease treatment where mast cells are involved. In addition, ascorbic acid and pyridoxine are useful compounds for the treatment of inflammatory disorder of the respiratory airways. Here we revisited the inter-relationship between vitamins and mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D. Tripodi
- School of Dentistry, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - E. Toniato
- Immunology Division, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - M.A. De Lutiis
- Department of Human Dynamics, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - F. Conti
- Gynecology Division, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - P. Felaco
- Department of Human Dynamics, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - M. Fulcheri
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - T.C. Theoharides
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Biochemistry and Internal Medicine Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R. Galzio
- Department of Health Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - A. Caraffa
- Orthopaedics Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - P. Antinolfi
- Orthopaedics Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C. Cuccurullo
- Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - C. Ciampoli
- Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - M. Felaco
- Department of Human Dynamics, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - G. Cerulli
- Orthopaedics Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - F. Pandolfi
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Sabatino
- Gynecology Division, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - G. Neri
- Department of ORL, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Symeonidou I, Pappa S, Kourelis A, Anogeianaki A, Frydas I, Karagouni E, Hatzistilianou M. Microarray Analysis of NF-κB Signaling Pathways in PBMC of Mice Infected by Trichinella Spiralis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:821-31. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB pathway gene expression profiles were compared between 10, 20 and 39 days after Trichinella spiralis experimental infection in BALB/c mice. Out of 128 genes, 19 (14.8%) genes were present in non-infected and post-infected mice. The expression of 7 (36.8%) genes was downregulated 10 and 20 days post-infection while 3 (15.8%) genes were upregulated 39 days post-infection. The present study lists the candidate genes of the NF-κB signaling pathway that were commonly and differentially expressed between the specific points of T. spiralis infection, thus suggesting that these genes need to be further investigated to reveal the mechanism of the T. spiralis modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Pappa
- 2nd Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
| | - A. Kourelis
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, Biology School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki
| | - A. Anogeianaki
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Athens, Greece
| | | | - E. Karagouni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute Pasteur Hellenique, Athens, Greece
| | - M. Hatzistilianou
- 2nd Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
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