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Rath B, Klameth L, Plangger A, Hochmair M, Ulsperger E, Huk I, Zeillinger R, Hamilton G. Expression of Proteolytic Enzymes by Small Cell Lung Cancer Circulating Tumor Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010114. [PMID: 30669448 PMCID: PMC6357007 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive type of lung cancer which disseminates vigorously and has a dismal prognosis. Metastasis of SCLC is linked to an extremely high number of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which form chemoresistant spheroids, termed tumorospheres. Intravasation and extravasation during tumor spread requires the activity of a number of proteases to disintegrate the stroma and vascular tissue. Generation of several permanent SCLC CTC lines allowed us to screen for the expression of 35 proteases using Western blot arrays. Cell culture supernatants of two CTC lines, namely BHGc7 and 10, were analyzed for secreted proteases, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), ADAM/TS, cathepsins, kallikreins, and others, and compared to proteases expressed by SCLC cell lines (GLC14, GLC16, NCI-H526 and SCLC26A). In contrast to NCI-H526 and SCLC26A, MMP-9 was highly expressed in the two CTC lines and in GLC16 derived of a relapse. Furthermore, cathepsins (S, V, X/Z/P, A and D) were highly expressed in the CTC lines, whereas ADAM/TS and kallikreins were not detectable. In conclusion, SCLC CTCs express MMP-9 and a range of cathepsins for proteolysis and, aside from tissue degradation, these enzymes are involved in cell signaling, survival, and the chemoresistance of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rath
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lukas Klameth
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Adelina Plangger
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | - Ihor Huk
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Robert Zeillinger
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center-Gynecological Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gerhard Hamilton
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Liu WL, Liu D, Cheng K, Liu YJ, Xing S, Chi PD, Liu XH, Xue N, Lai YZ, Guo L, Zhang G. Evaluating the diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating cathepsin S in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:28124-38. [PMID: 27058412 PMCID: PMC5053714 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate whether serum Cathepsin S (Cat S) could serve as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer (GC), Enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum Cat S in 496 participants including healthy controls and patients with benign gastric diseases, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer and lung cancer. The levels of serum Cat S were significantly increased in cancer patients, especially in GC patients. The qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining revealed the overexpression of Cat S in GC cell lines and tissues. The diagnostic value of serum Cat S for GC patients from controls resulted in an AUC of 0.803 with a sensitivity of 60.7% and a specificity of 90.0%. Moreover, the levels of serum Cat S were associated with GC tumor volume, lymphoid nodal status, metastasis status, and stages. Moreover, the patients with high levels of serum Cat S had a poorer overall survival. Univariate analysis revealed Cat S expression was a prognostic factor. The knockdown of Cat S significantly suppressed the migration and invasion of GC cells. This study suggested serum Cat S may be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Dong Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Zhen Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University of Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Kolwijck E, Kos J, Obermajer N, Span PN, Thomas CMG, Massuger LFAG, Sweep FCGJ. The balance between extracellular cathepsins and cystatin C is of importance for ovarian cancer. Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40:591-9. [PMID: 20482593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major step in cancer formation involves the degradation of the extracellular matrix, mediated by multiple degradative actions of (lysosomal) proteases. Extracellular release of lysosomal proteases (cathepsins) and their inhibitors has been associated with the development and progression of several types of cancer. We investigated whether cathepsins in ovarian cyst fluid (oCF) were associated with disease outcome in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The levels of cathepsin B (CatB), H (CatH), L (CatL) and X (CatX) and their most abundant extracellular inhibitor cystatin C (CysC) were determined in oCF of 50 EOC patients by quantitative ELISAs. The cathepsin levels and ratios between cathepsins and CysC were related to clinicopathological parameters (Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests) and survival (Cox Regression analysis). RESULTS Median (25th-75th percentile) levels of cathepsin B, H, L, X and CysC in oCF were 97 (42-203), 18 (12-32), 61 (37-108), 20 (13-47) and 657 (501-805) ng mL(-1) respectively. Ratio of CysC/CatB was significantly lower for patients with metastatic compared with localised EOC (P = 0.025). Ratios of CysC/CatH and CysC/CatX differed significantly between histological subtypes (P = 0.012 and P = 0.035 respectively) and were significantly higher for high-grade tumours compared with low-grade tumours (P = 0.031 and P = 0.039 respectively). Neither cathepsins nor their ratios were significant predictors of survival for EOC patients. CONCLUSIONS Ratios between CysC and cathepsins in oCF differed significantly between important clinicopathological subgroups. We believe that a complex cascade of proteolytic events, in which cathepsins play different roles, might be responsible for progression and metastasis in EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kolwijck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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