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Human Tissue Kallikreins in Polymorphous Adenocarcinoma: A Polymerase Chain Reaction and Immunohistochemical Study. Head Neck Pathol 2020; 15:169-178. [PMID: 32592124 PMCID: PMC8010004 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-020-01196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphous adenocarcinoma (PAC) is the second most common malignant salivary gland tumour of minor salivary glands. Human tissue kallikreins (KLKs) are a family of highly conserved serine proteases expressed by various tissues and organs. The literature demonstrates a link between KLKs and salivary gland neoplasms. The purpose of this study was to determine levels of KLK mRNA in tissue samples of PAC and to determine if KLK expression is limited to tumour cells. Nineteen cases of PAC were reviewed (1987-2013). The diagnosis was confirmed, demographic data was collected, and formalin fixed paraffin-embedded PAC and normal salivary gland tissue samples were obtained. RNA isolation was achieved, followed by conversion to complementary DNA via reverse transcription. Using PCR, the quantitative level of expression of KLKs1-15 was recorded. Samples exhibiting high and low KLK expression were selected for immunohistochemistry staining. Results revealed a statistically significant increase in mean KLK mRNA expression for KLK1, KLK4, KLK10, KLK12 and KLK15 in PAC tissue samples, compared with normal salivary gland tissue (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that KLKs were present in tumor cells. Notably, all samples demonstrating relatively higher KLK mRNA expression showed equivalent or increased staining scores relative to the low KLK mRNA expression samples. In conclusion, there appears to be aberrant kallikrein expression in polymorphous adenocarcinoma, suggesting the possibility of a kallikrein cascade influence on tumor development and progression.
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Kerr Z, Hayter A, Khan Z, Darling M. Kallikrein-Related Peptidase mRNA Expression in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Salivary Glands: A Polymerase Chain Reaction Study. Head Neck Pathol 2019; 14:577-587. [PMID: 31515705 PMCID: PMC7413927 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-019-01076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a group of 15 serine proteases implicated in a variety of biological processes. Aberrant expression of KLKs has been associated with the development of certain cancers. However, the role of KLKs in salivary tumors has not been extensively studied. This study evaluated the expression of KLKs in both adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and normal salivary gland tissue. We isolated total RNA from 39 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples, which included 24 ACCs and 15 normal salivary gland tissues. Complementary DNA, synthesized by reverse transcription, was combined with gene specific kallikrein primers (KLK1-KLK15) to allow for quantitative real-time PCR. Data was normalized to a β-actin housekeeping gene. Relative quantification analysis was performed using the ΔCq method. KLK1-KLK15 expression was observed in both tissue types. However, KLK1, KLK8, KLK11, and KLK14 were found to be downregulated in ACC. We propose that this may represent a multi-parametric panel providing diagnostic and prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyssa Hayter
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N5X 0H4 Canada
| | - Zia Khan
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N5X 0H4 Canada
| | - Mark Darling
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N5X 0H4 Canada
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Morrison MD, Jackson-Boeters L, Khan ZA, Shimizu MS, Franklin JH, Fung K, Yoo JHJ, Darling MR. Identifying Candidate Biomarkers for Pleomorphic Adenoma: A Case-Control Study. Head Neck Pathol 2018; 13:286-297. [PMID: 30120721 PMCID: PMC6684674 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-018-0959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common benign salivary gland tumor. Kallikrein-related peptidases have been identified as biomarkers in many human tumors and may influence tumor behavior. We investigated KLK1-15 messenger ribonucleic acid and proteins in PA specimens to determine a KLK expression profile for this tumor. Fresh frozen PA tissue specimens (n = 26) and matched controls were subjected to quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect KLK1-15 mRNA. Expression of KLK1, KLK12, KLK13, and KLK8 proteins were then evaluated via immunostaining techniques. Statistical analyses were performed with the level of significance set at P < .05. We observed downregulation of KLK1, KLK12, and KLK13 mRNA expression, and immunostaining studies revealed downregulation of the corresponding proteins. Histologic evidence of capsular perforation was associated with increased KLK1 protein expression. Tumor size was not associated with capsular invasion and/or perforation. This study is the first to detail a KLK expression profile for PA at both the transcriptional level and the protein level. Future work is required to develop clinical applications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Morrison
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, London Health Sciences Centre, 339 Windermere Road, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada.
| | - Linda Jackson-Boeters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Zia A Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Michael S Shimizu
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, London Health Sciences Centre, 339 Windermere Road, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - Jason H Franklin
- Division of Head and Neck Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, 144 Brock Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 5G2, Canada
| | - Kevin Fung
- Division of Head and Neck Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, London Health Sciences Centre, 339 Windermere Road, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - John H J Yoo
- Division of Head and Neck Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, London Health Sciences Centre, 339 Windermere Road, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - Mark R Darling
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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Ji EH, Diep C, Liu T, Li H, Merrill R, Messadi D, Hu S. Potential protein biomarkers for burning mouth syndrome discovered by quantitative proteomics. Mol Pain 2017; 13:1744806916686796. [PMID: 28326926 PMCID: PMC5302177 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916686796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic pain disorder characterized by severe burning sensation in normal looking oral mucosa. Diagnosis of BMS remains to be a challenge to oral healthcare professionals because the method for definite diagnosis is still uncertain. In this study, a quantitative saliva proteomic analysis was performed in order to identify target proteins in BMS patients’ saliva that may be used as biomarkers for simple, non-invasive detection of the disease. By using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation labeling and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to quantify 1130 saliva proteins between BMS patients and healthy control subjects, we found that 50 proteins were significantly changed in the BMS patients when compared to the healthy control subjects (p ≤ 0.05, 39 up-regulated and 11 down-regulated). Four candidates, alpha-enolase, interleukin-18 (IL-18), kallikrein-13 (KLK13), and cathepsin G, were selected for further validation. Based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measurements, three potential biomarkers, alpha-enolase, IL-18, and KLK13, were successfully validated. The fold changes for alpha-enolase, IL-18, and KLK13 were determined as 3.6, 2.9, and 2.2 (burning mouth syndrome vs. control), and corresponding receiver operating characteristic values were determined as 0.78, 0.83, and 0.68, respectively. Our findings indicate that testing of the identified protein biomarkers in saliva might be a valuable clinical tool for BMS detection. Further validation studies of the identified biomarkers or additional candidate biomarkers are needed to achieve a multi-marker prediction model for improved detection of BMS with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoon Hye Ji
- 1 School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Diep
- 1 School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tong Liu
- 2 Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Hong Li
- 2 Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Robert Merrill
- 1 School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diana Messadi
- 1 School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shen Hu
- 1 School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Mariano FV, Egal ES, Pramio D, Fidalgo F, Sara É, Costa AF, de Oliveira Gondak R, Coletta RD, de Almeida OP, Kowalski LP, Victorino Krepischi AC, Altemani A. Evaluation of a subset of tumor suppressor gene for copy number and epigenitic changes in pleomorphic adenoma and carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma carcinogenesis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016; 122:322-31. [PMID: 27544395 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The progression of pleomorphic adenoma (PA) to carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) encompasses several genomic alterations involving complex pathways. Tumor suppressor genes seem to play important roles in the tumorigenesis of both tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate copy number and methylation of tumor suppressor genes' status in PA and CXPA samples. STUDY DESIGN Eight cases of PA, 2 cases of residual PA in CXPA, and 5 cases of CXPA were studied; the latter were classified according to invasiveness and histopathological subtype. Changes in 41 tumor suppressor genes were evaluated by multiplex ligation-probe dependent amplification analysis. RESULTS Copy number losses of CASP8, MLH1, and RARB genes were associated with PA and CXPA, while KLK3 and AI69125 copy number losses were exclusive to CXPA. The sarcomatoid carcinoma showed more copy number alterations compared with other subtypes. Hypermethylation of RASSF1 was found mainly in PA and less frequently in malignant tumors. CONCLUSIONS CASP8, MLH1, and RARB tumor suppressor genes were altered by copy number losses during PA progression to CXPA. Lastly, RASSF1 inactivation by methylation was also detected in both tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Said Egal
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dimitrius Pramio
- Medical Genomics Group, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fidalgo
- Medical Genomics Group, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érica Sara
- Medical Genomics Group, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Costa
- Medical Genomics Group, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- Head and Neck and Otorhinolaryngology Surgery Department, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Albina Altemani
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Triantafyllou A, Thompson LDR, Devaney KO, Bell D, Hunt JL, Rinaldo A, Vander Poorten V, Ferlito A. Functional Histology of Salivary Gland Pleomorphic Adenoma: An Appraisal. Head Neck Pathol 2015; 9:387-404. [PMID: 25380577 PMCID: PMC4542802 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-014-0581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complex microstructure of salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma is examined in relation to function. Events related to secretion of macromolecules and absorption, responses to the altered microenvironment and controversies concerning epithelial-mesenchymal transition versus modified myoepithelial differentiation are explored. Their effects on tumor cell phenotypes and arrangements are emphasized. Heterotopic differentiation and attempts at organogenesis are also considered. The approach allows interpreting microstructure independently of histogenetic perceptions, envisaging the tumor cells as a continuum, endorsing luminal structures as the principal components, and defining pleomorphic adenoma as a benign epithelial tumour characterized by variable epithelial-mesenchymal transition, secretion/differentiation and metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asterios Triantafyllou
- />Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- />Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Diana Bell
- />Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jennifer L. Hunt
- />Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR USA
| | | | - Vincent Vander Poorten
- />Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Oncology, University Hospitals KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- />European Salivary Gland Society, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alfio Ferlito
- />University of Udine School of Medicine, Udine, Italy
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Kallikrein-related peptidase 10 expression in salivary gland tissues and tumours. Int J Biol Markers 2012; 27:e381-8. [PMID: 23250777 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.2012.10373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Kallikrein-related peptidase 10 (KLK10) has been implicated in the development of several types of cancer. The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of KLK10 in 3 types of salivary gland tumour and normal salivary glands. MATERIALS AND METHODS A standard immunoperoxidase staining technique was used to assess the immunoexpression profile of KLK10 in normal salivary glands and 3 types of salivary gland tumour: pleomorphic adenoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. RESULTS Pleomorphic adenomas showed significantly lower KLK10 levels than control tissues. Neither of the malignant tumours (adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma) showed a significant alteration in the immunoreactive scores of KLK10 in comparison with the normal salivary gland tissues. KLK10 immunoreactive scores were comparable in adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Pleomorphic adenoma had significantly lower levels of KLK10 than mucoepidermoid carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The finding of lower KLK10 levels in pleomorphic adenoma suggests aberrant expression in a tumour that develops primarily from myoepithelial cells. A kallikrein cascade may play a role in the development and/or outcome of some salivary gland tumours.
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Devetzi M, Trangas T, Scorilas A, Xynopoulos D, Talieri M. Parallel overexpression and clinical significance of kallikrein-related peptidases 7 and 14 (KLK7KLK14) in colon cancer. Thromb Haemost 2012; 109:716-25. [PMID: 23224034 DOI: 10.1160/th12-07-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Currently available colon cancer (CC) markers lack sensitivity and specificity. Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) present a new class of biomarkers under investigation for diverse diseases, including cancer. KLKs are co-expressed in various tissues participating in proteolytic cascades. KLK7 in human tumours facilitates metastasis by degrading components of the extracellular matrix. KLK14 promotes tumourigenesis by activating proteinase-activated receptors. In the present study we examined the concomitant expression of KLK7 and KLK14 in245 colonic tissue specimens from 175 patients; 70 were pairs of cancerous-normal tissues, 31 were cancerous tissues and 74 were colonic adenomas. We used quantitative real-time PCR and proved that both genes are up-regulated in CC at the mRNA level. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of our results showed that both genes have discriminatory value between CC and adenoma tissues, with KLK14 obtaining greater distinguishing power (area under the curve [AUC]=0.708 for KLK14; AUC=0.669 for KLK7). Current work showed that the two genes are fairly co-expressed in all three types of colon tissues examined (normal rs=0.667, p<0.001, adenomas rs=0.373, p=0.001, carcinomas rs=0.478, p<0.001). KLK14 is associated with shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients (p=0.003, p=0.016 respectively), whereas KLK7only with shorter DFS (p=0.004). KLK7 and KLK14 gene expression can be regarded as markers of poor prognosis for CC patients with discriminating power between CC and adenoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Devetzi
- Department of Cellular Physiology, G. Papanicolaou Research Center of Oncology, Saint Savvas Cancer Hospital, 171, Alexandras Avenue, Athens 11522, Greece
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