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Feng HN, Zhong LQY, Xu CX, Wang TT, Wu H, Wang L, Traub RJ, Chen X, Cao DY. Up-regulation of IL-1β and sPLA2-III in the medial prefrontal cortex contributes to orofacial and somatic hyperalgesia induced by malocclusion via glial-neuron crosstalk. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 982:176933. [PMID: 39182540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been identified as a key brain region involved in the modulation of chronic pain. Our recent study demonstrated that unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) developed the comorbidity model of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), which was characterized by both orofacial and somatic hyperalgesia. In the present study, UAC rats exhibited significant changes in gene expression in the mPFC. Enrichment analysis revealed that the significantly involved pathways were cytokines-cytokine receptor interaction and immune response. The expression of group III secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-III) was significantly increased in the mPFC of UAC rats. Silencing sPLA2-III expression in the mPFC blocked the orofacial and somatic hyperalgesia. Immunofluorescence showed that sPLA2-III was mainly localized in neurons. The expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the mPFC significantly increased after UAC. Injection of IL-1β antibody into the mPFC blocked orofacial and somatic hyperalgesia. IL-1β was mainly localized in microglia cells. Furthermore, injection of IL-1β antibody significantly reduced the expression of sPLA2-III. These results indicate that neuroinflammatory cascade responses induced by glial-neuron crosstalk in the mPFC may contribute to the development of TMD and FMS comorbidity, and IL-1β and sPLA2-III are identified as novel potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of chronic pain in the comorbidity of TMD and FMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Nan Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Testing Center of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Liang-Qiu-Yue Zhong
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Chen-Xi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Testing Center of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Testing Center of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Richard J Traub
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, the UM Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Dong-Yuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Testing Center of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China; Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, the UM Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Hernandez CM, McCuiston MA, Davis K, Halls Y, Carcamo Dal Zotto JP, Jackson NL, Dobrunz LE, King PH, McMahon LL. In a circuit necessary for cognition and emotional affect, Alzheimer's-like pathology associates with neuroinflammation, cognitive and motivational deficits in the young adult TgF344-AD rat. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 39:100798. [PMID: 39022628 PMCID: PMC11253229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to extracellular amyloid plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tau tangles, and inflammation, cognitive and emotional affect perturbations are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The cognitive and emotional domains impaired by AD include several forms of decision making (such as intertemporal choice), blunted motivation (increased apathy), and impaired executive function (such as working memory and cognitive flexibility). However, the interaction between these domains of the mind and their supporting neurobiological substrates at prodromal stages of AD, or whether these interactions can be predictive of AD severity (individual variability), remain unclear. In this study, we employed a battery of cognitive and emotional tests in the young adult (5-7 mo) transgenic Fisher-344 AD (TgF344-AD; TgAD) rat model of AD. We also assessed whether markers of inflammation or AD-like pathology in the prelimbic cortex (PrL) of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), basolateral amygdala (BLA), or nucleus accumbens (NAc), all structures that directly support the aforementioned behaviors, were predictive of behavioral deficits. We found TgAD rats displayed maladaptive decision making, greater apathy, and impaired working memory that was indeed predicted by AD-like pathology in the relevant brain structures, even at an early age. Moreover, we report that the BLA is an early epicenter of inflammation, and notably, AD-like pathology in the PrL, BLA, and NAc was predictive of BLA inflammation. These results suggest that operant-based battery testing may be sensitive enough to determine pathology trajectories, including neuroinflammation, from early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caesar M. Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Macy A. McCuiston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristian Davis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yolanda Halls
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Carcamo Dal Zotto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nateka L. Jackson
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Lynn E. Dobrunz
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Peter H. King
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lori L. McMahon
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
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Gugliandolo E, Franco GA, Marino Y, Peritore AF, Impellizzeri D, Cordaro M, Siracusa R, Fusco R, D’Amico R, Macrì F, Di Paola R, Cuzzocrea S, Crupi R. Uroprotective and pain-relieving effect of dietary supplementation with micronized palmitoyl-glucosamine and hesperidin in a chronic model of cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1327102. [PMID: 38249555 PMCID: PMC10797840 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1327102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Feline idiopathic cystitis is a common, chronic-relapsing disorder of the lower urinary tract. In addition to environmental modification/enrichment, long-term and safe treatment targeting specific pathophysiological changes may be of help. In this context, effective dietary interventions hold clinical promise. Palmitoyl-glucosamine (PGA) and hesperidin (HSP) are safe and authorized feed ingredients for animal nutrition under European regulations. Methods The current study aimed to investigate whether a 3:1 mixture of micronized PGA and HSP could represent a novel mechanism-oriented approach to chronic cystitis management. A newly validated rat model of cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced chronic cystitis was used (40 mg/kg, three intraperitoneal injections every 3rd day). Animals were randomized to orally receive either vehicle or PGA-HSP at a low (72 + 24 mg/kg) or high (doubled) dose for 13 days, starting 3 days before the chronic CYP protocol, with mesna (2-mercaptoethane-sulfonate) being used as a reference drug. Results Higher PGA-HSP dose was effective at relieving chronic visceral pain, as measured by mechanical allodynia test (von Frey test). The severity of cystitis was also significantly improved, as shown by the reduced sonographic thickening of the bladder wall, as well as the decrease in edema, bleeding and bladder to body weight ratio compared to the vehicle treated group. A significant decrease of MPO activity, MDA level and fibrosis at Masson's trichrome staining was also observed in animals administered PGA-HSP in comparison to vehicle treated ones. The CYP-induced increase in bladder mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was also significantly counteracted by the study mixture. Moreover, CYP-induced bladder mast cell accumulation and releasability were significantly decreased by PGA-HSP (even at the low dose), as determined by metachromatic staining, chymase and tryptase immunostaining as well as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for histamine and 5-hydoxytriptamine. Discussion PGA-HSP is able to block CYP-induced decrease of tight junction proteins, claudin-1 and occludin, thus preserving the urothelial bladder function. Finally, neuroinflammatory changes were investigated, showing that dietary supplementation with PGA-HSP prevented the activation of neurons and non-neuronal cells (i.e., microglia, astrocytes and mast cells) at the spinal level, and counteracted CYP-induced increase of spinal mRNA encoding for pro-inflammatory cytokines. Altogether, the present findings confirm the uroprotective and pain-relieving effect of PGA-HSP and pave the way to potential and relevant clinical applications of the study supplement in feline idiopathic cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ylenia Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- BioMorf Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Macrì
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Gao Q, Gao Z, Su M, Huang Y, Zhang C, Li C, Zhan H, Liu B, Zhou X. Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Overexpressing Heme Oxygenase-1 Promotes Symptoms Recovery in Cystitis Rats by Alleviating Neuroinflammation. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:8887091. [PMID: 38020203 PMCID: PMC10663085 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8887091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) seriously reduces the patient's quality of life, yet current therapies only provide partial relief. In the spinal dorsal horn (SDH), neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the development of IC. Injection of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUMSCs) to reduce inflammation is an effective strategy, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) exhibits anti-nociceptive effect in neuroinflammatory pain. This study aimed to test the therapeutic effects of hUMSCs overexpressing HO-1 on cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis rat model. Cystitis rats were transplanted with altered cells and then assessed for 3 weeks. A series of behavioral measurements would be trial including suprapubic mechanical allodynia, depressive-like behaviors, micturition frequency, and short-term memory function. Additionally, western blot, immunofluorescence staining, and ELISA kit test for anti-inflammation effect. HUMSCs were capable of being transduced to overexpress HO-1. Injection of hUMSCs overexpressing HO-1 was more effective than hUMSCs alone in alleviating behavioral symptoms in rats. Furthermore, hUMSCs overexpressing HO-1 inhibited the activation of glial and TLR4/p65/NLRP3 pathway, decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the SDH region. Surprisingly, it markedly increased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, reduced MDA content, and protected GSH concentrations in local environment. Our results suggest that injecting hUMSCs overexpressing HO-1 intrathecally can significantly promote functional outcomes in cystitis rats by reducing neuroinflammation, at least, partly through downregulating TLR4/p65/NLRP3 signaling pathway in the SDH region. This cell therapy affords a new strategy for IC/BPS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Gao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Zhentao Gao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Minzhi Su
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Cuiping Li
- Department of Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Hailun Zhan
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Bolong Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Xiangfu Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
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Lu Q, Liu Q, Chen S, Wang J, Chen Y, Sun B, Yang Z, Feng H, Yi S, Chen W, Zhu J. The expression and distribution of TACAN in human and rat bladders. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2023; 15:256-264. [PMID: 37649457 DOI: 10.1111/luts.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A lot of ion channels participate in the regulation of bladder function. TACAN, a new mechanosensitive ion channel, was first discovered in 2020. TACAN has been found to be expressed in many tissues, such as the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and adipose tissue. However, it is unclear whether or not TACAN is expressed in the bladder. In this work, we decided to study the expression and distribution of TACAN in human and rat bladders. Meanwhile, the expression of TACAN in the rat model of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) was studied. METHODS Human bladder tissues were obtained from female patients. Cyclophosphamide (CYP) was used to build the rat model of IC/BPS. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, agarose gel electrophoresis, and western blotting were used to assess the expression of TACAN in human and rat bladders. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to observe the distribution of TACAN in human and rat bladders. Hematoxylin-eosin stain, withdrawal threshold, and micturition interval were used to evaluate animal models. RESULTS The results of agarose gel electrophoresis and western blotting suggested that TACAN was expressed in human and rat bladders. Immunohistochemical results suggested that TACAN showed positive immunoreaction in the urothelial and detrusor layers. The immunofluorescence results indicated that TACAN was co-stained with UPKIII, α-SMA, and PGP9.5. The IC/BPS model was successfully established with CYP. The mRNA and protein expression of TACAN was upregulated in the CYP-induced rat model of IC/BPS. CONCLUSIONS TACAN was found in human and rat bladders. TACAN was mainly distributed in the urothelial and detrusor layers and bladder nerves. The expression of TACAN was upregulated in the CYP-induced rat model of IC/BPS. This new discovery will provide a theoretical basis for future research on the function of TACAN in the bladder and a potential therapeutic target for IC/BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qudong Lu
- Department of Urology, Army 73rd Group Military Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Clinical Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiwei Chen
- Department of Urology, Army 73rd Group Military Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiaolian Wang
- Department of Urology, Army 73rd Group Military Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Yongjie Chen
- Department of Urology, Army 73rd Group Military Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Bishao Sun
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenxing Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Feng
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanhong Yi
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingzhen Zhu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Gao Q, Zhao Y, Luo R, Su M, Zhang C, Li C, Liu B, Zhou X. Intrathecal umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells injection alleviates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial cystitis rats through the Sirt1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Life Sci 2023; 331:122045. [PMID: 37634813 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Neuroinflammation in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) region plays an important role in the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis (IC)/bladder pain syndrome (BPS). Oxidative stress is an important etiological factor for inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells UMSCs on neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in IC and the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were intraperitoneally injected with cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg bodyweight) to establish the IC animal model. Additionally, rats were intrathecally injected with a Sirt1-specific agonist (SRT1720; 8 μg/rat) or inhibitor (EX527; 8 μg/rat). Furthermore, rats were intrathecally injected with human UMSCs (hUMSCS; 8 × 105 cells/rat). Rat behavior was examined using the mechanical allodynia test, novel object recognition test, sucrose preference test, and urodynamics analysis. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress the SDH region were examined using western blotting, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and commercial kits. KEY FINDINGS The Sirt1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway was downregulated in IC rats. Sirt1 activation and inhibition differentially affected the behavior of IC rats. hUMSCs effectively mitigated the upregulation of oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, and glial activation in the SDH region. Additionally, hUMSCs suppressed mechanical allodynia, dysregulated urodynamics, memory deficits, and depressive-like behavior in IC rats. hUMSCs exerted therapeutic effects through the Sirt1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. SIGNIFICANCE intrathecal hUMSCs injection alleviated behavioral deficits of IC rats by mitigating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress through the Sirt1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and can be potentially an effective therapeutic strategy for IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Gao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruixiang Luo
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Minzhi Su
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Cuiping Li
- Department of Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Bolong Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China.
| | - Xiangfu Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China.
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Zhang L, Shi Y, Zhang J, Wu J, Jiang W. Cyclophosphamide-induced seizures in a patient with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE): A case report. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1122629. [PMID: 36999036 PMCID: PMC10049787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1122629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Seizures are life-threatening complications of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) and are often associated with poor outcomes. Cyclophosphamide immunotherapy is the mainstay of NPSLE treatment. We report the unique case of a patient with NPSLE who developed seizures soon after her first and second doses of low-dose cyclophosphamide. The exact pathophysiological mechanism underlying cyclophosphamide-induced seizures is not well understood. However, this unusual drug-associated side effect of cyclophosphamide is thought to be due to the drug’s unique pharmacology. Clinicians should be aware of this complication to make a correct diagnosis and adjust the immunosuppressive regimens very carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingshu Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Ninth People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyao Zhang
- Core Facilities of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Internal Medicine Department, Xihua University Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Ninth People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Jiang,
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Hughes FM, Odom MR, Cervantes A, Livingston AJ, Purves JT. Why Are Some People with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) Depressed? New Evidence That Peripheral Inflammation in the Bladder Causes Central Inflammation and Mood Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2821. [PMID: 36769140 PMCID: PMC9917564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anecdotal evidence has long suggested that patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) develop mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety, at a higher rate than the general population and recent prospective studies have confirmed this link. Breakthroughs in our understanding of the diseases underlying LUTS have shown that many have a substantial inflammatory component and great strides have been made recently in our understanding of how this inflammation is triggered. Meanwhile, studies on mood disorders have found that many are associated with central neuroinflammation, most notably in the hippocampus. Excitingly, work on other diseases characterized by peripheral inflammation has shown that they can trigger central neuroinflammation and mood disorders. In this review, we discuss the current evidence tying LUTS to mood disorders, its possible bidirectionally, and inflammation as a common mechanism. We also review modern theories of inflammation and depression. Finally, we discuss exciting new animal studies that directly tie two bladder conditions characterized by extensive bladder inflammation (cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis and bladder outlet obstruction) to neuroinflammation and depression. We conclude with a discussion of possible mechanisms by which peripheral inflammation is translated into central neuroinflammation with the resulting psychiatric concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M. Hughes
- Department Urology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3831, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Asgari Taei A, Dargahi L, Khodabakhsh P, Kadivar M, Farahmandfar M. Hippocampal neuroprotection mediated by secretome of human mesenchymal stem cells against experimental stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1425-1438. [PMID: 35715988 PMCID: PMC9344087 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Regenerative medicine literature has demonstrated that the therapeutic potentials of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in experimental stroke are attributed to secreted bioactive factors rather than to cell replacement. Here, we explored the effects of secretome or conditioned medium (CM) derived from human embryonic stem cell‐derived MSCs (hESC‐MSCs) on hippocampal neurogenesis, inflammation, and apoptosis in experimental stroke. Methods Ischemic stroke was induced by right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in male Wistar rats, and CM was infused either one time (1‐h post‐stroke; CM1) or three times (1‐, 24‐, and 48‐h post‐stroke; CM3) into left lateral ventricle. Neurogenesis markers (Nestin, Ki67, Doublecortin, and Reelin) were assessed at transcript and protein levels in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus on day seven following MCAO. In parallel, changes in the gene expression of markers of apoptosis (Bax and Bim, as well as an anti‐apoptotic marker of Bcl2), inflammation (IL‐1β and IL‐6, as well as IL‐10 as an anti‐inflammatory cytokine), trophic factors (BDNF, GDNF, NGF, and NT‐3), and angiogenesis (CD31 and VEGF) in the hippocampus were assessed. Results Our results demonstrate that CM3 treatment could stimulate neurogenesis and angiogenesis concomitant with inhibition of inflammation, apoptosis, and neuronal loss in ischemic brains. Furthermore, rats treated with CM3 exhibited upregulation in neurotrophic factors. Conclusion Our results suggest that hESC‐MSC‐CM could promote neurogenesis and protect brain tissue from ischemic injury, partly mediated by induction of angiogenesis and neurotrophic factors and inhibition of inflammatory and apoptotic factors expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Asgari Taei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pariya Khodabakhsh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kadivar
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Farahmandfar
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Zhang C, Huang Y, Ouyang F, Su M, Li W, Chen J, Xiao H, Zhou X, Liu B. Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells alleviate neuroinflammation and mechanical allodynia in interstitial cystitis rats by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:80. [PMID: 35387668 PMCID: PMC8988382 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation in spinal dorsal horn (SDH) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) exert potent anti-inflammatory activities in the treatment of various diseases. This study aimed to determine the therapeutic effects of MSC-EVs on IC and furtherly investigate the potential mechanism to attenuate neuroinflammation. Methods Female IC rat model was established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg, every 3 days for 3 doses). Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome was performed by intraperitoneal injection of MCC950 (10 mg/kg). MSC-EVs were isolated from the culture supernatants of human umbilical cord derived MSCs using ultracentrifugation, and then injected intrathecally into IC rats (20 μg in 10 μl PBS, every other day for 3 doses). Suprapubic mechanical allodynia was assessed using up-down method with von Frey filaments, and micturition frequency was examined by urodynamics. The expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components (NLRP3 and Caspase-1), glial cell markers (IBA-1 and GFAP), proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18) and TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway (TLR4, p65 NK-κB and phospho-p65 NK-κB) in L6–S1 SDH was measured by Western blot analysis. The cellular localization of NLRP3 in SDH was detected using immunofluorescence co-staining. Results NLRP3 inflammasome was activated in neurons in SDH of IC rats. NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributed to activation of glial cells and process of spinal neuroinflammation in IC rats, and was related to suprapubic mechanical allodynia and frequent micturition. Intrathecal injection of MSC-EVs alleviated suprapubic mechanical allodynia and frequent micturition in IC rats, restrained activation of glial cells and attenuated neuroinflammation in SDH. In addition, MSC-EV treatment significantly inhibited activation of both NLRP3 inflammasomes and TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway. Conclusions NLRP3 inflammasome activation is involved in the neuroinflammation of IC. Intrathecal injection of MSC-EVs alleviates neuroinflammation and mechanical allodynia in IC by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, and TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway may be the potential regulatory target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Fubing Ouyang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Minzhi Su
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Wenbiao Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jialiang Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hengjun Xiao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xiangfu Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Bolong Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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11
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Huang Y, Su M, Zhang C, Zhan H, Yang F, Gao Z, Zhou X, Liu B. Activation of translocator protein alleviates mechanical allodynia and bladder dysfunction in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis through repression of BDNF-mediated neuroinflammation. Eur J Pain 2022; 26:1234-1244. [PMID: 35293071 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) is a refractory disease accompanied by bladder-related pain and hyperactivity. Studies have shown that the translocator protein (TSPO) modulates neuroinflammation and central sensitisation associated with pain. Moreover, we previously demonstrated that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates neuroinflammation and mechanical allodynia in cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis through activation of glial cells. Here, we aimed to explore whether activation of TSPO attenuates mechanical allodynia and bladder dysfunction by regulating BDNF induced neuroinflammation in a CYP-induced cystitis model. METHODS Injection of CYP was performed to form a rat model of BPS/IC. The expression of TSPO was regulated by intrathecal injection of the TSPO agonist Ro5-4864. The von Frey filament test was applied to evaluate suprapubic allodynia. Bladder function was assessed using filling cystometry. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of TSPO, BDNF, GFAP, Iba-1, p-p38, p-JNK, TNF-α, and IL-1β, and double immunofluorescence was performed to localise TSPO in the L6-S1 spinal dorsal horn (SDH). RESULTS TSPO was activated in the SDH after CYP injection and was primarily colocalised with astrocytes. Ro5-4864 reversed mechanical allodynia and bladder dysfunction induced by CYP. Moreover, the upregulation of BDNF and activation of astrocytes and microglia was suppressed by Ro5-4864, resulting in downregulation of p-p38, p-JNK, TNF-α, and IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS Ro5-4864 alleviated mechanical allodynia and bladder dysfunction in the CYP model, possibly by inhibiting the elevation of BDNF and consequent activation of astrocytes and microglia induced neuroinflammation. TSPO may be a potential target for the treatment of BPS/IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minzhi Su
- Department of Rehabilitation, the Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailun Zhan
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhentao Gao
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangfu Zhou
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bolong Liu
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Xu Q, Ford NC, He S, Huang Q, Anderson M, Chen Z, Yang F, Crawford LK, Caterina MJ, Guan Y, Dong X. Astrocytes contribute to pain gating in the spinal cord. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi6287. [PMID: 34730998 PMCID: PMC8565904 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi6287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Various pain therapies have been developed on the basis of the gate control theory of pain, which postulates that nonpainful sensory inputs mediated by large-diameter afferent fibers (Aβ-fibers) can attenuate noxious signals relayed to the brain. To date, this theory has focused only on neuronal mechanisms. Here, we identified an unprecedented function of astrocytes in the gating of nociceptive signals transmitted by neurokinin 1 receptor–positive (NK1R+) projection neurons in the spinal cord. Electrical stimulation of peripheral Aβ-fibers in naïve mice activated spinal astrocytes, which in turn induced long-term depression (LTD) in NK1R+ neurons and antinociception through activation of endogenous adenosinergic mechanisms. Suppression of astrocyte activation by pharmacologic, chemogenetic, and optogenetic manipulations blocked the induction of LTD in NK1R+ neurons and pain inhibition by Aβ-fiber stimulation. Collectively, our study introduces astrocytes as an important component of pain gating by activation of Aβ-fibers, which thus exert nonneuronal control of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neil C. Ford
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shaoqiu He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Anderson
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhiyong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - LaTasha K. Crawford
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael J. Caterina
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Asgari Taei A, Nasoohi S, Hassanzadeh G, Kadivar M, Dargahi L, Farahmandfar M. Enhancement of angiogenesis and neurogenesis by intracerebroventricular injection of secretome from human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells in ischemic stroke model. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111709. [PMID: 34020250 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well accepted that the success of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy against experimental stroke is mainly due to cellular paracrine manners rather than to replace lost tissue per se. Given such "bystander" effects, cell-free therapeutics manifest as a promising approach in regenerative medicine. Here we aimed at evaluating the effect of conditioned medium (CM) derived from human embryonic MSCs (hESC-MSC) on the neurological deficit, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis in experimental stroke. Adult male Wistar rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), were treated with intracerebroventricular CM either one time (1 h post MCAO) or three times (1, 24, and 48 h post MCAO). Motor performance was assessed by the cylinder test on days 3 and 7. Cerebral samples were obtained for infarct size and molecular analysis on day 7 post-injury. Neurogenesis was evaluated by probing Nestin, Ki67, DCX, and Reelin transcripts and protein levels in the striatum, cortex, subventricular zone, and corpus callosum. The mRNA and protein expression of CD31 were also assessed in the striatum and cortical region to estimate angiogenesis post MCAO. Our findings demonstrate that CM treatment could significantly ameliorate neurological deficits and infarct volume in MCAO rats. Furthermore, ischemic stroke was associated with higher levels of neurogenesis and angiogenesis markers. Following treatment with CM, these markers were further potentiated in the brain regions. This study suggests that the therapeutic benefits of CM obtained from hESC-MSCs at least partly are mediated through improved neurogenesis and angiogenesis to accelerate the recovery of cerebral ischemia insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Asgari Taei
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Nasoohi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kadivar
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Farahmandfar
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Hidrox ® and Chronic Cystitis: Biochemical Evaluation of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Pain. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071046. [PMID: 34209690 PMCID: PMC8300770 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is a chronic bladder condition characterized by frequent urination, inflammation, oxidative stress, and pain. The aim of the study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of an oral administration of Hidrox® (10 mg/kg) in the bladder and spinal cord in a rodent model of IC/BPS. The chronic animal model of cystitis was induced by repeated intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide (CYP) for five consecutive days. Treatment with Hidrox® began on the third day of the CYP injection and continued until the 10th day. CYP administration caused macroscopic and histological bladder changes, inflammatory infiltrates, increased mast cell numbers, oxidative stress, decreased expression of the tight endothelial junction (e.g., zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin), and bladder pain. Treatment with Hidrox® was able to improve CYP-induced inflammation and oxidative stress via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway. It was also able to reduce bladder pain which was aggravated by the activation of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. In particular, Hidrox® reduced the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as well as the activation of astrocytes and microglia, consequently reducing mechanical allodynia. These results indicate that nutritional consumption of Hidrox® can be considered as a new therapeutic approach for human cystitis, increasing the conceivable potential of a significant improvement in the quality of life associated with a lowering of symptom intensity in patients with IC/BPS.
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15
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Yang Y, Zhang H, Lu Q, Liu X, Fan Y, Zhu J, Sun B, Zhao J, Dong X, Li L. Suppression of adenosine A 2a receptors alleviates bladder overactivity and hyperalgesia in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis by inhibiting TRPV1. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114340. [PMID: 33189675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a type of chronic bladder inflammation characterized by increased voiding frequency, urgency and pelvic pain. The sensitization of bladder afferents is widely regarded as one of the pathophysiological changes in the development of IC/BPS. There is evidence that adenosine A2a receptors are involved in regulating the sensitization of sensory afferents. However, the effect of adenosine A2a receptors on cystitis remains unknown. In the present study, a rat model of chronic cystitis was established by intraperitoneal injection with cyclophosphamide (CYP). Cystometry and behavioral tests were performed to investigate bladder micturition function and nociceptive pain. The rats with chronic cystitis showed symptoms of bladder overactivity, characterized by an increase in bladder voiding frequency and voiding pressure. CYP treatment significantly increased the expression of the A2a receptor in bladder afferent fibers and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The A2a receptor antagonist ZM241385 prevented bladder overactivity and hyperalgesia elicited by CYP-induced cystitis. In addition, the A2a receptor and TRPV1 were coexpressed on DRG neurons. The TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine blocked bladder overactivity induced by the A2a receptor agonist CGS21680. In contrast, ZM241385 significantly inhibited the capsaicin-induced increase in intracellular calcium concentration in DRG neurons. These results suggest that suppression of adenosine A2a receptors in bladder afferents alleviates bladder overactivity and hyperalgesia elicited by CYP-induced cystitis in rats by inhibiting TRPV1, indicating that the adenosine A2a receptor in bladder afferents is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of IC/BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Hengshuai Zhang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Qudong Lu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jingzhen Zhu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Bishao Sun
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xingyou Dong
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Longkun Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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16
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Chlorogenic acid attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced rat interstitial cystitis. Life Sci 2020; 254:117590. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Chen JL, Zhou X, Liu BL, Wei XH, Ding HL, Lin ZJ, Zhan HL, Yang F, Li WB, Xie JC, Su MZ, Liu XG, Zhou XF. Normalization of magnesium deficiency attenuated mechanical allodynia, depressive-like behaviors, and memory deficits associated with cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis by inhibiting TNF-α/NF-κB signaling in female rats. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:99. [PMID: 32241292 PMCID: PMC7118907 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder-related pain symptoms in patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) are often accompanied by depression and memory deficits. Magnesium deficiency contributes to neuroinflammation and is associated with pain, depression, and memory deficits. Neuroinflammation is involved in the mechanical allodynia of cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis. Magnesium-L-Threonate (L-TAMS) supplementation can attenuate neuroinflammation. This study aimed to determine whether and how L-TAMS influences mechanical allodynia and accompanying depressive symptoms and memory deficits in CYP-induced cystitis. Methods Injection of CYP (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, every 3 days for 3 doses) was used to establish a rat model of BPS/IC. L-TAMS was administered in drinking water (604 mg·kg−1·day−1). Mechanical allodynia in the lower abdomen was assessed with von Frey filaments using the up-down method. Forced swim test (FST) and sucrose preference test (SPT) were used to measure depressive-like behaviors. Novel object recognition test (NORT) was used to detect short-term memory function. Concentrations of Mg2+ in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured by calmagite chronometry. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining measured the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α/nuclear factor-κB (TNF-α/NF-κB), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor type 2B subunit (NR2B) of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor in the L6–S1 spinal dorsal horn (SDH) and hippocampus. Results Free Mg2+ was reduced in the serum and CSF of the CYP-induced cystitis rats on days 8, 12, and 20 after the first CYP injection. Magnesium deficiency in the serum and CSF correlated with the mechanical withdrawal threshold, depressive-like behaviors, and short-term memory deficits (STMD). Oral application of L-TAMS prevented magnesium deficiency and attenuated mechanical allodynia (n = 14) and normalized depressive-like behaviors (n = 10) and STMD (n = 10). The upregulation of TNF-α/NF-κB signaling and IL-1β in the L6–S1 SDH or hippocampus was reversed by L-TAMS. The change in NR2B expression in the SDH and hippocampus in the cystitis model was normalized by L-TAMS. Conclusions Normalization of magnesium deficiency by L-TAMS attenuated mechanical allodynia, depressive-like behaviors, and STMD in the CYP-induced cystitis model via inhibition of TNF-α/NF-κВ signaling and normalization of NR2B expression. Our study provides evidence that L-TAMS may have therapeutic value for treating pain and comorbid depression or memory deficits in BPS/IC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Liang Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 W Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bo-Long Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 W Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xu-Hong Wei
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hong-Lu Ding
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 W Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Lin
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 W Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hai-Lun Zhan
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 W Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 W Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Wen-Biao Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 W Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jun-Cong Xie
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 W Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Min-Zhi Su
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Rd, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Xian-Guo Liu
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xiang-Fu Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 W Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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Ding H, Chen J, Su M, Lin Z, Zhan H, Yang F, Li W, Xie J, Huang Y, Liu X, Liu B, Zhou X. BDNF promotes activation of astrocytes and microglia contributing to neuroinflammation and mechanical allodynia in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:19. [PMID: 31931832 PMCID: PMC6958761 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) often grieve over a low quality of life brought about by chronic pain. In our previous studies, we determined that neuroinflammation of the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) was associated with mechanisms of interstitial cystitis. Moreover, it has been shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) participates in the regulation of neuroinflammation and pathological pain through BDNF-TrkB signaling; however, whether it plays a role in cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis remains unclear. This study aimed to confirm whether BDNF-TrkB signaling modulates neuroinflammation and mechanical allodynia in CYP-induced cystitis and determine how it occurs. METHODS Systemic intraperitoneal injection of CYP was performed to establish a rat cystitis model. BDNF-TrkB signaling was modulated by intraperitoneal injection of the TrkB receptor antagonist, ANA-12, or intrathecal injection of exogenous BDNF. Mechanical allodynia in the suprapubic region was assessed using the von Frey filaments test. The expression of BDNF, TrkB, p-TrkB, Iba1, GFAP, p-p38, p-JNK, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the L6-S1 SDH was measured by Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS BDNF-TrkB signaling was upregulated significantly in the SDH after CYP was injected. Similarly, the expressions of Iba1, GFAP, p-p38, p-JNK, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the SDH were all upregulated. Treatment with ANA-12 could attenuate mechanical allodynia, restrain activation of astrocytes and microglia and alleviate neuroinflammation. Besides, the intrathecal injection of exogenous BDNF further decreased the mechanical withdrawal threshold, promoted activation of astrocytes and microglia, and increased the release of TNF-α and IL-1β in the SDH of our CYP-induced cystitis model. CONCLUSIONS In our CYP-induced cystitis model, BDNF promoted the activation of astrocytes and microglia to release TNF-α and IL-1β, aggravating neuroinflammation and leading to mechanical allodynia through BDNF-TrkB-p38/JNK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglu Ding
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jialiang Chen
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Minzhi Su
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Rd, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Zhijun Lin
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hailun Zhan
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Wenbiao Li
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Juncong Xie
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xianguo Liu
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine of Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bolong Liu
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Xiangfu Zhou
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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19
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Hirshman NA, Hughes FM, Jin H, Harrison WT, White SW, Doan I, Harper SN, Leidig PD, Purves JT. Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis results in NLRP3-mediated inflammation in the hippocampus and symptoms of depression in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 318:F354-F362. [PMID: 31869244 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00408.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs demonstrate that peripheral diseases can trigger inflammation in the brain, causing psychosocial maladies, including depression. While few direct studies have been made, anecdotal reports associate urological disorders with mental dysfunction. Thus, we investigated if insults targeted at the bladder might elicit behavioral alterations. Moreover, the mechanism of neuroinflammation elicited by other peripheral diseases involves the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which is present in microglia in the brain and cleaves and activates proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β. Thus, we further explored the importance of NLRP3 in behavioral and neuroinflammatory changes. Here, we used the well-studied cyclophosphamide (CP)-treated rat model. Importantly, CP and its metabolites do not cross the blood-brain barrier or trigger inflammation in the gut, so that any neuroinflammation is likely secondary to bladder injury. We found that CP triggered an increase in inflammasome activity (caspase-1 activity) in the hippocampus but not in the pons. Evans blue extravasation demonstrated breakdown of the blood-brain barrier in the hippocampal region and activated microglia were present in the fascia dentata. Both changes were dependent on NLRP3 activation and prevented with 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate sodium (Mesna), which masks the effects of the CP metabolite acrolein in the urine. Finally, CP-treated rats displayed depressive symptoms that were prevented by NLRP3 inhibition or treatment with Mesna or an antidepressant. Thus, we conclude that CP-induced cystitis causes NLRP3-dependent hippocampal inflammation leading to depression symptoms in rats. This study proposes the first-ever causative explanation of the previously anecdotal link between benign bladder disorders and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Hirshman
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Francis M Hughes
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Huixia Jin
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - William T Harrison
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Simon W White
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Isabelle Doan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shelby N Harper
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Patrick D Leidig
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - J Todd Purves
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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20
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Deng GC, Lu M, Zhao YY, Yuan Y, Chen G. Activated spinal astrocytes contribute to the later phase of carrageenan-induced prostatitis pain. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:189. [PMID: 31653262 PMCID: PMC6814979 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostatodynia is the main symptom of chronic prostatitis and the main reason that patients go to the hospital for treatment. Although a variety of factors, including inflammatory immune response, nervous system sensitization, and psychological factors, have been shown to play important roles in the induction and development of chronic pain in prostatitis, the underlying cause of chronic prostatodynia maintenance in prostatitis patients remains unclear. Methods A mouse model of chronic prostatitis induced by carrageenan injection was used. The von Frey test was used to measure pain behavior. The microglial and astrocyte activations were immunohistochemically demonstrated with antibodies against Iba1 and GFAP. The expression of cytokine or signaling pathway was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. Results In this study, we provide several lines of evidence to demonstrate that activated spinal astrocytes contribute to the later phase (5 weeks after carrageenan injection) of carrageenan-induced prostatitis pain. First, activation of spinal astrocytes but not microglia was found in the spinal cord dorsal horn at 5 weeks. Second, intrathecal injection of the astroglial toxin L-2-Aminoadipate acid (L-AA) but not microglial inhibitor minocycline reduced mechanical allodynia at 5 weeks. Third, chronic prostatitis induced a profound and persistent upregulation of connexin-43 hemichannels in spinal astrocytes, and spinal injection of the connexin-43 inhibitor carbenoxolone (CBX) effectively reduced pain symptoms. Fourth, increased expression and release of chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1) in the spinal dorsal horn and intrathecal injection of a CXCL1 neutralizing antibody or the CXCR2 (a major receptor of CXCL1) antagonist SB225002 significantly reduced mechanical allodynia at 5 weeks. Conclusions In this study, we found that a novel mechanism of activated spinal astrocytes plays a crucial role in maintaining chronic prostatitis-induced persistent pain via connexin-43-regulated CXCL1 production and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Chuang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University (The First People's Hospital of Nantong), Nantong, China
| | - Ya-Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Tissue and Embryology, Medical School of Nantong University, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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21
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Morioka N, Miyauchi K, Miyashita K, Kochi T, Zhang FF, Nakamura Y, Liu K, Wake H, Hisaoka‐Nakashima K, Nishibori M, Nakata Y. Spinal high‐mobility group box‐1 induces long‐lasting mechanical hypersensitivity through the toll‐like receptor 4 and upregulation of interleukin‐1β in activated astrocytes. J Neurochem 2019; 150:738-758. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norimitsu Morioka
- Department of Pharmacology Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences Minami‐ku Hiroshima Japan
| | - Kazuki Miyauchi
- Department of Pharmacology Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences Minami‐ku Hiroshima Japan
| | - Keita Miyashita
- Department of Pharmacology Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences Minami‐ku Hiroshima Japan
| | - Takahiro Kochi
- Department of Pharmacology Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences Minami‐ku Hiroshima Japan
| | - Fang Fang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences Minami‐ku Hiroshima Japan
- Institute of Pharmacology Taishan Medical University Taian Shandong China
| | - Yoki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences Minami‐ku Hiroshima Japan
- Cellular Pathobiology Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch National Institute on Drug Abuse IRP Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Keyue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama University Okayama Japan
| | - Hidenori Wake
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama University Okayama Japan
| | - Kazue Hisaoka‐Nakashima
- Department of Pharmacology Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences Minami‐ku Hiroshima Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama University Okayama Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakata
- Department of Pharmacology Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences Minami‐ku Hiroshima Japan
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22
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Chen J, Zhou X, Ding H, Zhan H, Yang F, Li W, Xie J, Liu X, Xu Y, Su M, Liu B, Zhou X. Neuregulin‐1‐ErbB signaling promotes microglia activation contributing to mechanical allodynia of cyclophosphamide‐induced cystitis. Neurourol Urodyn 2019; 38:1250-1260. [PMID: 30989724 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Liang Chen
- Department of UrologyThird Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Pain Research Center and Department of PhysiologyZhongshan School of Medicine of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Hong‐Lu Ding
- Department of UrologyThird Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Hai‐Lun Zhan
- Department of UrologyThird Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of UrologyThird Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Wen‐Biao Li
- Department of UrologyThird Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Jun‐Cong Xie
- Department of UrologyThird Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Xian‐Guo Liu
- Pain Research Center and Department of PhysiologyZhongshan School of Medicine of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseGuangzhou China
| | - Yuan‐Cheng Xu
- Department of UrologyThird Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Min‐Zhi Su
- Department of RehabilitationThird Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Bo‐Long Liu
- Department of UrologyThird Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Xiang‐Fu Zhou
- Department of UrologyThird Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou China
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23
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Yang H, Yan H, Li X, Liu J, Cao S, Huang B, Huang D, Wu L. Inhibition of Connexin 43 and Phosphorylated NR2B in Spinal Astrocytes Attenuates Bone Cancer Pain in Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:129. [PMID: 29867362 PMCID: PMC5951934 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone cancer pain (BCP) is common in patients with advanced cancers when the tumors are metastasized to bone. The limited understanding of the complex pathogenesis of BCP leads to the poor effectiveness of clinical treatment. Previous studies have shown that astrocyte-specific connexin (Cx) 43, a forming protein of gap junction (GJ) and hemichannel, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), especially the phosphorylated NMDAR 2B subunit (NR2B) phosphorylated NR2B (p-NR2B) subunit are involved in BCP. However, the relationship between Cx43 and p-NR2B in BCP remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the expressions of Cx43, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, a marker of astrocytes), and p-NR2B in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) in a mouse model of BCP established by intra-femural inoculation of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells via intrathecal (ith) injection of the GJ/hemichannel blocker carbenoxolone (CARB) and the NMDAR antagonist MK801, respectively. We found that the characters of BCP were mimicked by intra-femural inoculation of LLC cells in mice, and the expressions of Cx43, GFAP and p-NR2B in BCP mice were remarkably increased in a time-dependent manner from day 7 to day 21 after cell inoculation with a gradual aggravate in spontaneous pain and mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, Cx43 was predominantly expressed in the spinal astrocytes. Both CARB and MK801 inhibited the expressions of Cx43, GFAP and p-NR2B with attenuated pain hypersensitivity in BCP mice. In addition, Cx43 was co-localized with p-NR2B in the SDH, which further evidenced the presence of functional NR2B in the spinal astrocytes in BCP mice. Our findings demonstrate that inhibition of Cx43 and p-NR2B in spinal astrocytes could attenuate BCP in mice and Cx43 and p-NR2B in the astrocytes of the SDH may play an important role via their combination action in the development and maintenance of BCP in mice. These results may provide a potential therapeutic target in the prevention and/or treatment of BCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital and Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital and Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital and Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Baisheng Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dong Huang
- Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital and Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lixiang Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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24
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Dodds KN, Beckett EAH, Evans SF, Hutchinson MR. Spinal Glial Adaptations Occur in a Minimally Invasive Mouse Model of Endometriosis: Potential Implications for Lesion Etiology and Persistent Pelvic Pain. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:357-369. [PMID: 29730970 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118773405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glial adaptations within the central nervous system are well known to modulate central sensitization and pain. Recently, it has been suggested that activity of glial-related proinflammatory cytokines may potentiate peripheral inflammation, via central neurogenic processes. However, a role for altered glial function has not yet been investigated in the context of endometriosis, a chronic inflammatory condition in women associated with peripheral lesions, often manifesting with persistent pelvic pain. Using a minimally invasive mouse model of endometriosis, we investigated associations between peripheral endometriosis-like lesions and adaptations in central glial reactivity. Spinal cords (T13-S1) from female C57BL/6 mice with endometriosis-like lesions (ENDO) were imaged via fluorescent immunohistochemistry for the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; astrocytes) and CD11b (microglia) in the dorsal horn (n = 5). Heightened variability ( P = .02) as well as an overall increase ( P = .04) in the mean area of GFAP immunoreactivity was found in ENDO versus saline-injected control animals. Interestingly, spinal levels showing the greatest alterations in GFAP immunoreactivity appeared to correlate with the spatial location of lesions within the abdominopelvic cavity. A subtle but significant increase in the mean area of CD11b immunostaining was also observed in ENDO mice compared to controls ( P = .02). This is the first study to describe adaptations in nonneuronal, immune-like cells of the central nervous system attributed to the presence of endometriosis-like lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsi N Dodds
- 1 Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A H Beckett
- 1 Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Susan F Evans
- 2 Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- 1 Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,3 Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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25
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Jia M, Wu C, Gao F, Xiang H, Sun N, Peng P, Li J, Yuan X, Li H, Meng X, Tian B, Shi J, Li M. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in peripheral nerve contributes to paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2018; 13:1744806917719804. [PMID: 28714351 PMCID: PMC5562344 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917719804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paclitaxel is commonly used as a cancer chemotherapy drug that frequently causes peripheral neuropathic pain. Inflammasome is a multiprotein complex consisting of Nod-like receptor proteins (NLRPs), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, and caspase-1, which functions to switch on the inflammatory process and the release of interleukin-1β. Growing evidences have supported that peripheral interleukin-1β is critical in enhancing paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. However, whether activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in peripheral nerve contributes to paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain is still unclear. Results Paclitaxel induced mechanical allodynia of rats from day 3 and worsened gradually till 3 weeks after injection. Paclitaxel resulted in expression of NLRP3 and activated fragments of caspase-1 and interleukin-1β in L4-6 dorsal root ganglia and sciatic nerve three weeks after injection, indicating activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. The expression of NLRP3 was located in CD68-labeled macrophages infiltrating in L4-6 dorsal root ganglia and sciatic nerve, and paclitaxel increased the expression of NLRP3 in macrophage. Moreover, the paclitaxel elicited mitochondria damage, which became swollen and enlarged in macrophages and axons of sciatic nerve three weeks after injection. In vitro, paclitaxel increased the number of damaged mitochondria and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in the rat alveolar macrophage cell line NR8383. The administration of a non-specific reactive oxygen species scavenger, phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone, markedly alleviated mechanical allodynia and inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in L4-6 dorsal root ganglia and sciatic nerve of the paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain model. Conclusions Paclitaxel induced mechanical allodynia and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in infiltrated macrophages of L4-6 dorsal root ganglia and sciatic nerve. Paclitaxel elicited mitochondria damage and reactive oxygen species production may result in activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in peripheral nerve, which contributes to paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jia
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,2 Clinical Laboratories of Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Caihua Wu
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,2 Clinical Laboratories of Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Fang Gao
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hongchun Xiang
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ning Sun
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ping Peng
- 3 Cancer Center of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Li
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaocui Yuan
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hongping Li
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xianfang Meng
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,4 The Institute for Brain Research (IBR), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Bo Tian
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,4 The Institute for Brain Research (IBR), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jing Shi
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,4 The Institute for Brain Research (IBR), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Man Li
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,4 The Institute for Brain Research (IBR), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
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26
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Sumizono M, Sakakima H, Otsuka S, Terashi T, Nakanishi K, Ueda K, Takada S, Kikuchi K. The effect of exercise frequency on neuropathic pain and pain-related cellular reactions in the spinal cord and midbrain in a rat sciatic nerve injury model. J Pain Res 2018; 11:281-291. [PMID: 29445295 PMCID: PMC5808703 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s156326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise regimens are established methods that can relieve neuropathic pain. However, the relationship between frequency and intensity of exercise and multiple cellular responses of exercise-induced alleviation of neuropathic pain is still unclear. We examined the influence of exercise frequency on neuropathic pain and the intracellular responses in a sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. Materials and methods Rats were assigned to four groups as follows: CCI and high-frequency exercise (HFE group), CCI and low-frequency exercise (LFE group), CCI and no exercise (No-Ex group), and naive animals (control group). Rats ran on a treadmill, at a speed of 20 m/min, for 30 min, for 5 (HFE) or 3 (LFE) days a week, for a total of 5 weeks. The 50% withdrawal threshold was evaluated for mechanical sensitivity. The activation of glial cells (microglia and astrocytes), expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and μ-opioid receptor in the spinal dorsal horn and endogenous opioid in the midbrain were examined using immunohistochemistry. Opioid receptor antagonists (naloxone) were administered using intraperitoneal injection. Results The development of neuropathic pain was related to the activation of glial cells, increased BDNF expression, and downregulation of the μ-opioid receptor in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn. In the No-Ex group, neuropathic pain showed the highest level of mechanical hypersensitivity at 2 weeks, which improved slightly until 5 weeks after CCI. In both exercise groups, the alleviation of neuropathic pain was accelerated through the regulation of glial activation, BDNF expression, and the endogenous opioid system. The expression of BDNF and endogenous opioid in relation to exercise-induced alleviation of neuropathic pain differed in the HFE and LFE groups. The effects of exercise-induced alleviation of mechanical hypersensitivity were reversed by the administration of naloxone. Conclusion The LFE and HFE program reduced neuropathic pain. Our findings indicated that aerobic exercise-induced alleviated neuropathic pain through the regulation of glial cell activation, expression of BDNF in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn, and the endogenous opioid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Sumizono
- Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Kirishima Orthopedics, Kirishima, Japan
| | - Harutoshi Sakakima
- Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shotaro Otsuka
- Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takuto Terashi
- Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Kirishima Orthopedics, Kirishima, Japan
| | - Koki Ueda
- Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Kirishima Orthopedics, Kirishima, Japan
| | - Seiya Takada
- Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Kirishima Orthopedics, Kirishima, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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27
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Li X, Jiang S, Yang H, Liao Q, Cao S, Yan X, Huang D. Breakthrough Cancer Pain Is Associated with Spinal Gap Junction Activation via Regulation of Connexin 43 in a Mouse Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:207. [PMID: 28769766 PMCID: PMC5511832 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP) is a high-intensity, short-duration, unpredictable and uncontrollable pain. Recent studies have shown that activation of gap junction (GJ) in spinal cord plays an important role in the pathogenesis of BTcP. We examined the expressions of Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), connexin (Cx) 43 protein and phosphorylation of Cx43 (p-Cx43) in the spinal cord of mice. In addition, we investigated the effects of Gap26, a selective GJ blocker, on the expressions of GFAP, Cx43 and p-Cx43 in BTcP mice. We found that the expressions of GFAP and Cx43 proteins were significantly upregulated while p-Cx43 was down-regulated in the spinal cord in a mouse model of BTcP. The overexpression of Cx43 protein in the spinal cord increased GJ formation and enhanced BTcP. The variation of the ratio of p-Cx43/T-Cx43 (total Cx43) affected the function of GJ to induce BTcP. Furthermore, BTcP was alleviated by Gap26 via reducing pain hypersensitivity. The inhibition of Cx43 and p-Cx43 by Gap26 attenuated BTcP but the p/T ratio of Cx43 remained unchanged in BTcP mice. We reveal that the expression and phosphorylation of Cx43 affected BTcP and GJ activation facilitated BTcP via a Cx43-mediated signaling in the spinal cord. The finding may provide a scientific rationale for discovery and development of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of BTcP clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital and Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Siqing Jiang
- Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital and Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital and Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Qian Liao
- Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital and Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhou, China
| | - Xuebin Yan
- Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital and Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Dong Huang
- Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital and Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
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Miyamoto K, Kume K, Ohsawa M. Role of microglia in mechanical allodynia in the anterior cingulate cortex. J Pharmacol Sci 2017; 134:158-165. [PMID: 28669596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic changes that increase nociceptive transmission are observed in several brain regions under conditions of chronic pain. Synaptic plasticity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is particularly associated with neuropathic pain. Glial cells are considered candidates for the modulation of neural plastic changes in the central nervous system. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of ACC glial cells in the development of neuropathic pain. First, we examined the expression of glial cells in the ACC of nerve-ligated mice. The expression of astrocytes and microglia was increased in the ACC of nerve-ligated mice, which was reversed by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) treatment with the microglia inhibitor minocycline. Then, we examined the effect of minocycline on mechanical allodynia in nerve-ligated mice. I.c.v. and intra-ACC treatment with minocycline partially inhibited mechanical allodynia in the nerve-ligated mice. The expression of phosphorylated alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor GluR1 subunit at Ser831, but not at Ser845, was increased in the ACC of the nerve-ligated mice compared to sham-operated mice, which was attenuated by minocycline administration. These results suggest that the activation of microglia in the ACC is involved in the development of hyperalgesia in mice with neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Miyamoto
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohsawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
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