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Zhang B, Wisse B, Lord RG. How objectifiers are granted power in the workplace. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Zhang
- Department of Management and Marketing, Business School Durham University Durham UK
| | - Barbara Wisse
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Groningen GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Robert G. Lord
- Department of Management and Marketing, Business School Durham University Durham UK
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2
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Wang X, Chen H, Shi J, Chen Z. Threatened humanity in a tight world: Cultural tightness results in self-objectification. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221097842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Self-objectification can be considered as a specific kind of self-dehumanization that consists of a perception of oneself as more instrument-like than human-like and a decreased self-attribution of mental states. Self-objectification is commonly observed, and its contributing factors need to be better understood. In the present research, we examined whether cultural tightness, which entails strong social norms and punishments for deviant behaviors, is an antecedent to self-objectification. Our hypotheses were confirmed by four studies, involving quasi-experiments and fully controlled experiments ( N = 2,693). In particular, Chinese college students living in a region with a tight culture (compared to a loose culture, Study 1), American employees working in an industry with a tight corporate culture (compared to a loose culture, Study 2), American participants who were induced to support cultural tightness (vs. cultural looseness, Study 3), and those who were situated in a simulated tight culture (vs. a loose culture, Study 4) all showed increased levels of self-objectification. As such, they acknowledged their personhood less and focused more on their instrumentality. Implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao Chen
- Nankai University, China
- Sun Yat-sen University, China
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3
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L’effet médiateur de l’épuisement professionnel et des violences psychologiques dans le processus d’auto-objectification au travail. PSYCHOLOGIE DU TRAVAIL ET DES ORGANISATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pto.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Maftei A, Lăzărescu G. Where does disability come from? Causal beliefs and representations about disability among romanian children and preadolescents. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Wang X, Chen H, Chen Z, Luo S. An exchange orientation results in an instrumental approach in intimate relationships. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 61:1144-1159. [PMID: 35274749 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although the possession of instrumentality (i.e., partner B being useful to partner A's goal pursuit) can facilitate relationship satisfaction, taking an instrumental approach (i.e., A focusing on B's usefulness and seeing B as a tool to facilitate personal goal attainment) is (often) considered as a callous and depersonalized approach to forming relationships. The current research examined whether adopting an exchange orientation amplifies the tendency for people to take an instrumental approach via the motive to maximize self-gain. Four studies (N = 1446) utilizing samples across different countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States and China, supported this hypothesis. Specifically, during relationship initiation, an exchange (vs. non-exchange) orientation made participants place higher importance on instrumentality rather than traits facilitating intimacy and bonding (Study 1). For established relationships, participants who chronically adopted an exchange orientation (Study 2) and who were temporarily induced to do so (vs. control; Study 3) were more likely to view their significant other as a tool. The final quasi-experiment (Study 4) showed that requiring or being required to offer a bride price - an embodiment of exchange orientation - predicted instrumentality in marriage and subsequently impaired relationship satisfaction. Implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijing Wang
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, The City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Social Psychology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shanhong Luo
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Kteily NS, Landry AP. Dehumanization: trends, insights, and challenges. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:222-240. [PMID: 35042655 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite our many differences, one superordinate category we all belong to is 'humans'. To strip away or overlook others' humanity, then, is to mark them as 'other' and, typically, 'less than'. We review growing evidence revealing how and why we subtly disregard the humanity of those around us. We then highlight new research suggesting that we continue to blatantly dehumanize certain groups, overtly likening them to animals, with important implications for intergroup hostility. We discuss advances in understanding the experience of being dehumanized and novel interventions to mitigate dehumanization, address the conceptual boundaries of dehumanization, and consider recent accounts challenging the importance of dehumanization and its role in intergroup violence. Finally, we present an agenda of outstanding questions to propel dehumanization research forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour S Kteily
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Alexander P Landry
- Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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7
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More than appearance: the uncanny valley effect changes with a robot’s mental capacity. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Baldissarri C, Andrighetto L, Volpato C. The longstanding view of workers as objects: antecedents and consequences of working objectification. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2021.1956778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Baldissarri
- Dipartimento Di Psicologia, Università Degli Studi Di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Luca Andrighetto
- DISFOR - Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Università Degli Studi Di Genova, Corso Podestà 2 - 16128, Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Volpato
- Dipartimento Di Psicologia, Università Degli Studi Di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, Milano, 20126, Italy
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9
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Crone L, Brunel L, Auzoult L. Validation of a Perception of Objectification in the Workplace Short Scale (POWS). Front Psychol 2021; 12:651071. [PMID: 34163402 PMCID: PMC8215106 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.651071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies focus on the phenomenon of objectification in the workplace. This phenomenon reflects a process of subjection of the employee, where he is considered as an object, a mean (utilitarian) or reduced to one of his attributes. Previous studies have shown that objectification can have consequences on the workplace health or performance. Field studies are based on objectification measures based on tools whose psychometric qualities are unclear. Based on a previous workplace objectification measurement scale, we conducted a study with the aim of devising a new parsimonious scale. We present three studies which aim to validate this new scale. In the first study, an EFA and a CFA were performed in order to construct a scale and verify its structure validity. We obtained a 10-item scale reporting two factors labeled “Instrumental value” and “Powerfulness.” The psychometric qualities of this scale were satisfactory, i.e., showed good internal reliability and good structural validity. In a second study, we tested the convergent and divergent validity of the scale. We observe that POWS is adequately correlated with dehumanization indicators. Finally, in a third study, we found that only powerfulness was associated with negative consequences for occupational health. This suggests that objectification is a process of social perception that contributes either to the devaluation of social agents in the workplace or to normal functioning at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Crone
- Laboratory Epsylon EA 4556, Department of Psychology, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Brunel
- Laboratory Epsylon EA 4556, Department of Psychology, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Auzoult
- Laboratory Psy-DREPI EA 7458, Department of Psychology, University Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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10
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Yong JC, Jia L, Ismail I, Lee P. Conditional Love: Threat and Attitudinal Perceptions of Immigrants Depend on Their Instrumentality to Locals' Basic Psychological Needs. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 47:1686-1704. [PMID: 33522448 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220984648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although threat perceptions are commonly used to explain attitudes toward immigrants, the psychological factors underlying threat are surprisingly understudied. Drawing from goal pursuit and self-determination theory, we examined the perceived instrumentality of immigrants as an antecedent of locals' threat and attitudinal perceptions. Through four studies (N = 1,372) with different configurations of local population segments and target immigrant groups, we investigated the impact of immigrants' instrumentality in terms of hindrances to locals' autonomy, belonging, and competence needs. Including hindrances to our proposed model of threats and attitudes led to an improvement in the overall fit with the data, allowed for a better specification of the threats-to-attitudes pathways, and elucidated the complexity and downstream consequences (endorsement of pro-immigration policies) of attitudes. The present findings underscore the utility of goal-driven approaches to studying intergroup conflicts, and implications for understanding and improving locals' attitudes toward immigrants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C Yong
- Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University
| | - Lile Jia
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Peiwei Lee
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Dittmann AG, Kteily N, Bruneau E. When getting more makes groups seem worth less: Negotiating a "better" deal in prisoner swaps can ironically signal low self-regard and engender disrespect. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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The Drawback of Sexual Empowerment: Perceiving Women as Emancipated but Still as Sexual Objects. SEX ROLES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The topic of sex doll ownership is becoming an increasingly discussed issue from both a social and legal perspective. This review aims to examine the veracity of the existing psychological, sexological, and legal literature in relation to doll ownership. RECENT FINDINGS Strong views exist across the spectrum of potential socio-legal positions on sex doll ownership. However, there is an almost total lack of empirical analyses of the psychological characteristics or behavioral implications of doll ownership. As such, existing arguments appear to represent the philosophical positions of those scholars expressing them, rather than being rooted in any objective evidence base. Despite an absence of empirical data on the characteristics and subsequent effects of doll ownership, discussions about the ethical and legal status of doll ownership continue. This highlights a real and urgent need for a coherent research agenda to be advanced in this area of work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Harper
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Rebecca Lievesley
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
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Requero B, Santos D, Paredes B, Briñol P, Petty RE. Attitudes toward hiring people with disabilities: A meta‐cognitive approach to persuasion. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Requero
- Centro Universitario Villanueva, Calle de la Costa BravaMadrid Spain
| | - David Santos
- IE School of Human Sciences and Technology Calle de María de Molina Madrid Spain
| | - Borja Paredes
- IE School of Human Sciences and Technology Calle de María de Molina Madrid Spain
| | - Pablo Briñol
- Department of Psychology Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Carretera de Colmenar Madrid Spain
| | - Richard E. Petty
- Distinguished University Professor and Chair Department of Psychology Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
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De Wilde M, Casini A, Wollast R, Demoulin S. Sex is power belief and women’s mental health: The mediating roles of self‐objectification and sexual subjectivity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias De Wilde
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Annalisa Casini
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Robin Wollast
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Bruxelles Belgium
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16
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Lamarche VM, Seery MD. Come on, give it to me baby: Self-esteem, narcissism, and endorsing sexual coercion following social rejection. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Gervais SJ, Sáez G, Riemer AR, Klein O. The Social Interaction Model of Objectification: A process model of goal-based objectifying exchanges between men and women. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 59:248-283. [PMID: 31448823 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
People perceive and treat women as sex objects in social exchanges. The interaction processes through which women are objectified, however, have rarely been considered. To address this gap in the literature, we propose the Social Interaction Model of Objectification (SIMO). Rooted in social exchange and objectification theories, the SIMO predicts objectifying behaviours stemming from sexual goals between men and women. We propose that the behavioural dynamics of objectification can be understood through a series of goal-based exchange processes that are shaped by patriarchy. Articulating the SIMO and its predictions for behaviour in social interactions, we describe the scant social psychological studies in this area. Not only is the SIMO useful for understanding objectifying interaction processes, but it can be used to understand why women sometimes evaluate objectification positively as well as instances of sexual violence. Finally, we discuss critical directions for future research and provide promising methodological approaches for testing the SIMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Gervais
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Gemma Sáez
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | - Abigail R Riemer
- Department of Life Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Olivier Klein
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Orehek E, Forest AL, Wingrove S. People as Means to Multiple Goals: Implications for Interpersonal Relationships. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 44:1487-1501. [PMID: 29742998 DOI: 10.1177/0146167218769869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present research examines the implications of having relationship partners who serve as means to multiple goals. Specifically, we test the hypotheses that (a) partners who serve more goals will be evaluated as more interpersonally close, supportive, and responsive than those who serve fewer goals, and (b) partners who serve more goals will be less common in social networks than those who serve fewer goals. Three studies ( N = 1,064) found consistent support for these hypotheses while examining relationships with all members of participants' active social network and their full range of goal pursuits. In addition, we found that the association between number of goals a partner serves and relationship evaluation is stronger for people who perceived their social networks as less (vs. more) instrumental on average, and among people who perceived their relationships as less close, less supportive, and less responsive, on average. Implications for close relationships are discussed.
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Orehek E, Forest AL, Barbaro N. A People-as-Means Approach to Interpersonal Relationships. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018; 13:373-389. [PMID: 29641276 DOI: 10.1177/1745691617744522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interpersonal relationships and goal pursuit are intimately interconnected. In the present article, we present a people-as-means perspective on relationships. According to this perspective, people serve as means to goals-helping other people to reach their goals in a variety of ways, such as by contributing their time; lending their knowledge, skills, and resources; and providing emotional support and encouragement. Because people serve as means to goals, we propose that considering relationship processes in terms of the principles of goal pursuit can provide novel and important insights into the ways that people think, feel, and behave in these interpersonal contexts. We describe the principles of means-goals relations, review evidence for each principle involving people as means, and discuss implications of our approach for relationship formation, maintenance, and dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Orehek
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh
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