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Liu C, Jin J, Gizewska-Kacprzak K, Dejnek M, Tang SYQ. Practising tendon repair techniques in porcine versus chicken toe tendons. HAND SURGERY & REHABILITATION 2024; 43:101641. [PMID: 38215881 DOI: 10.1016/j.hansur.2024.101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jing Jin
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Kaja Gizewska-Kacprzak
- Head of Department of Pediatric and Oncological Surgery, Urology and Hand Surgery Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Dejnek
- Clinical Department of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Hand Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sherry Y Q Tang
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Wu YF. Effects of a Q Suture Technique as a Core Suture on Resistance to Gap Formation and Tensile Strength in an Ex Vivo Porcine Flexor Tendon Model. J Hand Surg Am 2024; 49:381.e1-381.e8. [PMID: 36180372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Q suture has been reported to be an effective alternative to conventional peripheral sutures in tendon repair. Whether the Q method can be used as a core suture rather than a peripheral suture by adjusting the purchase length is unknown. We tested a double Q suture technique with variable purchase length and studied its effects on gap formation and tensile strength using an ex vivo model. METHODS Forty pig flexor tendons were repaired using the double Q sutures with purchase lengths of 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm. Twenty tendons repaired using the double Tsuge and double Kessler sutures with an 8-mm purchase length were used as controls. The tendons were subjected to cyclic loading and load-to-failure. The number of tendons that formed an initial or 2-mm gap between the tendon ends, gap distance at the repair site, stiffness, and ultimate strength were recorded. RESULTS During cyclic loading, the double Q suture with a 4-8-mm purchase had fewer tendons form an initial or 2-mm gap and a smaller gap size at the repair site than the Tsuge and Kessler sutures. The stiffness of the double Q suture with a 6-8-mm purchase length and Tsuge suture was greater than those of the double Kessler suture. The double Q suture with a 2-mm purchase length had smaller ultimate strength than the other sutures. CONCLUSIONS The Q suture may be an effective tendon repair method whose role can be converted between peripheral and core sutures via adjusting the suture purchase length. With an optimal suture length of 4-6 mm, the double Q method had tensile resistance superior to 4-strand core sutures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The double Q suture may be a viable option as a core suture in flexor tendon repair when the purchase length is appropriately adjusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Fang Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
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Brenac C, Pithioux M, Tomczak S, Lallemand M, Jaloux C, de Villeneuve Bargemon JB. Biomechanical evaluation of the ST-knot: A new suture for flexor tendon repair. HAND SURGERY & REHABILITATION 2024; 43:101650. [PMID: 38301768 DOI: 10.1016/j.hansur.2024.101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although tendon lacerations are common, there is currently no consensus on choice of suture. Easy and fast sutures that impart enough strength to allow mobilization are needed. This study compared the ex vivo biomechanical strength (force required to create a 2 mm tendon gap) of a novel suture (ST-knot) with that of a conventional suture (double Kessler). MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty fresh deep flexor tendons from porcine forelimbs were used. Both repaired tendon ends were mounted on standard traction jaws of an axial traction machine at an initial distance of 40 mm for all tendons. A high-definition camera was used to determine the force forming a 2 mm gap. Ten tendons in group 1 (ST-knot) and 10 in group 2 (double Kessler) were prepared with PDS 4.0 (single thread for Kessler, double thread for ST-knot). Tendons in groups 3 (ST-knot) and 4 (double Kessler) were repaired with PDS 1.0 using the same principle. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the force required to form a 2 mm tendon gap between groups 1 and 2, and this trend was identical when using a stronger thread in groups 3 and 4. The maximum force before rupture, mode of repair failure, stress and stiffness were also comparable, with no significant differences between groups 1 and 2, or between groups 3 and 4. CONCLUSIONS The ST-knot showed comparable results to the double-Kessler knot, whichever the thread used. Because it involves fewer steps than conventional techniques and is easy to perform, the ST-knot may offer a therapeutic solution, particularly in complex trauma with multiple tendon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Brenac
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Croix Rousse, Service de Chirurgie Plastique, Esthétique et Réparatrice, Lyon F-69003, France.
| | - Martine Pithioux
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, 13009 Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Mecabio Platform, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 13009 Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Institute for Locomotion, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Sacha Tomczak
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Hôpital Conception, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Marylène Lallemand
- Ecole Centrale Marseille, 13013 Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Mecabio Platform, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Charlotte Jaloux
- Hand Surgery and Limb Reconstructive Surgery, CHU de Timone, Aix-Marseille University, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean Baptiste de Villeneuve Bargemon
- Hand Surgery and Limb Reconstructive Surgery, CHU de Timone, Aix-Marseille University, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France; Hand, Wrist and Elbow Surgery, Saint Roch Private Hospital, Toulon, 99 Avenue Saint Roch, 83100 Toulon, France
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Chen J, Yang QQ, Tang JB. Healing strength of tendon repair with or without knots between two tendon ends and histological changes in a chicken model. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2023; 87:310-315. [PMID: 37925920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2023.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
We studied the healing strength and histological changes of digital flexor tendons repaired using Kessler (core suture knots placed over the tendon surface) and modified Kessler (core suture knots placed between two tendon ends) in 31 long toes of chicken. Four weeks after surgery, the healing tendons were measured in a tensile testing machine, and the adhesion formation and histological changes were observed. The strength of the Kessler repairs was significantly greater than that of the modified Kessler repairs with a 35% mean difference. No significant difference was found between the adhesion scores of the tendons repaired with both techniques. In histological sections, the arrangement of collagen fibers in the modified Kessler repair group was more disordered. We conclude that the tendons repaired with the Kessler method are stronger than those with the modified Kessler technique. The knots between tendon ends are detrimental to the early healing strength of digital flexor tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Qian Yang
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Bo Tang
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
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Xu SW, Wu YF. Effect of loading speed on gap resistance and tensile strength of flexor tendon repair under cyclic loading test. J Biomech 2023; 158:111749. [PMID: 37562275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative digit motion is important for the functional recovery of injured tendons. To date, it is unknown whether the loading speed impacts the biomechanical properties of a repaired tendon. This study investigated the effect of loading speed on the gap resistance and tensile strength of tendon repairs. One hundred porcine flexor tendons were repaired with two core sutures, 4-strand modified Kessler and double Q, and cyclically loaded at the speeds of 10, 40, 80, 160, and 320 mm/min. The number of tendons that formed an initial or 2 mm gap at the repair site during cyclic loading, stiffness at the 1st and 20th loading cycles, gap size between tendon ends when cyclic loading ended, and the ultimate strength were recorded. Under the lowest loading speed, the tendons repaired with the 4-strand modified Kessler suture developed significantly larger gaps and smaller stiffness than those with a greater loading speed. The loading speed did not affect the maximum strength of both tendon repairs. The findings suggest that very slow motion promotes gap formation of tendon repair with inferior gap resistance. The rate corresponds to regular hand action or the tendon core suture possessing a strong gap resistance increases the safety margin during early active finger movement. Our findings help to guide the exercise regimens after tendon surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Wei Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya Fang Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
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Yang QQ, Chen J, Zhou YL, Tang JB. The influence of a nanoparticle gel loaded with siRNA-cyclooxygenase on flexor tendon healing: an in vivo animal study. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2022; 47:1064-1070. [PMID: 35808812 DOI: 10.1177/17531934221109709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 siRNAs delivered through a nanoparticle-gel system on the strength of flexor tendon repairs. Sixteen flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons of chicken toes were transected, repaired and wrapped with gels to evaluate gel adherence. We found that the gel adhered to the tendon surface firmly. Next, 56 tendons were used in a first set of in vivo experiments to compare the therapeutic effects of different doses of COX siRNAs. Another 15 tendons were added in a second set to further assess the effects of a dosage of 12 μg. After 4 weeks, the mean strength of the repaired tendons increased most notably in the toes treated with 12 μg COX siRNAs, and the number of samples with low strength (<35 N) was significantly smaller than in the group without molecular treatment. We conclude that COX-1 and COX-2 siRNAs delivered through a nanoparticle-gel system increased the healing strength of the repaired tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qian Yang
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Chen
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - You Lang Zhou
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Bo Tang
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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Moriya K, Maki Y, Koda H, Tsubokawa N. Biomechanical Analysis of a New Eight-Strand Suture for Flexor Tendon Repair. Indian J Plast Surg 2022; 55:294-298. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1756132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background The placement of multistrand sutures during flexor tendon repair requires complicated surgical skills; such suturing is difficult. We developed a new, simpler eight-strand suture, which we term the Yoshizu cross-lock. This reduces the numbers of suture passages through the tendons, as well as the numbers of knots.
Methods Fourteen porcine flexor tendons were transected and repaired using the Yoshizu cross-lock system; no peripheral sutures were placed. Our system is a modification of the published, exposed cross-lock repair method that employs a 4–0 monofilament nylon two-strand line and two needles. The repaired tendons were subjected to linear, noncyclic load-to-failure tensile testing. The initial gap, the 2-mm gap force, and the ultimate strength were measured.
Results The initial gap force was 12.6 ± 5.6 Newtons (N), the 2-mm gap force was 33.9 ± 10.9 N, and the ultimate strength was 70.1 ± 17.0 N. All tendons subjected to Yoshizu cross-lock repair failed due to suture rupture rather than pullout.
Conclusions Our biomechanical study revealed that Yoshizu cross-lock repair had sufficient tensile strength but was associated with wide variation in the 2-mm gap load (standard deviation = 10.9 N). This study is clinically relevant, showing that the Yoshizu cross-lock repair combined with peripheral suturing may allow a repaired flexor tendon to withstand the stresses encountered during early active mobilization. This simple eight-strand technique will be particularly useful to surgeons who commonly employ the cross-lock stitch for primary flexor tendon repair following early mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Moriya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata Hand Surgery Foundation, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Maki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata Hand Surgery Foundation, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hisao Koda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata Hand Surgery Foundation, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoto Tsubokawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata Hand Surgery Foundation, Niigata, Japan
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Kuronen JAE, Riski B, Leppänen OV, Karjalainen T, Linnanmäki L. The consistency and reliability of six-strand and four-strand flexor tendon repairs: a comparative porcine cadaveric study. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2022; 47:501-506. [PMID: 35001715 DOI: 10.1177/17531934211066556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the consistency and reliability of the six-strand Gan modification of the Lim-Tsai flexor tendon repair with the four-strand Adelaide repair, both with 3-0 sutures and with eight to ten runs of simple 5-0 running peripheral suture as well as the influence of the surgeons' level of experience on the strength of the repair in a cadaveric animal setup. Thirty-nine surgeons repaired 78 porcine flexor digitorum profundus tendons with either the Adelaide technique (39 tendons) or the modified Lim-Tsai technique (39 tendons). Each repaired tendon was tested in a material testing machine under a single cycle load-to-failure test. The forces were recorded when the gap between the two tendon stumps reached 1 and 2 mm and when irreversible elongation or total rupture occurred. We found no significant differences in gap formation force and yielding strength of the tendons between the two methods. The surgeon's previous experience in tendon repairs did not improve the consistency, reliability or tensile strength of the repairs. We conclude that if a strong peripheral suture is added, the modified Lim-Tsai repair has the same technical reliability and consistency as the Adelaide repair in term of ultimate loading strength in this test setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko A E Kuronen
- Department of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Benjamin Riski
- Department of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli V Leppänen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Vissers G, Rusli WMR, Scarborough A, Horwitz MD, McArthur GJ, Kedgley AE. A study to compare strengths of cadaveric tendon repairs with round-bodied and cutting needles. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2022; 47:481-485. [PMID: 34878950 DOI: 10.1177/17531934211064201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This human cadaver study investigated whether flexor tendon repairs performed with round-bodied needles had a higher risk of pull-out compared with those performed with cutting needles. Forty human cadaver tendons were repaired (20 with each type of needle), subjected to tensile traction testing and evaluated by failure load and mode of failure. The average failure load was 50 N (SD 13 N) for tendons repaired with round-bodied needles, compared with 49 N (SD 16 N) for tendons repaired with cutting needles. Round-bodied needles resulted in more suture pull-out (18 out of 20 tendons) than cutting needles (6 out of 20 tendons). We found no differences in failure load, but significant differences in the mode of failure between round-bodied and cutting needles when used for cadaveric flexor tendon repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Vissers
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Wan M R Rusli
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Scarborough
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Maxim D Horwitz
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gordon J McArthur
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Angela E Kedgley
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Qian Yang Q, Chen J. Moving away from original to modified Kessler tendon repair is likely unwise. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2022; 47:428-429. [PMID: 35000490 DOI: 10.1177/17531934211070699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qian Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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Moriya K, Maki Y, Wu YF. Re: Wu YF and Tang JB. The impact of transverse components on resistance and ultimate strength of 6-strand tendon repairs. J Hand Surg Eur. 2021. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2021; 46:907-908. [PMID: 34324386 DOI: 10.1177/17531934211035929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Moriya
- Niigata Hand Surgery Foundation, Seiro-machi, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Maki
- Niigata Hand Surgery Foundation, Seiro-machi, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ya Fang Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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