Association of ADIPOQ variants and heart failure in an Italian population

Exploring Adiponectin in Autosomal Dominant Kidney Disease: Insight and Implications

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is a common monogenic disorder characterized by renal cysts and progressive renal failure. In kidney diseases, adipose tissue undergoes functional changes that have been associated with increased inflammation and insulin resistance mediated by release of adipokines. Adiponectin is involved in various cellular processes, such as energy and inflammatory and oxidative processes. However, it remains to be determined whether adiponectin is involved in the concomitant metabolic dysfunctions present in PKD. In this scenario, we aimed to analyze: (a) PPARγ, ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 gene variations in 92 ADPKD patients through PCR-Sanger sequencing; and (b) adiponectin levels and its oligomerization state by ELISA and Western Blot. Our results indicated that: (a) 14 patients carried the PPARγ SNP, 29 patients carried the ADIPOQ SNP rs1501299, and 25 patients carried the analyzed ADIPOR1 SNPs. Finally, 82 patients carried ADIPOR2 SNPs; and (b) Adiponectin is statistically lower in ADPKD patients compared to controls, and further statistically lower in ESRD than in non-ESRD patients. An inverse relationship between adiponectin and albumin and between adiponectin and creatinine and a direct relationship between adiponectin and eGFR were found. Interestingly, significantly lower levels of adiponectin were found in patients bearing the ADIPOQ rs1501299 SNP and associated with low levels of eGFR. In conclusion, adiponectin levels and the presence of ADIPOQ rs1501299 genotype are significantly associated with a worse ADPKD phenotype, indicating that both could potentially provide important insights into the disease. Further studies are warranted to understand the pathophysiological role of adiponectin in ADPKD patients.

Adiponectin Genetic Variant and Expression Coupled with Lipid Peroxidation Reveal New Signatures in Diabetic Dyslipidemia

Increasing burden of non-communicable diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disorders has made the global health scenario more challenging. Dyslipidemia in diabetes is a compounding risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, but there is dearth of identifying appropriate signatures to address this issue. The protein, adiponectin, is actively involved in regulating glucose levels as well as fatty acid breakdown playing crucial role in dyslipidemia and vascular complications. To identify the underlying genetic and molecular profile of adiponectin metabolic pathway in diabetic dyslipidemia and to correlate it with known biochemical and oxidative stress parameters of T2DM, we performed a case-control study in a total 264 individuals belonging to three categories such as diabetes with dyslipidemia (n = 88), diabetes without dyslipidemia (n = 86) and normal healthy controls (n = 90). Expression of adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and its receptors (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2) were measured in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues. A significant downregulated expression of ADIPOQ and its receptors in adipose tissues and PBMCs were linked with diabetic dyslipidemic condition. A multiple linear regression followed by MDR analysis implicated the elevated plasma malondialdehyde and decreased adiponectin level to be correlated with diabetic dyslipidemia. More interestingly, two single nucleotide polymorphisms of ADIPOQ (rs2241766 and rs1501299) were genetically associated with the risk of developing dyslipidemia. Other important biochemical factors found to be increased in diabetic dyslipidemic conditions included plasma C-reactive protein and 4-hydroxynonenal adducts. Our results explore, a complex interplay of genetic and biochemical parameters in diabetic dyslipidemia which is significant from the perspective of risk stratification and novel therapeutic strategy development.

The relationship between circulating adiponectin, ADIPOQ variants and incident cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study

AIMS

To investigate the relationship between serum adiponectin, ADIPOQ variants and haplotypes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes (T2D).

METHODS

Baseline data including serum total adiponectin and 21 ADIPOQ polymorphisms were available for 1076 participants (mean age 64.0 years, 49.4% males) in a community-based cohort followed for an average of 12 years.

RESULTS

During 8843 patient-years of follow-up for coronary heart disease (CHD), 13,494 patient-years for ischaemic stroke (IS) and 12,028 patient-years for heart failure (HF), 40.4%, 11.8% and 31.9% of patients experienced a first episode of CHD, IS or HF, respectively. In Cox regression after adjustment for the most parsimonious models, log_e(serum adiponectin) and the ADIPOQ variant rs12495941 were inversely associated with incident CHD (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.79 [0.65-0.98] and 0.64 [0.44-0.94], respectively), while rs1648707 was positively associated with incident IS (2.05 [1.37-3.06]; all P ≤ 0.028). In males, rs9860747 and rs17366568 predicted CHD (0.22 [0.05-0.92] and 1.50 [1.01-2.20]; P ≤ 0.042), while rs1648707 and rs1063537 predicted IS (2.36 [1.32-4.23] and 2.09 [1.17-3.72]; P ≤ 0.012). In females, rs10937273 predicted CHD via an interaction with serum adiponectin (0.43 [0.21-0.91]; P = 0.027), while rs864265 predicted IS (0.43 [0.21-0.88], P = 0.021). The associations between ADIPOQ variants and outcomes were supported by haplotype block analysis. Neither serum adiponectin nor ADIPOQ variants predicted HF.

CONCLUSIONS

Serum total adiponectin and gender-specific ADIPOQ variants predict CHD and IS, but not HF, independently of other risk factors in community-based patients with T2D. In contrast to some previous studies, there was no relationship between a high serum total adiponectin and CVD.

Gender difference in adiponectin associated with cardiovascular mortality

Background

It is important to identify cardiovascular diseases in patients at high risk. To include genetics into routine cardiological patients has therefore been discussed recently.

We wanted to evaluate the association between high-molecular weight adiponectin and cardiovascular risk, and secondly in the same population evaluate if specific genotype differences regarding risk could be observed, and thirdly if gender differences could be seen.

Method

Four hundred seventy-six elderly participants recruited from a rural community were included. All participants underwent a clinical examination, echocardiography, and blood sampling and the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs266729) of adiponectin was analysed. Follow-up time was 6.7 years.

Results

Those with high serum concentration of adiponectin had a more 2 fold increased cardiovascular risk, and it might be that females exhibits even higher risk where a more than 5 fold increased risk could be seen. The result could be demonstrated even in a multivariate model adjusting for well-known clinical risk factors. However, as the sample size was small the gender differences should be interpreted with caution. In the genotype evaluation the C/C carriers of the female group had a more than 9-fold increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, however the confidence interval was wide. Such genotype difference could not be found in the male group.

Conclusion

High level of adiponectin was associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Also a gender difference in the genotype evaluation could be seen where the C/C carriers obtained higher risk in the female group but not in the male group. Thus, in order to identify patients at risk early, genetic analyses may add to the armamentarium used in the clinical routine. However, information should be regarded as hypothesis generating as the sample size was small and should stimulate further research in individualized cardiovascular prevention and treatment.