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Goral O, Wald IY, Maimon A, Snir A, Golland Y, Goral A, Amedi A. Enhancing interoceptive sensibility through exteroceptive-interoceptive sensory substitution. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14855. [PMID: 38937475 PMCID: PMC11211335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Exploring a novel approach to mental health technology, this study illuminates the intricate interplay between exteroception (the perception of the external world), and interoception (the perception of the internal world). Drawing on principles of sensory substitution, we investigated how interoceptive signals, particularly respiration, could be conveyed through exteroceptive modalities, namely vision and hearing. To this end, we developed a unique, immersive multisensory environment that translates respiratory signals in real-time into dynamic visual and auditory stimuli. The system was evaluated by employing a battery of various psychological assessments, with the findings indicating a significant increase in participants' interoceptive sensibility and an enhancement of the state of flow, signifying immersive and positive engagement with the experience. Furthermore, a correlation between these two variables emerged, revealing a bidirectional enhancement between the state of flow and interoceptive sensibility. Our research is the first to present a sensory substitution approach for substituting between interoceptive and exteroceptive senses, and specifically as a transformative method for mental health interventions, paving the way for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oran Goral
- Baruch Ivcher Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Technology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Iddo Yehoshua Wald
- Baruch Ivcher Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Technology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
- Digital Media Lab, Bremen University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Amber Maimon
- Baruch Ivcher Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Technology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
- Computational Psychiatry and Neurotechnology Lab, Ben Gurion University, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Adi Snir
- Baruch Ivcher Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Technology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Yulia Golland
- Sagol Center for Brain and Mind, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Aviva Goral
- Baruch Ivcher Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Technology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Amir Amedi
- Baruch Ivcher Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Technology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel.
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2
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Pelliccia V, Del Vecchio M, Avanzini P, Revay M, Sartori I, Caruana F. 70 Years of Human Cingulate Cortex Stimulation. Functions and Dysfunctions Through the Lens of Electrical Stimulation. J Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 40:491-500. [PMID: 36007014 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY In this review, we retrace the results of 70 years of human cingulate cortex (CC) intracerebral electrical stimulation and discuss its contribution to our understanding of the anatomofunctional and clinical aspects of this wide cortical region. The review is divided into three main sections. In the first section, we report the results obtained by the stimulation of the anterior, middle, and posterior CC, in 30 studies conducted on approximately 1,000 patients from the 1950s to the present day. These studies show that specific manifestations can be reliably associated with specific cingulate subfields, with autonomic, interoceptive, and emotional manifestations clustered in the anterior cingulate, goal-oriented motor behaviors elicited from the anterior midcingulate and a variety of sensory symptoms characterizing the posterior cingulate regions. In the second section, we compare the effect of CC intracerebral electrical stimulation with signs and manifestations characterizing cingulate epilepsy, showing that the stimulation mapping of CC subfields provides precious information for understanding cingulate epileptic manifestations. The last section tackles the issue of the discrepancy emerging when comparing the results of clinical (electrical stimulation, epilepsy) studies-revealing the quintessential affective and motor nature of the CC-with that reported by neuroimaging studies-which focus on high-level cognitive functions. Particular attention will be paid to the hypothesis that CC hosts a "Pain Matrix" specifically involved in pain perception, which we will discuss in the light of the fact that the stimulation of CC (as well as cingulate epileptic seizures) does not induce nociceptive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pelliccia
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milano, Italy; and
| | - Maria Del Vecchio
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
| | - Pietro Avanzini
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Revay
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milano, Italy; and
| | - Ivana Sartori
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milano, Italy; and
| | - Fausto Caruana
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
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Cordoni G, Comin M, Collarini E, Robino C, Chierto E, Norscia I. Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) engage in non-random post-conflict affiliation with third parties: cognitive and functional implications. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:687-701. [PMID: 36344830 PMCID: PMC9950185 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-022-01688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In social mammals, conflict resolution involves the reunion of former opponents (aggressor and victim) after an aggressive event (reconciliation) or post-conflict triadic contacts with a third party, started by either opponent (solicited-TSC) or spontaneously offered by the third party (unsolicited-TUC). These post-conflict strategies can serve different functions, including consolation (specifically when TUCs reduce the victim's anxiety). We investigated the possible presence and modulating factors of such strategies on semi-free ranging pigs (Sus scrofa; N = 104), housed at the ethical farm Parva Domus (Cavagnolo, Italy). Kinship was known. Reconciliation was present and mainly occurred between weakly related pigs to possibly improve tolerant cohabitation. Triadic contacts (all present except aggressor TSCs) mostly occurred between close kin. TSCs enacted by victims reduced neither their post-conflict anxiety behaviors nor further attacks by the previous aggressor, possibly because TSCs remained largely unreciprocated. TUCs towards aggressors did not reduce aggressor post-conflict anxiety but limited aggression redirection towards third parties. TUCs towards the victim reduced the victim but not the third-party's anxiety. However, TUCs may also provide inclusive fitness benefits to third parties by benefiting close kin. In sum, pigs engaged in non-random solicited/unsolicited triadic contacts, which suggests that pigs might possess socio-emotional regulation abilities to change their own or others' experience and elements of social appraisal, necessary to detect the emotional arousal of relevant others and (in case of TUCs) take the agency to restore homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Cordoni
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
| | - Marta Comin
- grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Edoardo Collarini
- grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Robino
- grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Chierto
- grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Ivan Norscia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
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Zauli FM, Del Vecchio M, Russo S, Mariani V, Pelliccia V, d'Orio P, Sartori I, Avanzini P, Caruana F. The web of laughter: frontal and limbic projections of the anterior cingulate cortex revealed by cortico-cortical evoked potential from sites eliciting laughter. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210180. [PMID: 36126672 PMCID: PMC9489285 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
According to an evolutionist approach, laughter is a multifaceted behaviour affecting social, emotional, motor and speech functions. Albeit previous studies have suggested that high-frequency electrical stimulation (HF-ES) of the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC) may induce bursts of laughter-suggesting a crucial contribution of this region to the cortical control of this behaviour-the complex nature of laughter implies that outward connections from the pACC may reach and affect a complex network of frontal and limbic regions. Here, we studied the effective connectivity of the pACC by analysing the cortico-cortical evoked potentials elicited by single-pulse electrical stimulation of pACC sites whose HF-ES elicited laughter in 12 patients. Once these regions were identified, we studied their clinical response to HF-ES, to reveal the specific functional target of pACC representation of laughter. Results reveal that the neural representation of laughter in the pACC interacts with several frontal and limbic regions, including cingulate, orbitofrontal, medial prefrontal and anterior insular regions-involved in interoception, emotion, social reward and motor behaviour. These results offer neuroscientific support to the evolutionist approach to laughter, providing a possible mechanistic explanation of the interplay between this behaviour and emotion regulation, speech production and social interactions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cracking the laugh code: laughter through the lens of biology, psychology and neuroscience'.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Zauli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Philosophy 'Piero Martinetti', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- 'Claudio Munari' Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - M Del Vecchio
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
| | - S Russo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Philosophy 'Piero Martinetti', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Allen Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - V Mariani
- Neurology and Stroke Unit Division, Circolo Hospital ASST Settelaghi University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - V Pelliccia
- 'Claudio Munari' Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - P d'Orio
- 'Claudio Munari' Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma
| | - I Sartori
- 'Claudio Munari' Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - P Avanzini
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
| | - F Caruana
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
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Gerbella M, Pinardi C, Di Cesare G, Rizzolatti G, Caruana F. Two Neural Networks for Laughter: A Tractography Study. Cereb Cortex 2020; 31:899-916. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Laughter is a complex motor behavior occurring in both emotional and nonemotional contexts. Here, we investigated whether the different functions of laughter are mediated by distinct networks and, if this is the case, which are the white matter tracts sustaining them. We performed a multifiber tractography investigation placing seeds in regions involved in laughter production, as identified by previous intracerebral electrical stimulation studies in humans: the pregenual anterior cingulate (pACC), ventral temporal pole (TPv), frontal operculum (FO), presupplementary motor cortex, and ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens (VS/NAcc). The primary motor cortex (M1) and two subcortical territories were also studied to trace the descending projections. Results provided evidence for the existence of two relatively distinct networks. A first network, including pACC, TPv, and VS/NAcc, is interconnected through the anterior cingulate bundle, the accumbofrontal tract, and the uncinate fasciculus, reaching the brainstem throughout the mamillo-tegmental tract. This network is likely involved in the production of emotional laughter. A second network, anchored to FO and M1, projects to the brainstem motor nuclei through the internal capsule. It is most likely the neural basis of nonemotional and conversational laughter. The two networks interact throughout the pre-SMA that is connected to both pACC and FO.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gerbella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma 43125, Italy
| | - C Pinardi
- Neuroradiology Department, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - G Di Cesare
- Cognitive Architecture for Collaborative Technologies Unit, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - G Rizzolatti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma 43125, Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Parma 43125, Italy
| | - F Caruana
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Parma 43125, Italy
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Caruana F, Avanzini P, Pelliccia V, Mariani V, Zauli F, Sartori I, Del Vecchio M, Lo Russo G, Rizzolatti G. Mirroring other's laughter. Cingulate, opercular and temporal contributions to laughter expression and observation. Cortex 2020; 128:35-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Aldunate N, López V, Barramuño M, Gálvez-García G. Influence of violent contexts on facial reactions elicited by angry and neutral faces. Cogn Emot 2020; 34:1524-1531. [PMID: 32449483 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2020.1770203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on determining whether violent contexts influence the perception of aggressiveness in faces analysing spontaneous corrugator supercilii activity. Participants viewed pictures of neutral and angry faces preceded by a contextual sentence describing either violent or neutral actions. They were instructed to judge each face according to whether it was aggressive or non-aggressive. Results show a higher level of perceived aggressiveness for neutral faces preceded by violent contexts, accompanied by longer reaction times, and a significant increase of corrugator activity. Angry faces preceded by neutral contexts were judged as less aggressive and elicited less corrugator activity. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that facial reactions and aggressiveness judgment for faces are context-dependent. With this work, we contribute to the view that contextual cues guide the face's emotional meaning, under top-down processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Aldunate
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vladimir López
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Barramuño
- Carrera de Kinesiología, Facultad de las Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Germán Gálvez-García
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Département de Psychologie Cognitive et Neuropsychologie, Institut de Psychologie, Laboratoire d'Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université Lyon 2, Lyon, France
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Dolensek N, Gehrlach DA, Klein AS, Gogolla N. Facial expressions of emotion states and their neuronal correlates in mice. Science 2020; 368:89-94. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz9468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of emotion relies on objective readouts of the emotional state of an individual, which remains a major challenge especially in animal models. We found that mice exhibit stereotyped facial expressions in response to emotionally salient events, as well as upon targeted manipulations in emotion-relevant neuronal circuits. Facial expressions were classified into distinct categories using machine learning and reflected the changing intrinsic value of the same sensory stimulus encountered under different homeostatic or affective conditions. Facial expressions revealed emotion features such as intensity, valence, and persistence. Two-photon imaging uncovered insular cortical neuron activity that correlated with specific facial expressions and may encode distinct emotions. Facial expressions thus provide a means to infer emotion states and their neuronal correlates in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejc Dolensek
- Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel A. Gehrlach
- Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
- International Max-Planck Research School for Molecular Life Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra S. Klein
- Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
- International Max-Planck Research School for Molecular Life Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadine Gogolla
- Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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