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Mohanty SK, Lobo A, Mishra SK, Cheng L. Precision Medicine in Bladder Cancer: Present Challenges and Future Directions. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13050756. [PMID: 37240925 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is characterized by significant histopathologic and molecular heterogeneity. The discovery of molecular pathways and knowledge of cellular mechanisms have grown exponentially and may allow for better disease classification, prognostication, and development of novel and more efficacious noninvasive detection and surveillance strategies, as well as selection of therapeutic targets, which can be used in BC, particularly in a neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting. This article outlines recent advances in the molecular pathology of BC with a better understanding and deeper focus on the development and deployment of promising biomarkers and therapeutic avenues that may soon make a transition into the domain of precision medicine and clinical management for patients with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambit K Mohanty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Advanced Medical Research Institute and CORE Diagnostics, Gurgaon 122016, India
| | - Anandi Lobo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kapoor Center for Pathology and Urology, Raipur 490042, India
| | - Sourav K Mishra
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar 750017, India
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, and the Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, APC 12-105, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Liu Z, Liu X, Liu F, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ma Y, Wang F, Zhang W, Petinrin OO, Yao Z, Liang J, He Q, Feng D, Wang L, Wong KC. The comprehensive and systematic identification of BLCA-specific SF-regulated, survival-related AS events. Gene 2022; 835:146657. [PMID: 35710083 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA) is a complex disease with high morbidity and mortality. Changes in alternative splicing (AS) and splicing factor (SF) can affect gene expression, thus playing an essential role in tumorigenesis. This study downloaded 412 patients' clinical information and 433 samples of transcriptome profiling data from TCGA. And we collected 48 AS signatures from SpliceSeq. LASSO and Cox analyses were used for identifying survival-related AS events in BLCA. Finally, 1,645 OS-related AS events in 1,129 genes were validated by Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis, ROC analysis, risk curve analysis, and independent prognostic analysis. Finally, our survey provides an AS-SF regulation network consisting of five SFs and 46 AS events. In the end, we profiled genes that AS occurred in pan-cancer and five SFs' expression in tumor and normal samples in BLCA. We selected CLIP-seq data for validation the interaction regulated by RBP. Our study paves the way for potential therapeutic targets of BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Fang Liu
- CYGNUS BIOSCIENCES (Beijing), Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Yafan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Ying Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Fuzhou Wang
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weitong Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Zhongyu Yao
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingbo Liang
- Department of Biomedical of Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian He
- Department of Biomedical of Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
| | - Ka-Chun Wong
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Gold Glyconanoparticles Combined with 91–99 Peptide of the Bacterial Toxin, Listeriolysin O, Are Efficient Immunotherapies in Experimental Bladder Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102413. [PMID: 35626016 PMCID: PMC9140107 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We propose a novel type of immunotherapy for bladder cancer using gold nanoparticles bound to a peptide of a bacterial toxin with anti-tumor capacities as listeriolysin O called Listeria nanovaccines. Here, we present the pre-clinical experiments on a mice model of bladder cancer and blood cells of patients with bladder cancer using these Listeria nanovaccines that activate the immune system, block the tumor immunosuppression environment, and reduce the tumor size. The impact of Listeria nanovaccines on the field of immunotherapies for solid tumors can be extended to other solid tumors containing lymphocyte infiltration. Therefore, we propose Listeria nanovaccines as immunotherapy for tumors such as melanoma, urothelial bladder carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and glioblastoma. Abstract This study presents proof of concept assays to validate gold nanoparticles loaded with the bacterial peptide 91–99 of the listeriolysin O toxin (GNP-LLO91–99 nanovaccines) as immunotherapy for bladder tumors. GNP-LLO91–99 nanovaccines showed adjuvant abilities as they induce maturation and activation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) to functional antigen-presenting cells in healthy donors and patients with melanoma or bladder cancer (BC), promoting a Th1 cytokine pattern. GNP-LLO91–99 nanovaccines were also efficient dendritic cell inducers of immunogenic tumor death using different bladder and melanoma tumor cell lines. The establishment of a pre-clinical mice model of subcutaneous BC confirmed that a single dose of GNP-LLO91–99 nanovaccines reduced tumor burden 4.7-fold and stimulated systemic Th1-type immune responses. Proof of concept assays validated GNP-LLO91–99 nanovaccines as immunotherapy by comparison to anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1 antibodies. In fact, GNP-LLO91–99 nanovaccines increased percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, and functional antigen-presenting DCs in tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes, while they reduced the levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and suppressor T cells (Treg). We conclude that GNP-LLO91–99 nanovaccines can work as monotherapies or combinatory immunotherapies with anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1 antibodies for solid tumors with high T cell infiltration, such as bladder cancer or melanoma.
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Bellmunt J, Valderrama BP, Puente J, Grande E, Bolós MV, Lainez N, Vázquez S, Maroto P, Climent MÁ, del Muro XG, Arranz JÁ, Durán I. Recent Therapeutic Advances in Urothelial Carcinoma: A Paradigm Shift in Disease Management. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 174:103683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Lin W, Sun J, Sadahira T, Xu N, Wada K, Liu C, Araki M, Xu A, Watanabe M, Nasu Y, Huang P. Discovery and Validation of Nitroxoline as a Novel STAT3 Inhibitor in Drug-resistant Urothelial Bladder Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3255-3267. [PMID: 34421363 PMCID: PMC8375225 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.63125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated cycles of first-line chemotherapy drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX) and cisplatin (CIS) trigger frequent chemoresistance in recurrent urothelial bladder cancer (UBC). Nitroxoline (NTX), an antibiotic to treat urinary tract infections, has been recently repurposed for cancer treatment. Here we aimed to investigate whether NTX suppresses drug-resistant UBC and its molecular mechanism. The drug-resistant cell lines T24/DOX and T24/CIS were established by continual exposure of parental cell line T24 to DOX and CIS, respectively. T24/DOX and T24/CIS cells were resistant to DOX and CIS, respectively, but they were sensitive to NTX time- and dose-dependently. Overexpressions of STAT3 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) were identified in T24/DOX and T24/CIS, which could be reversed by NTX. Western blot revealed that NTX downregulated p-STAT3, c-Myc, Cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, and Survivin, which were further confirmed by Stattic, a selective STAT3 inhibitor. In vivo, NTX exhibited the significant anti-tumor effect in T24/DOX and T24/CIS tumor-bearing mice. These results suggested that NTX-induced P-gp reversal, G0/G1 arrest, and apoptosis in drug-resistant UBC were mediated by inhibition of STAT3 signaling. Our findings repurpose NTX as a novel STAT3 inhibitor to induce P-gp reversal, G0/G1 arrest, and apoptosis in drug-resistant UBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Lin
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jingkai Sun
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Takuya Sadahira
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naijin Xu
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Koichiro Wada
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Motoo Araki
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Abai Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Masami Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Nasu
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Okayama Medical Innovation Center, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Ishiyama Y, Kondo T, Nemoto Y, Kobari Y, Ishihara H, Tachibana H, Yoshida K, Hashimoto Y, Takagi T, Iizuka J, Tanabe K. Antibiotic use and survival of patients receiving pembrolizumab for chemotherapy-resistant metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2021; 39:834.e21-834.e28. [PMID: 34284929 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The use of antibiotics alters gut microbiota and has been reported to impact outcomes in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment in various types of cancer. We investigated the impact of antibiotics on patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) treated with pembrolizumab. MATERIALS AND METHODS The data of 67 patients with chemotherapy-resistant mUC who were treated with pembrolizumab were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were classified into groups according to antibiotic status (with-antibiotic and without-antibiotic), and the progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), and disease control rate (DCR) were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS PFS (median: 1.1 vs. 8.9 months; P < 0.001) and OS (median: 2.3 vs. 19.5 months; P < 0.001) were significantly shorter in the with-antibiotic group (n = 15, 22%) than in the without-antibiotic group (n = 52, 78%). Patients in the with-antibiotic group had significantly higher Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status scores (P = 0.042). Multivariable analyses revealed antibiotic use as an independent predictor of PFS (P < 0.001) and OS (P = 0.002). No patients in the with-antibiotic group achieved a complete response to pembrolizumab. The ORR (complete response (CR) + partial response (PR)) was higher among patients not treated with antibiotics than among patients treated with antibiotics, though the difference was not significant (34.6% vs. 13.3%, P = 0.093). The DCR (CR + PR + stable disease) was also higher among patients in the with-antibiotic group than in the without-antibiotic group (57.7% vs. 20.0%, P = 0.008). CONCLUSION The use of antibiotics was negatively associated with outcomes in patients with mUC who are administered pembrolizumab. Baseline performance status was worse for these patients. Further analyses are required to identify associations between antibiotic use, bacterial infection for which it was indicated or its influence on performance status, on treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Ishiyama
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsunenori Kondo
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuki Nemoto
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Urology, Saiseikai Kawaguchi General Hospital, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobari
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ishihara
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tachibana
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yoshida
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, Saiseikai Kawaguchi General Hospital, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshio Takagi
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junpei Iizuka
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanabe
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Morales L, Paramio JM. Cell Therapies in Bladder Cancer Management. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062818. [PMID: 33802203 PMCID: PMC7999326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, bladder cancer (BC) represents a challenging problem in the field of Oncology. The high incidence, prevalence, and progression of BC have led to the exploration of new avenues in its management, in particular in advanced metastatic stages. The recent inclusion of immune checkpoint blockade inhibitors as a therapeutic option for BC represents an unprecedented advance in BC management. However, although some patients show durable responses, the fraction of patients showing benefit is still limited. Notwithstanding, cell-based therapies, initially developed for the management of hematological cancers by infusing immune or trained immune cells or after the engineering of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) expressing cells, are promising tools to control, or even cure, solid tumors. In this review, we summarize recent cell-based immunotherapy studies, with a special focus on BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Morales
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Ave Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (J.M.P.); Tel.: +34-913466051 (L.M.); +34-914962517 (J.M.P.); Fax: +34-913466484 (J.M.P.)
| | - Jesús M. Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Ave Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (J.M.P.); Tel.: +34-913466051 (L.M.); +34-914962517 (J.M.P.); Fax: +34-913466484 (J.M.P.)
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Kuo MC, Su PJ, Huang CC, Luo HL, Chiu TJ, Li SH, Wu CC, Liu TT, Cheng YT, Kang CH, Su YL. Safety and Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Patients With Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma and End-Stage Renal Disease: Experiences From Real-World Practice. Front Oncol 2020; 10:584834. [PMID: 33330066 PMCID: PMC7729012 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.584834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are used widely for treating metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC). In practical settings, evidence is lacking on the efficacy of ICIs in some difficult-to-treat patients, such as those with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Herein, we evaluate the safety and efficacy of ICIs for patients with mUC and ESRD. METHODS For this retrospective study, patients with mUC who were given ICIs at Kaohsiung Chang Gang Memorial Hospital and Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between April 2016 and November 2019 were consecutively enrolled. All clinicopathologic data, treatment responses, and adverse events were recorded. The immune-related adverse events (AEs), objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were compared between ESRD and non-ESRD groups. RESULTS In total, 129 patients with mUC were enrolled, with 11 patients categorized as the ESRD group. Among these patients with ESRD receiving ICIs, 7 of 11 (63.6%) had high-grade (grade ≥3) AEs, chiefly hematologic toxicity. Some rarely encountered AEs were noted, including toxic epidermal necrolysis, tuberculosis reactivation, ascites, and cytokine release syndrome. Patients in the ESRD group had numerically higher ORR (54.5% vs. 28.8%, p = 0.09), PFS (7.1 vs. 3.5 months, p = 0.42), and OS (not reached vs. 15.4 months) than the non-ESRD group. A multivariate Cox regression model demonstrated that leukocytosis (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23-5.63; p = 0.01) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (HR 2.91; 95% CI: 1.30-6.53; p = 0.01) were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSION Administration of ICIs in patients with mUC and ESRD demonstrated a modest antitumor activity, and should be used with caution for increasing risk of hematologic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chun Kuo
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jung Su
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Lun Luo
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Jan Chiu
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Hsuan Li
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Che Wu
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tso Cheng
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiung Kang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Su
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Clinical Trial Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Sardana R, Mishra SK, Williamson SR, Mohanty A, Mohanty SK. Immune checkpoints and their inhibitors: Reappraisal of a novel diagnostic and therapeutic dimension in the urologic malignancies. Semin Oncol 2020; 47:367-379. [PMID: 33160642 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in molecular immunology have unveiled some of the complexity of the mechanisms regulating cellular immune responses and led to the successful targeting of immune checkpoints in attempts to enhance antitumor T cell responses. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have been the mainstay of treatment in urologic malignancies. Immune checkpoint molecules such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein-4, programmed cell death protein-1, and programmed death-ligand 1 have been shown to play central roles in evading cancer immunity. Thus these molecules have been targeted by inhibitors for the management of cancers forming the basis of immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is now among the first line therapeutic options for metastatic renal cell carcinomas. In advanced bladder cancer, immunotherapy is the standard of care in the second line and the first line for cisplatin ineligible patients. There continues to be ongoing research to identify the role if any of immunotherapy in testicular, prostatic, and penile cancers. The ideal biomarker for response to immunotherapy is still elusive. Although programmed death-ligand 1 immunohistochemical testing has been widely used across the globe as a biomarker for immunotherapy, companion diagnostic tests have inherent issues with testing and reporting and cannot have universal applicability. Additional biomarkers including, tumor mutational burden, deficient mismatch repair, high microsatellite instability, and immune gene expression profiling are being evaluated in various clinical trials. This review appraises the data of immunotherapy in the management of urologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Sardana
- Department of Hematopathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Sourav K Mishra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sean R Williamson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Abhishek Mohanty
- Principal Research Officer Head of Research, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Sambit K Mohanty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Bhubaneswar, India.
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10
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Sotelo M, Alonso-Gordoa T, Gajate P, Gallardo E, Morales-Barrera R, Pérez-Gracia JL, Puente J, Sánchez P, Castellano D, Durán I. Atezolizumab in locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer: a pooled analysis from the Spanish patients of the IMvigor 210 cohort 2 and 211 studies. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 23:882-891. [PMID: 32897497 PMCID: PMC7979625 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The studies IMvigor 210 cohort 2 and IMvigor211 evaluated the efficacy of atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC) upon progression to platinum-based chemotherapy worldwide. Yet, the real impact of this drug in specific geographical regions is unknown.
Materials and methods We combined individual-level data from the 131 patients recruited in Spain from IMvigor210 cohort 2 and IMvigor211 in a pooled analysis. Efficacy and safety outcomes were assessed in the overall study population and according to PD-L1 expression on tumour-infiltrating immune cells. Results Full data were available for 127 patients; 74 (58%) received atezolizumab and 53 (42%) chemotherapy. Atezolizumab patients had a numerically superior median overall survival although not reaching statistical significance (9.2 months vs 7.7 months). No statistically significant differences between arms were observed in overall response rates (20.3% vs 37.0%) or progression-free survival (2.1 months vs 5.3 months). Nonetheless, median duration of response was superior for the immunotherapy arm (non-reached vs 6.4 months; p = 0.005). Additionally, among the responders, the 12-month survival rates seemed to favour atezolizumab (66.7% vs 19.9%). When efficacy was analyzed based on PD-L1 expression status, no significant differences were found. Treatment-related adverse events of any grade occurred more frequently in the chemotherapy arm [46/57 (81%) vs 44/74 (59%)]. Conclusion Patients who achieved an objective response on atezolizumab presented a longer median duration of response and numerically superior 12 month survival rates when compared with chemotherapy responders along with a more favorable safety profile. PD-L1 expression did not discriminate patients who might benefit from atezolizumab.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/secondary
- Cohort Studies
- Female
- Humans
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Progression-Free Survival
- Spain
- Survival Rate
- Treatment Outcome
- Ureteral Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ureteral Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ureteral Neoplasms/mortality
- Ureteral Neoplasms/pathology
- Urethral Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urethral Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urethral Neoplasms/mortality
- Urethral Neoplasms/pathology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/mortality
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sotelo
- Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Edificio Sur. Despacho 277, Avda Valdecilla s/n, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | | | - P Gajate
- Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Gallardo
- Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | | | | | - J Puente
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Sánchez
- Medical Department, Roche Farma S.A., Madrid, Spain
| | - D Castellano
- Doce de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Durán
- Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Edificio Sur. Despacho 277, Avda Valdecilla s/n, 39005, Santander, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain.
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11
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Andreatos N, Iyer G, Grivas P. Emerging biomarkers in urothelial carcinoma: Challenges and opportunities. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2020; 25:100179. [PMID: 32920502 PMCID: PMC8387954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2020.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a very important cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality with, until recently, only a few available therapeutic options. The treatment landscape has dramatically changed in recent years with the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors and the development of novel targeted agents, such as erdafitinib, and antibody-drug conjugates, such as enfortumab vedotin. Cost-effective utilization of this rapidly expanding therapeutic armamentarium can be further optimized via the identification and validation of reliable prognostic and predictive biomarkers that inform prognostication and patient selection. In this review, we aim to summarize examples of recent developments in the rapidly expanding field of emerging biomarkers in UC, outlining challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Andreatos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Gopa Iyer
- Assistant Attending Physician, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Petros Grivas
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA, United States.
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12
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Intrinsic Molecular Subclassification of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Are We Finally there? Adv Anat Pathol 2019; 26:251-256. [PMID: 31188799 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a highly prevalent disease throughout the world usually encountered in older patients, and associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and cost. The treatment of bladder cancer has remained unchanged for the last several decades. However, in recent years the availability of comprehensive genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and other large projects have considerably improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of these tumors. These studies demonstrated that bladder cancers can be grouped into 2 broad categories namely basal and luminal molecular subtypes with recognizable subgroups in each of these categories. Clinical data suggest that invasive basal cancers are more sensitive to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), such that most patients with basal cancers who are aggressively managed with NAC have excellent outcomes. Patients with luminal cancers do not appear to derive much clinical benefit from NAC, but some may appear to be sensitive to anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1) antibodies and possibly other immune checkpoint inhibitors. It is hoped that future studies will also identify biomarkers such as immunohistochemical markers which may be used to predict therapeutic response of these tumors. This will contribute substantially toward efficient and cost-effective diagnosis and management of these neoplasms.
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