Glenohumeral osteoarthritis

Shoulder osteoarthritis: A survey of current (2024) UK physiotherapy practice

BACKGROUND

Shoulder osteoarthritis can cause significant pain and disability. It is thought that the wider principles of osteoarthritis management can be applied in the management of people with shoulder osteoarthritis, but most prior research has been conducted with people experiencing osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. There is a paucity of evidence to guide the non-surgical management of shoulder osteoarthritis and limited understanding of current physiotherapy practice.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate the current treatment recommendations by physiotherapists in the UK for people with shoulder OA.

METHODS

An online survey using a clinical vignette was designed and distributed to UK registered physiotherapists with experience of managing people with shoulder osteoarthritis, via social media and professional networks. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse demographic and multiple-choice questions, and free text responses were summarised narratively.

RESULTS

114 respondents accessed the survey with 110 valid responses; 105 (95%) respondents would offer face-to-face consultations, with 89 (81%) respondents expecting to offer 2-4 appointments. 108 (98%) respondents would offer advice/education; 79 (72%) would offer weight management; 82 (75%) prescribed exercises to improve movement; and 101 (92%) offered exercises to increase strength. If a person lived with obesity or had a treatment preference, the majority of respondents would change their recommendations.

CONCLUSION

This is the first survey of NHS physiotherapy practice for people with shoulder osteoarthritis. The responses largely align with NICE guidelines; despite this alignment, it is not known whether such guideline-based care is acceptable to people with shoulder osteoarthritis or clinically effective.

Anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty with inlay glenoid component: A systematic review

Background

A total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) system utilizing an inlay glenoid component has been proposed as a means of reducing glenoid component loosening while still providing patients with desirable functional and clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to systematically review current outcomes literature on TSA using an inlay glenoid component.

Methods

A literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science databases. Studies comparing pre- and postoperative functional and clinical outcomes were included.

Results

Five studies with 148 shoulders (133 patients) were included. Patient-reported outcomes improved, including the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score (mean change 34.1 to 80.6), Penn Shoulder Score (mean change 43.3 to 85.5), Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score (mean change 34.1 to 80.6), and visual analog scale-pain (mean change 6.9 to 1.6). Range of motion improved for forward elevation (mean change 109.6 to 156.2) and external rotation (mean change 21.5 to 50.8). Glenoid component loosening occurred in one shoulder (0.68%). Two revision surgeries (1.35%) were performed.

Discussion

The use of an inlay glenoid component is associated with improvements in postoperative pain, function, and satisfaction while minimizing rates of glenoid component loosening and the need for revision surgery over short-term follow-up.

Level of evidence

systematic review, level IV.

Harms reporting in randomized controlled trials underpinning the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for glenohumeral osteoarthritis

BACKGROUND

Glenohumeral osteoarthritis is one of the most common causes of shoulder pain. As such, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) has developed clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) to address the management of glenohumeral osteoarthritis. These CPG recommendations stem from the findings of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which have been shown to influence clinical decision making and health policy. Therefore, it is essential that trial outcomes, including harms data (ie, adverse events), are adequately reported. We intend to evaluate the reporting quality of harms-related data in orthopedic literature specifically relating to AAOS CPG recommendations on the management of glenohumeral osteoarthritis.

METHODS

We adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) as well as guidance for reporting meta-research. The AAOS CPGs for glenohumeral osteoarthritis were obtained from orthoguidelines.org, and 2 authors independently screened the guidelines for the RCTs referenced. A total of 14 studies were identified. Data were extracted from the 14 included studies independently by the same 2 authors. Adherence to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) Extension for Harms Checklist was assessed using an 18-item scoring chart, with 1 point being awarded for meeting a checklist item and 0 points being awarded for not meeting a checklist item. Descriptive statistics, such as frequencies, percentages, and 95% confidence intervals were used to summarize RCT adherence to the CONSORT checklist.

RESULTS

The average score among the studies included was 7.36/18 items (39% adherence). No study adhered to all criteria, with the highest-performing study meeting 11 of 18 items (58%) and the lowest meeting 3 of 18 items (16%). A positive correlation between checklist score and year of publication was observed, with studies published more recently receiving a higher score on the CONSORT checklist (P < .05). Studies that disclosed funding information received a higher score than those that did not (P < .05), but there was no significant difference when the different funding sources were compared. Finally, double-blinded studies scored higher on the checklist than those with lower levels of blinding (single or no blinding, P < .05).

CONCLUSION

Adverse events are poorly reported amongst RCTs cited as supporting evidence for AAOS Management of Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis CPGs, evidenced by a CONSORT checklist compliance rate of only 41% in this study. We recommend the development of an updated checklist with information that makes it easier for authors to recognize, evaluate, and report on harms data. Additionally, we encourage authors to include information about adverse events or negative outcomes in the abstract.

Can we develop consensus on long-term follow-up and surveillance of primary shoulder arthroplasty? A study protocol using a real-time Delphi technique among expert clinicians in the UK

BACKGROUND

Shoulder arthroplasty incidence is projected to continue its exponential growth and the resultant burden of monitoring patients with shoulder arthroplasty implants creates significant pressure on orthopaedic services. Surveillance offers the opportunity to study implant longevity, detect failing implants and potentially perform revision at lower morbidity and cost. There is a paucity of evidence to support recommendations on long-term follow-up in shoulder arthroplasty. Prospective studies comparing long-term follow-up and structure are impractical from time, resource and cost perspectives. A real-time Delphi technique represents a mechanism by which experts involved in long-term follow-up of primary shoulder arthroplasty can formulate recommendations via a transparent, reproducible and efficient process. We outline the protocol for a real-time Delphi study seeking consensus on long-term follow-up and surveillance of primary shoulder arthroplasty .

METHODS

A real-time Delphi technique will be used. A planning committee will design the Delphi statements. A steering committee will supervise and monitor the real-time Delphi process. Participants will be asked to rate their agreement with statements using a 5-point Likert scale. The Delphi statements will be derived from review of published literature, and the strength of evidence available for each statement will be provided. We will offer participation to all surgeons and extended-scope practitioners who are current members of the British Elbow & Shoulder Society (BESS) and have clinical practice involving shoulder arthroplasty follow-up. The questionnaire will be active for 4 weeks and requires a minimum of 20 participants. Consensus agreement is defined as 70% of participants selecting at least a 4-point on a 5-point Likert scale.

DISCUSSION

We anticipate the outlined study will achieve consensus on long-term follow-up and surveillance of primary shoulder arthroplasty. We intend to use the expert consensus recommendations achieved, in addition to the limited applicable published evidence available, to produce BESS-affiliated guidelines on long-term follow-up and surveillance of primary shoulder arthroplasty.EthicsEthical approval is not required for the real-time Delphi study.We expect the results of this initiative will be published in a peer-reviewed, high-impact journal.

Incongruity of the scapulohumeral arch: an indirect sign of posterior subluxation of the humeral head in primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis

BACKGROUND

In symptomatic glenohumeral osteoarthritis, arthroplasty is the gold standard to restore a mobile and painless shoulder. The kind of arthroplasty chosen is mainly based on the evaluation of the rotator cuff and the type of glenoid. The aim of this study was to analyze the scapulohumeral arch in primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis (PGHOA) with an uninjured cuff and to determine whether posterior humeral subluxation influences the Moloney line, which corresponds to an intact scapulohumeral arch.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Between 2017 and 2020, 58 anatomic total shoulder arthroplasties were implanted in the same center. We included all patients with complete preoperative imaging (radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging or arthro-computed tomography scans) assessing an intact rotator cuff. A total of 55 shoulders that had undergone surgery with a total anatomic shoulder prosthesis were analyzed after determination of the type of glenoid in the frontal plane according to the Favard classification on an anteroposterior radiograph and in the axial plane according to the Walch classification on computed tomography scans. The grade of osteoarthritis was evaluated according to the Samilson classification. We analyzed whether there was a rupture of the Moloney line on the frontal radiograph and assessed the acromiohumeral distance.

RESULTS

After preoperative analysis of 55 shoulders, 24 shoulders had type A glenoids and 31 had type B glenoids. Scapulohumeral arch rupture was observed in 22 shoulders, and posterior subluxation of the humeral head was found in 31 shoulders, of which 25 had type B1 glenoids and 6 had type B2 glenoids according to the Walch classification. Most glenoids were type E0 (n = 47.85%). Incongruity of the Moloney line was more frequent in shoulders with type B glenoids (20 of 31 [65%]) than those with type A glenoids (2 of 24 [8%], P < .001). No patient with a type A1 glenoid (0 of 15) had a rupture of the Moloney line, and only 2 patients with a type A2 glenoid (2 of 9) had incongruity of the scapulohumeral arch.

CONCLUSION

In PGHOA, rupture of the scapulohumeral arch seen on anteroposterior radiographs, also known as the Moloney line, may be an indirect sign of posterior humeral subluxation, corresponding to a type B glenoid per the Walch classification. Incongruity of the Moloney line may indicate a rotator cuff injury or posterior glenohumeral subluxation with an intact cuff in PGHOA.

Anatomical shoulder replacements in young patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction

Increasing numbers of young patients receive shoulder replacements. Greater information on outcomes is needed to inform implant choice. The aim of this study was to investigate the survivorship and clinical effectiveness of hemiarthroplasty and anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) in patients younger than 65 years.

Method

A systematic review was performed of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and National Joint Registry reports. The primary outcomes were implant survival and change in perioperative shoulder scores.

Results

Meta-analysis of implant survivorship was performed of six studies reporting on 416 patients. Implant survival was 86.1% (72.1,100) at 10 years for hemiarthroplasty and 82.3% (64.6,100) for TSA. 20 year survival was 80.0% for hemiarthroplasty (72.5,87.4) and 75.0% (56.9,93.1) for TSA. Ten studies were included in the meta-analysis of shoulder scores, multiple instruments were used. The standardised mean difference between pre-operative and post-operative shoulder scores was 2.15 (1.95, 2.35) for TSA at 4.2-4.9 years, and 2.72 (1.98,3.47) for hemiarthroplasty at 3.8-6 years.

Conclusion

Over 80% of shoulder replacements last more than 10 years, and 75% last more than 20 years. Significant improvements in shoulder scores are shown at all time points.

The effect of pre-operative shoulder injections on post-operative opioid use, infection and revision following shoulder arthroplasty

Background

Treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis (GHOA) may include conservative management with use of intraarticular injections, prior to considering total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). The purpose of this study was to assess trends in the use of preoperative cortisone (CO) and hyaluronic acid (HA) injections, as well as investigate the relationship between injection use and infection or revision arthroplasty following TSA.

Methods

Pearl Driver was used to identify all patients undergoing TSA for GHOA between 2010 and 2018. Patients were categorized based on the type and number of injections they received. Outcomes of interest included post-operative opioid use, post-operative infection, and risk of revision surgery within 1 year of the index procedure.

Results

The incidence of patients receiving a CO or HA injections within 1 year of their TSA decreased by 83% and 54%, respectively. Patients who had received 1 or more steroid injections had higher odds of prolonged opiate use following surgery. Patients that received 1 or 2 CO injection prior to TSA had an increased risk of needing revision surgery.

Discussion

Use of intraarticular injections for the management of GHOA has declined. Patients receiving preoperative injections had increased odds of prolonged opiate use and the need for revision surgery.

Novel technique of detecting inflammatory and osseous changes in the glenohumeral joint associated with patient age and weight using FDG- and NaF-PET imaging

OBJECTIVE

The glenohumeral (GH) joint is a classic ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder subject to various pathologies including osteoarthritis (OA). Degenerative changes of the OA evident on traditional imaging are proceeded by molecular changes, which if detected early could enhance disease prevention and treatment. In this study, we use 18F-FluoroDeoxyGlucose (FDG) and 18F-sodium-fluoride (NaF)-PET/CT to investigate the effects limb laterality, age, and BMI on the inflammation and bone turnover of the GH shoulder joint.

METHODS

FDG and NaF-PET/CT scans of 41 females (mean age of 43.9 ± 14.2 years) and 45 males (mean age of 44.5 ± 13.8 years) were analyzed with a semi-quantitative technique based on predefined region of interest.

RESULTS

There was greater FDG uptake in the left side of the GH joint compared to the right in both females (left: 0.79 ± 0.17, right: 0.71 ± 0.2; P < 0.0001) and males (left: 0.76 ± 0.19, right: 0.57 ± 0.18; P < 0.0001). We also observed a strong positive association between BMI and FDG uptakes in females (left: P < 0.0001, r = 0.71, right: P < 0.0001, r = 0.58) and males (left: P < 0.0001, r = 0.56, right: P < 0.0001, r = 0.64). Association between BMI and NaF uptake were found in males as well (left: P = 0.004, r = 0.42, right: P = 0.02, r = 0.35).

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrates the varying effect of limb laterality and BMI on FDG and NaF uptake at the GH joint. Adoption of molecular imaging will require future studies that correlate tracer uptake with relevant medical and illness history as well as degenerative change evident on traditional imaging.

Imaging for patients presenting with a painful shoulder

Shoulder pain is a common cause of musculoskeletal presentation in primary care, where both traumatic and atraumatic pathologies can also lead to emergency department attendances. This article discusses common acute and chronic presentations of a painful shoulder, looking at the typical history of patients presenting with a painful shoulder, examination findings and the most appropriate imaging modalities to consider. Strengths and weaknesses of each imaging modality are discussed along with their role in aiding diagnosis, as well as management of the various pathologies encountered in primary and secondary care.

Long-Term Outcomes Following Manipulation Under Anaesthetic for Patients with Primary and Secondary Frozen Shoulder

Background

Frozen Shoulder (FS) is a common, debilitating condition for which manipulation under anaesthetic (MUA) is a non-invasive and effective treatment option. Current literature evaluates short to medium-term outcomes, but there is a paucity of long-term (>10 years) studies. Knowledge of long-term outcomes is also needed to evaluate whether FS or its treatment pre-disposes to other shoulder pathology in the long-term.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 398 shoulders undergoing MUA for FS between Jan 1999 and Jan 2010; 240 complete datasets were obtained. Outcomes were Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), recurrence and development of other shoulder pathology (arthritis or rotator cuff tear).

Results

At long-term follow-up (mean 13.2 years), 71.3% had no symptoms (OSS 48), 16.6% had minor symptoms (OSS 42-47) and 12.1% had significant symptoms (OSS < 42). There were 4/240 (1.7%) self-reported recurrences > 5 years after initial MUA and 2/240 (0.8%) repeat MUAs. In the long-term 6.7% developed rotator cuff pathology and 3.8% shoulder OA.

Discussion

This study suggests that long-term outcome after MUA for FS is favourable. Late recurrence of FS is uncommon and the development of OA or rotator cuff pathology is no greater than that of the general population.

Quantification of joint space width with different grades of manual traction in patients with adhesive capsulitis-A fluoroscopic study

Adhesive capsulitis causes adaptive shortening of the non-contractile structures around the shoulder joint which may affect the distraction distance or joint space width (JSW) between the glenoid and humeral head. Joint traction is a commonly used manual therapy technique to reduce pain and gain range of motion in patients with adhesive capsulitis. However, changes in JSW with manual traction are not objectively assessed. This study aimed to find differences in shoulder JSW with different grades of traction and made comparisons between the affected and the unaffected side using 2D fluoroscopy. Forty-one subjects (24 males, 17 females; age 53.9±7.9 years) diagnosed with adhesive capsulitis with low to moderate joint irritability were included. Their mean duration of symptoms was 5.25±1.7 months. True anteroposterior view images of the shoulder were taken with the patient in a supine position with their arms held at 75° of abduction. Images of the affected and unaffected side were taken while no traction, grade 2 and grade 3 manual traction were applied. The JSW was determined as the linear distance between the articular surfaces. Repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc testing was used for analysing differences across the sides (affected and unaffected side) and conditions (No, grade 2 and grade 3 traction). There was no significant interaction between conditions and sides (P=0.99). Averaged across sides, the JSW with grade 2 or 3 traction was 0.18 and 0.23 mm more than the no traction condition (P=0.013 and P=0.001, respectively). There were no differences in the JSW with grade 2 or 3 traction. Averaged across the conditions, the JSW on the unaffected side was 0.21 mm more than the affected side (P=0.03). The study demonstrates that adhesive capsulitis causes a reduction in JSW at 75° abducted position and grade 2 or 3 manual traction can significantly increase this JSW.

Clinical Trial Registry India: CTRI/2018/12/016657.

Mapping the Oxford Shoulder Score onto the EQ-5D utility index

PURPOSE

In order to enable cost-utility analysis of shoulder pain conditions and treatments, this study aimed to develop and evaluate mapping algorithms to estimate the EQ-5D health index from the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) when health outcomes are only assessed with the OSS.

METHODS

5437 paired OSS and EQ-5D questionnaire responses from four national multicentre randomised controlled trials investigating different shoulder pathologies and treatments were split into training and testing samples. Separate EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L analyses were undertaken. Transfer to utility (TTU) regression (univariate linear, polynomial, spline, multivariable linear, two-part logistic-linear, tobit and adjusted limited dependent variable mixture models) and response mapping (ordered logistic regression and seemingly unrelated regression (SUR)) models were developed on the training sample. These were internally validated, and their performance evaluated on the testing sample. Model performance was evaluated over 100-fold repeated training-testing sample splits.

RESULTS

For the EQ-5D-3L analysis, the multivariable linear and splines models had the lowest mean square error (MSE) of 0.0415. The SUR model had the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.136. Model performance was greatest in the mid-range and best health states, and lowest in poor health states. For the EQ-5D-5L analyses, the multivariable linear and splines models had the lowest MSE (0.0241-0.0278) while the SUR models had the lowest MAE (0.105-0.113).

CONCLUSION

The developed models now allow accurate estimation of the EQ-5D health index when only the OSS responses are available as a measure of patient-reported health outcome.

Early clinical and radiographic outcomes of anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty with a biconvex posterior augmented glenoid for patients with posterior glenoid erosion: minimum 2-year follow-up

BACKGROUND

Glenoid bone loss in anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) remains a controversial and challenging clinical problem. Previous studies have shown high rates of glenoid loosening for aTSA in shoulders with retroversion, posterior bone loss, and posterior humeral head subluxation. This study is the first to present minimum 2-year follow-up data of an all-polyethylene, biconvex augmented anatomic glenoid component for correction of glenoid retroversion and posterior humeral head subluxation.

METHODS

This study is a multicenter, retrospective review of prospectively collected data on consecutive patients from 7 global clinical sites. All patients underwent aTSA using the biconvex posterior augmented glenoid (PAG). Inclusion criteria were preoperative computed tomographic (CT) scan, minimum 2 years since surgery, preoperative and minimum 2-year postoperative range of motion examination, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Glenoid classification, glenoid retroversion, and posterior humeral head subluxation were measured from preoperative CT and radiography and postoperative radiography. Statistical comparisons between pre- and postoperative values were performed with a paired t test.

RESULTS

Eighty-six of 110 consecutive patients during the study period (78% follow-up) met the inclusion criteria and were included in our analysis. Mean follow-up was 35 ± 10 months, with a mean age of 68 ± 8 years (range 48-85). Range of motion statistically improved in all planes from pre- to postoperation. Mean visual analog scale score improved from 5.2 preoperation to 0.7 postoperation, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score from 43.2 to 89.5, Constant score from 41.8 to 76.9, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form score from 49.8 to 86.7 (all P < .0001). Mean glenoid retroversion improved from 19.3° to 7.4° (P < .0001). Posterior subluxation improved from 69.1% to 53.5% and posterior decentering improved from 5.8% to -3.0% (P < .0001). There was 1 patient with both a prosthetic joint infection and radiographic glenoid loosening that required revision. Seventy-nine of 86 patients had a Lazarus score of 0 (no radiolucency seen about peg or keel) at final follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that at minimum 2-year follow-up, a posterior-augmented all-polyethylene glenoid can correct glenoid retroversion and posterior humeral head subluxation. Clinically, there was significant improvement in both range of motion and PROMs.

Impact of intravenous tranexamic acid on patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty surgery

Background

Shoulder arthroplasty surgery carries the risk of blood loss. The antifibrinolytic tranexamic acid (TXA) is effective in reducing blood loss in lower limb arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to assess blood loss and associated complications following shoulder arthroplasty performed with and without TXA for both elective and trauma indications.

Methods

A cohort study was performed to assess blood loss, transfusion requirements and post-operative venous thromboembolic events (VTE) following shoulder arthroplasty undertaken with and without the use of intravenous TXA.

Results

The study consisted of 67 patients (n = 36 with TXA; n = 31 without TXA). Type of arthroplasty included reverse-shoulder arthroplasty, total-shoulder arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty. There was no significant difference between TXA and non-TXA groups regarding blood loss (TXA group haemoglobin drop 20.6 mg/dL; non-TXA group haemoglobin drop 20.5 mg/dL; p = 0.978). There was no significant difference in measured outcomes with or without TXA use for elective or trauma indications, nor regarding type of arthroplasty.

Discussion

The use of intravenous TXA in shoulder arthroplasty was not associated with a significant reduction in blood loss or post-operative transfusion rates, nor did it impact on VTE. This result was not affected by the indication being elective or trauma nor the type of arthroplasty surgery performed.

Do partial glenohumeral degenerative changes in patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair influence clinical outcomes?

Background

The prognostic factors for patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears (RCTs) include tear size, muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration. However, the influence of early coexisting degenerative changes on RCT outcomes is unappreciated. The purpose of this study was to calculate the impact that pre-existing partial glenohumeral cartilaginous changes have on patients undergoing arthroscopic RCT repair.

Methods

A study of 54 patients undergoing arthroscopic RCT repair was undertaken. The presence of co-existing patches of glenohumeral degenerative cartilaginous changes and RCT size was recorded at surgery. Pre- and postoperative outcomes were assessed using traditional (Oxford Shoulder Score [OSS], 5-level EuroQol-5D [EQ-5D-5L] questionnaire and EuroQol visual analog scale [EQ-VAS]) and patient-centric re-formatted prisms. Outcomes were assessed as an entire dataset, and sub-group analysis was performed according to the grade of co-existing arthritis and tear size.

Results

Significant improvements (p<0.05) in clinical outcomes were recognized when assessed using either the traditional or reformatted prisms (average % improvements in OSS, EQ-5D-5L and EQ-VAS were 47%, 33% and 43%, respectively; average improvements in pain, function, and psychological well-being were 48%, 33% and, 29%, respectively). Positive gain was noted in all sub-groups of arthritic grading and tear size.

Conclusions

Good clinical outcomes can be achieved following RCT repair even in the presence of local partial degenerative cartilage changes and advancing tear size. These benefits are patient-centered but require RCT repairability.

Ultrasound-guided continuous radiofrequency ablation of the suprascapular nerve for chronic shoulder pain secondary to osteoarthritis: a retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the use of ultrasound-guided continuous radiofrequency (CRF) lesioning of the suprascapular nerve for treating chronic shoulder pain, due to osteoarthritis. We describe a modified distal and selective ablation technique in the spinoglenoid notch, with motor and sensory stimulation, which protects the motor branch of the nerve from ablation.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was performed of patients, who underwent ultrasound-guided CRF lesioning of the suprascapular nerve from October 2013 to January 2020. During the procedure, the CRF electrode is placed in the spinoglenoid notch, at the distal suprascapular nerve capsular branch. Motor and sensory stimulations are used to confirm the position. CRF lesioning is applied up to three times, at 3 different points, for 1 min each time, at 80^° C.

RESULTS

In total, 127 first CRF suprascapular nerve lesioning procedures were performed on 101 patients with chronic shoulder pain secondary to osteoarthritis. One hundred nineteen diagnostic ultrasound-guided suprascapular nerve corticosteroid injections were performed prior to ablation. Mean pre-injection Visual Analogue Scale pain score (VAS) was 8.3, with post-injection VAS score of 4.4 at 24 h and 4.5 at 2 weeks. Mean pre-CRF lesioning VAS pain score was 7.7 with post-CRF lesioning VAS score of 4.4 at 24 h and 4.5 at 2 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

Ultrasound-guided CRF lesioning of the suprascapular nerve in the spinoglenoid notch is a safe treatment for chronic osteoarthritic shoulder pain, with repeat treatments infrequently required. It is associated with significant improvement in VAS pain scores.

KEY POINTS

• Ultrasound-guided continuous radiofrequency lesioning of the suprascapular nerve in the spinoglenoid notch is a safe treatment for chronic shoulder pain in degenerative disease, with repeat treatments infrequently required. • The procedure is performed under ultrasound guidance, without the use of ionising radiation.

Biomechanical, Morphological, and Biochemical Characteristics of Articular Cartilage of the Ovine Humeral Head

OBJECTIVE

Shoulder pain is commonly attributed to rotator cuff injury or osteoarthritis. Ovine translational models are used to investigate novel treatments aimed at remedying these conditions to prevent articular cartilage degeneration and subsequent joint degradation. However, topographical properties of articular cartilage in the ovine shoulder are undefined. This study investigates the biomechanical, morphological, and biochemical attributes of healthy ovine humeral head articular cartilage and characterizes topographical variations between surface locations.

DESIGN

Ten humeral heads were collected from healthy skeletally mature sheep and each was segregated into 4 quadrants using 16 regions of interest (ROIs) across the articular surface. Articular cartilage of each ROI was analyzed for creep indentation, thickness, and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) and collagen quantity. Comparisons of each variable were made between quadrants and between ROIs within each quadrant.

RESULTS

Percent creep, thickness, and sGAG content, but not collagen content, were significantly different between humeral head quadrants. Subregion analysis of the ROIs within each surface quadrant revealed differences in all measured variables within at least one quadrant. Percent creep was correlated with sGAG (r = -0.32, P = 0.0001). Collagen content was correlated with percent creep (r = 0.32, P = 0.0009), sGAG (r = -0.19, P = 0.049), and thickness (r = -0.19, P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Topographical variations exist in mechanical, morphologic, and biochemical properties across the articular surface of the ovine humeral head. Recognizing this variability in ovine humeral head cartilage will provide researchers and clinicians with accurate information that could impact study outcomes.

A systematic review of the methods and drugs used for performing suprascapular nerve block injections for the non-surgical management of chronic shoulder pain

Suprascapular nerve block (SSNB) injections are growing in popularity as a treatment option for people with chronic shoulder pain. The optimal method of injection and aftercare is unknown. This review describes the current methods and drugs used for performing SSNB injections in the non-surgical management of adults with chronic shoulder pain in order to inform future research in this area. Systematic searches of CINAHL, MEDLINE (OVID), AMED, Embase databases and the Cochrane Library were undertaken from inception to June 2020. Data on the method and drugs used for injection and aftercare were extracted and summarised for areas of commonality and discrepancy. We included 53 studies in this review. In total, eight different injection methods were reported within the included studies. Indirect surface land-marked methods were the most common method reported in 21 studies. Direct surface land-marked methods were reported in 12 studies. Ultrasound-guided methods used alone were reported in 16 studies. Both fluoroscopy and computed tomography methods used alone were reported in one study each. Electromyography was used in combination with other injection methods in nine studies. Wide variation in the composition of the injectate was observed between studies. Local anaesthetic was used within injectate preparations in all studies. Local anaesthetic used alone was reported in 20 studies, combined with steroid in 29 studies and combined with various other components in 5 studies. Physiotherapy following injection was reported in 26 studies. Reported details of physiotherapy varied considerably. This review identified substantial variation in the methods and drugs used to perform SSNB injection in clinical trials. Current literature demonstrates a wide range of methods used for SSNB injection administration. Consensus research defining standardised practice for SSNB injection is now needed to guide future clinical practice and research.

Intra-articular steroid injections in large joint arthritis: A survey of current practice

INTRODUCTION

Intra-articular corticosteroid injections are widely used as a management modality for mild large joint osteoarthritis (OA). In contrast, there is little guidance or consensus on the use of steroids in moderate to severe disease. The aim of this study is to explore the current practice of surgeons in relation to the use of therapeutic intra-articular steroid injections in patients awaiting large joint arthroplasty for OA.

METHODS

An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to consultants performing large joint arthroplasty in four National Health Service Trusts. Participants were questioned on their use of intra-articular therapeutic steroid injections in patients listed for elbow, shoulder, hip or knee arthroplasty. Data was collected over 6 months and analysed using Microsoft Excel.

RESULTS

A total of 42 surgeons were included in the study with the majority performing lower limb arthroplasty (73%). About 21 (50%) surgeons indicated they would perform injections in the patient group of interest. Two would perform an unlimited number of injections, whilst the remainder would perform between one and three injections. Respondents most commonly indicated they would tell patients that an injection would provide between 6 and 12 weeks of benefit (14 of 39 surgeons, 36%). Most injecting surgeons (88%) leave 4 months between an injection and subsequent arthroplasty due to increased risk of infection if surgery is performed sooner.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates variation in practice in the use of intra-articular steroids in the analysed patient group, and the way surgeons council their patients. National or specialist society guidelines may help to reduce this variation in practice.

Outcome and revision rate of uncemented humeral head resurfacing: Mid-term follow-up study

BACKGROUND

Glenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA) is a common cause of pain and disability affecting nearly a third of the world’s population over 60 years of age. As in other joints, shoulder arthroplasty appears to be the most effective treatment. The implant design has evolved during time transitioning to shorter humeral stem lengths or even stemless components.

AIM

To evaluate the medium-term outcome and survival of a cementless humeral head resurfacing (HHR) in a group of patients affected with OA or avascular necrosis.

METHODS

This is a retrospective study of prospectively collected data using HHR in 23 patients (15 female and 8 male) after a 7.4 year follow-up. The collected data included clinical and radiographical evaluation. The Constant score, the visual analogue scale, and a clinical evaluation of range of motion were registered pre- and postoperatively. Fifteen patients affected with OA (2 cases of mild, 6 moderate, and 7 severe) and 10 with avascular necrosis (stage III according to Cruess classification) were enrolled. X-rays were evaluated to detect loosening signs, degenerative changes, and superior humeral head migration. Magnetic resonance preoperatively was also performed to assess the rotator cuff status. Tendon integrity was mandatory to implant the HHR.

RESULTS

In total, 19 patients (21 shoulders) completed the follow-up. Data on 4 shoulders, in 4 patients, were lost because of prosthesis failure. The global revision rate was 16%. A statistically significant improvement in the mean Constant score, visual analogue scale, and range of motion have been reported. No signs of loosening were registered, while in 12 cases a glenoid erosion was found. The osteophytes appeared 7 times on the humeral side and 12 on the glenoid. Superior humeral migration was recorded in only 1 case.

CONCLUSION

HHR remains a reasonable option in patients with an intact rotator cuff for the treatment of OA and avascular necrosis.

Non-operative orthobiologic use for rotator cuff disorders and glenohumeral osteoarthritis: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Shoulder pain from rotator cuff pathology and glenohumeral osteoarthritis is a common entity encountered in musculoskeletal practices. Orthobiologic agents are being increasingly used as a treatment option and understanding their safety and efficacy is necessary.

OBJECTIVE

To systematically evaluate the available evidence for orthobiologic use in rotator cuff and glenohumeral pathology.

METHODS

A systematic review was undertaken following PRISMA guidelines. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies evaluating non-operative treatment with prolotherapy, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), or medicinal signaling cells (MSCs) for rotator cuff pathology and glenohumeral osteoarthritis were included. Bias risk assessments used were the Cochrane tool and Newcastle-Ottawa score.

RESULTS

The search yielded 852 potential articles, of which 20 met the inclusion criteria with a breakdown of 5 prolotherapy, 13 PRP, and 2 MSC. Sixteen studies were RCTs and 4 were cohort studies. Six studies were deemed "low risk of bias or good quality". Efficacy results were mixed, and no serious adverse events were reported from orthobiologic treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Orthobiologics offer a relatively safe management option with inconclusive evidence for or against its use for rotator cuff pathology. No studies on glenohumeral osteoarthritis met the inclusion criteria. Adoption of standardized preparation reporting and consistent use of functional outcome measures is imperative for future studies to consider.

Shoulder injections with autologous conditioned serum reduce pain and disability in glenohumeral osteoarthritis: longitudinal observational study

BACKGROUND

Currently, non-surgical treatments for glenohumeral osteoarthritis (GH-OA) mainly aim to reduce pain. Autologous conditioned serum (ACS), Orthokine, an interleukin-1 inhibitor from the patient's own blood has an anti-inflammatory effect. The objective was to determine whether intra-articular injections of this ACS improved symptoms in patients with GH-OA and delayed the need for a shoulder replacement.

METHODS

A total of 36 consecutive patients, 40 shoulders, with OA received up to 6-weekly intra-articular injections of ACS were included. Imaging of GH-OA, range of motion, visual analogue scale (VAS) pain, Shoulder Pain And Disability Index (SPADI), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and Constant scores were assessed pre-injection and post treatment at 3 months. At a minimum of 2 years, VAS and SPADI scores and whether anyone had progressed to a shoulder replacement were recorded.

RESULTS

Outcomes 3 months post-ACS injections demonstrated on average statistically significant improvement (P < 0.05) of all measurements: SPADI (54.3 ± 21.5 vs 43.7 ± 23.7), Constant score (50.5 ± 14.1 vs 57.1 ± 17.4), VAS pain (4.8 ± 2.2 vs 3.7 ± 2.4) and range of motion. Of these, 16 shoulders progressed to a shoulder replacement, nine cases quickly (0.6 ± 0.2 years) and seven cases were delayed by 3.1 ± 1.7 years. The other 18 cases had significant improvement in pain, SPADI (58.0 ± 19.6 to 31.8 ± 21.4; P < 0.01) scores and no progression to a shoulder replacement at 3.6 ± 1.0 years follow-up. There was no correlation of glenoid Walch score or joint space with clinical outcome parameters.

CONCLUSION

ACS injections in the shoulder joint for OA can reduce pain and disability, and postpone the need for a shoulder replacement.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of radiofrequency procedures on innervation to the shoulder joint for relieving chronic pain

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Studies have reported relief of chronic shoulder pain with non-ablative pulsed neuromodulatory (pRF) or ablative radiofrequency (aRF) procedures on innervation of the shoulder joint but interpretation of these reports is hampered by inconsistent indications, anatomic targets and follow-up. This systematic review was conducted to synthesize the existing literature on procedures employing pRF or aRF for treating chronic shoulder pain.

DATABASES AND DATA TREATMENT

MEDLINE and other medical literature databases were reviewed up to 31 December 2019 for publications on pRF or aRF procedures on shoulder joint innervation to relieve chronic pain. Data on analgesic and functional outcomes measured at any time point following the interventions were extracted. Existing knowledge on innervation of the shoulder joint with relevance to RF procedures was also synthesized.

RESULTS

In all, 42 publications, 7 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 35 observational studies, case series or reports were identified. Thirty-six of these publications were on pRF procedure and 29 of these reported procedures exclusively targeting the suprascapular nerve. A meta-analysis of the seven RCTs evaluating pRF indicated no analgesic benefit or functional improvement with this treatment over conventional medical management. Case series and reports on aRF indicate a potential for analgesic benefit but the quality of this evidence was low.

CONCLUSIONS

RF treatments targeting the sensory innervation of the shoulder joint affected by degenerative conditions have the potential to reduce pain but the current evidence does not suggest analgesic or functional benefit (GRADE certainty of evidence-low). Studies of high methodological quality are required to further investigate the role of these interventions.

SIGNIFICANCE

This is a comprehensive review of literature on pulsed (non-ablative) and ablative radiofrequency (RF) procedures for chronic shoulder pain. The systematic review and meta-analysis of 7 trials found that pulsed RF for chronic shoulder pain provided similar analgesia and functional improvement as conservative medical management at three months after the procedures. The case series and reports on ablative RF for shoulder pain indicate possible analgesic benefit but their quality was low. This review highlights the need for studies of a high quality on ablative RF treatments for chronic shoulder pain.

Age-related differences in humerothoracic, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral kinematics during elevation and rotation motions

Age affects gross shoulder range of motion (ROM), but biomechanical changes over a lifetime are typically only characterized for the humerothoracic joint. Suitable age-related baselines for the scapulothoracic and glenohumeral contributions to humerothoracic motion are needed to advance understanding of shoulder injuries and pathology. Notably, biomechanical comparisons between younger or older populations may obscure detected differences in underlying shoulder motion. Herein, biplane fluoroscopy and skin-marker motion analysis quantified humerothoracic, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral motion during 3 static poses (resting neutral, internal rotation to L4-L5, and internal rotation to maximum reach) and 2 dynamic activities (scapular plane abduction and external rotation in adduction). Orientations during static poses and rotations during active ROM were compared between subjects <35 years and >45 years of age (N=10 subjects per group). Numerous age-related kinematic differences were measured, ranging 5–25°, where variations in scapular orientation and motion were consistently observed. These disparities are on par with or exceed mean clinically important differences and standard error of measurement of clinical ROM, which indicates that high resolution techniques and appropriately matched controls are required to avoid confounding results of studies that investigate shoulder kinematics. Understanding these dissimilarities will help clinicians manage expectations and treatment protocols where indications and prevalence between age groups tend to differ. Where possible, it is advised to select age-matched control cohorts when studying the kinematics of shoulder injury, pathology, or surgical/physical therapy interventions to ensure clinically important differences are not overlooked.

Proximal humeral fracture morphology in patients with advanced cuff tear arthropathy: an observational study in a surgically treated cohort

BACKGROUND

In the presence of cuff tear arthropathy (CTA), joint kinematics is alternated and fracture configuration might be different. The purpose of this study was to identify fracture patterns in patients with advanced CTA to facilitate recognition and treatment.

METHODS

Radiographs and computed tomography scans of all patients undergoing surgical treatment for a proximal humeral fracture (PHF) in our institution during a 5-year period were retrospectively analyzed. Fracture pattern according to the AO-OTA and Resch classification and the presence of CTA were evaluated. Glenoid configuration according to Walch, fatty atrophy of the supraspinatus muscle and the centrum-collum-diaphyseal (CCD) angle were analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 574 out of 713 patients were included. Twenty-three patients (4%) with a mean age of 82 ± 8 years showed advanced CTA with acetabularization of the acromion (≥ stage 3 according to Hamada/Fukuda). There were exclusively valgus fractures with a mean CCD angle of 158° ± 18°. Patients with CTA ≥ grade 3 had a nearly twofold greater risk (risk ratio: 1.8; confidence interval (CI): 95% 1.6-1.9; p < 0.0001) of sustaining a valgus fracture compared to patients without or with CTA < grade 3. The risk for a tuberosity fracture was nearly twofold greater in patients without or with mild CTA (risk ratio: 1.68; confidence interval (CI): 95% 1.17-2.40; p = 0.0046) compared to those with advanced CTA.

CONCLUSION

In advanced CTA, a predominantly valgus fracture pattern can be observed. In addition, fractures of the greater tuberosity were significantly less frequent and were rarely displaced. Up to date, no classification system for PHF has been developed in the setting of CTA although it might indicate a different treatment, and therefore, recognition is crucial. However, when present, this changes the fracture pattern and ability to treat the fracture as the rotator cuff can no longer be utilized as a means of reducing the fragments.

Surgical Management of Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis With Glenoid Erosion and Static Posterior Subluxation (Walch B2): Techniques, Outcomes, and Survivorship Rates

The purpose of this study was to systematically assess the surgical techniques and outcomes related to the management of Walch B2 glenoids. PubMed, Medline, and Embase were searched from inception to July 2018. Overall, 24 studies (787 B2 glenoids) were identified. Revision-free survivorship was highest for reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (98.6%) and anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty with asymmetric reaming and a non-augmented glenoid implant (95.6%). Walch B2 glenoids are most commonly managed by asymmetric reaming in the context of anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty, and by the ream-and-run technique in hemiarthroplasty. The optimal treatment strategy remains elusive due to a lack of high-quality, comparative studies with long-term surveillance. [Orthopedics. 2020;43(4):e191-e201.].

Failed Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty and Recommendations for Revision

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The most common complications warranting revision consideration in reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) include instability and its associated causes: infection, periprosthetic fracture, and glenoid baseplate loosening. Management of complications can be challenging and the nuances of treatment are still being elucidated. The focus of this paper is to review the treatment of the failed RSA and discuss evidence-based recommendations for revision.

RECENT FINDINGS

The most common complications requiring revision RSA are instability and infection. The causes for instability can be subdivided into three main subcategories: loss of compression, loss of containment, and impingement. Loss of compression is further broken down into 6 subcategories revolving around abnormal prosthesis positioning, undersized prostheses, or intrinsic soft-tissue tension loss leading to instability. Periprosthetic infection can also lead to instability, yet the most appropriate management for infected RSA remains controversial. Restoring stability by maximizing deltoid and soft tissue tension while avoiding impingement revolves around three basic methods: (1) lateralizing and/or upsizing the glenosphere to an inferior position on the glenoid, (2) use of a more constrained polyethylene insert, and (3) distalizing the humerus by increasing the polyethylene thickness and/or the thickness of the humeral tray. Management of periprosthetic joint infection can be performed in one-stage, two-stage, or "three-stage" procedures all showing good outcomes with two-stage procedures being the most commonly performed. However, persistent positive culture with propriobacterium acnes can occur in up to 25% of cases. In order to limit the associated morbidity from failed revision reverse shoulder arthroplasty, continued research on best management of associated complications is warranted.

Axillary Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Shoulder Pain: A Retrospective Case Series

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of axillary peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) on pain reduction in patients with chronic shoulder pain. Chronic shoulder pain was defined as pain greater than six months originating from any of the following and not the result of a stroke: subacromial impingement syndrome/rotator cuff pathology, glenohumeral joint arthritis, acromioclavicular joint arthritis, adhesive capsulitis, or biceps tendinopathy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eight adult patients with chronic shoulder pain, as defined above, who either did not respond to surgical intervention or who were deemed not ideal surgical candidates underwent permanent axillary PNS therapy. Follow-up ranged from 44 to 733 days (avg 445 days). The primary outcome was percent pain reduction, determined by the change in average numerical pain rating scale (NPRS). Additionally, secondary outcome measures were the change in opioid requirements and satisfaction rate.

RESULTS

Based on the ≥50% pain reduction for treatment success, 88% (7/8) were "responders." Overall average pain reduction was 67% and 70% among responders; 62.5% (5/8) of patients reported that they used opioids prior to axillary PNS therapy for pain relief. Among these patients, 100% reported decreased opioid use after axillary PNS implant, with an average reduction of 88% (based on self-reported reductions). Additionally, 100% (8/8) of patients reported that they would recommend this therapy to other patients suffering from chronic pain.

CONCLUSIONS

This retrospective case series provides level IV evidence supporting the use of axillary PNS therapy for the management of chronic shoulder pain. Additional, higher-level studies are required to further support its use.

Anatomic shoulder parameters and their relationship to the presence of degenerative rotator cuff tears and glenohumeral osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Scapular anatomy, as measured by the acromial index (AI), critical shoulder angle (CSA), lateral acromial angle (LAA), and glenoid inclination (GI), has emerged as a possible contributor to the development of degenerative shoulder conditions such as rotator cuff tears and glenohumeral osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the published literature on influences of scapular morphology on the development of degenerative shoulder conditions.

METHODS

A systematic review of the Embase and PubMed databases was performed to identify published studies on the potential influence of scapular bony morphology on the development of degenerative rotator cuff tears and glenohumeral osteoarthritis. The studies were reviewed by 2 authors. The findings were summarized for various anatomic parameters. A meta-analysis was completed for parameters reported in more than 5 related publications.

RESULTS

A total of 660 unique titles and 55 potentially relevant abstracts were reviewed with 30 published articles identified for inclusion. The AI, CSA, LAA, and GI were the most commonly reported bony measurements. Increased CSA and AI correlated with rotator cuff tears, whereas lower CSA appeared to be related to the presence of glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Decreased LAA correlated with degenerative rotator cuff tears. Five articles reported on the GI with mixed results on shoulder pathology.

DISCUSSION

Degenerative rotator cuff tears appear to be significantly associated with the AI, CSA, and LAA. There does not appear to be a significant relationship between the included shoulder parameters and the development of osteoarthritis.

Variation of the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic motion in progressive severity of glenohumeral osteoarthritis

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this study is to investigate the variation of the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic motion in progressive severity of glenohumeral osteoarthritis using a 3-D-motion analysis. Moreover, the variation of the Constant Score is evaluated.

HYPOTHESIS

The hypothesis is that the motion of the scapulothoracic joint may partly compensate for the loss of the glenohumeral joint movement in patients with increasing severity of glenohumeral osteoarthritis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A total of 21 patients with primary osteoarthritis of the glenohumeral joint were clinically examined, divided in three groups (SP1-SP3) according to size of their caudal osteophyte. The contribution of the scapulothoracic (acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular) joint to the total arm (humerothoracical) elevation in sagittal and frontal plane was measured with 3D motion analysis and the Constant Score was evaluated.

DISCUSSION

In sagittal plane elevation (anteversion) the contribution of the scapulothoracic joint to the total elevation was while arm raising 32.7% (SD 8.0%) in Group SP1, 36.6% (SD 11.0%) in Group SP2 and 49.6% (SD 9.0%) in Group SP3 (p=0.002). The contribution of the scapulothoracic joint to the total elevation while arm lowering was 31.4% (SD 9.0%) in Group SP1, 39.0% (SD 13.0%) in Group SP2 and 49.7% (SD 12.0%) in Group SP3 (p=0.043). In frontal plane elevation (abduction) the contribution of the scapulothoracic joint was while arm raising 33.7% (SD 8.0%) in Group SP1, 34.0% (SD 10.0%) in Group SP2 and 42.3% (SD 9.0%) in Group SP3 (p=0.071). While arm lowering the contribution of the scapulothoracic joint was 30.8% (SD 10.0%) in Group SP1, 36.3% (SD 12.0%) in Group SP2 and 44.8% (SD 8.0%) in Group SP3 (p=0.022). The group SP1 achieved a Constant Score of 78.00 (SD 9.823) points. The group SP2 achieved a Constant Score of 53.57 (SD 13.92) and the group SP3 38.64 (SD 10.40). There is a significant difference between the three groups (p<0.001). Increasing severity of glenohumeral osteoarthritis leads to a reduced motion of the glenohumeral joint. Instead the magnitude of the scapulothoracic motion increases.

LEVEL OF PROOF

V, Case Series.

NASHA hyaluronic acid for the treatment of shoulder osteoarthritis: a prospective, single-arm clinical trial

Background: Osteoarthritis of the shoulder or glenohumeral joint is a painful condition that can be debilitating. Intra-articular injection with hyaluronic acid should be considered for patients not responding adequately to physical therapy or anti-inflammatory medication.

Methods: This was a single-arm, open-label, prospective study of a single intra-articular injection of NASHA (non-animal hyaluronic acid) in patients with symptomatic glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Patients were followed up for 26 weeks post-treatment, during which time rescue medication with acetaminophen was permissible. The study objective was to demonstrate that a single injection of NASHA is well tolerated with an over-6-month 25% reduction in shoulder pain on movement, assessed using a 100-mm visual analog scale.

Results: Forty-one patients were enrolled, all of whom received study treatment. The mean decrease in shoulder pain on movement score over the 6-month study period was −20.1 mm (95% CI: −25.2, −15.0 mm), corresponding to a mean reduction of 29.5% (22.0, 37.0%). Statistically significant improvements were also observed in shoulder pain at night and patient global assessment. There was no clear change over time in the percentage of patients using rescue medication and mean weekly doses were below 3500 mg. Seventeen patients (41.5%) experienced adverse events, all of which were mild or moderate. Two adverse events (both shoulder pain) were deemed related to study treatment.

Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence that a single injection of NASHA may be efficacious over 6 months and well tolerated in patients with symptomatic glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Larger studies are needed for confirmation.