1
|
He C. Activating Invasion and Metastasis in Small Cell Lung Cancer: Role of the Tumour Immune Microenvironment and Mechanisms of Vasculogenesis, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, Cell Migration, and Organ Tropism. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e70018. [PMID: 39376011 PMCID: PMC11458887 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.70018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) harbours the most aggressive phenotype of all lung cancers to correlate with its bleak prognosis. The aggression of SCLC is partially attributable to its strong metastatic tendencies. The biological processes facilitating the metastasis in SCLC are still poorly understood and garnering a deeper understanding of these processes may enable the exploration of additional targets against this cancer hallmark in the treatment of SCLC. RECENT FINDINGS This narrative review will discuss the proposed molecular mechanisms by which the cancer hallmark of activating invasion and metastasis is featured in SCLC through important steps of the metastatic pathway, and address the various molecular targets that may be considered for therapeutic intervention. The tumour immune microenvironment plays an important role in facilitating immunotherapy resistance, whilst the poor infiltration of natural killer cells in particular fosters a pro-metastatic environment in SCLC. SCLC vasculogenesis is achieved through VEGF expression and vascular mimicry, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition is facilitated by the expression of the transcriptional repressors of E-cadherin, the suppression of the Notch signalling pathway and tumour heterogeneity. Nuclear factor I/B, selectin and B1 integrin hold important roles in SCLC migration, whilst various molecular markers are expressed by SCLC to assist organ-specific homing during metastasis. The review will also discuss a recent article observing miR-1 mRNA upregulation as a potential therapeutic option in targeting the metastatic activity of SCLC. CONCLUSION Treatment of SCLC remains a clinical challenge due to its recalcitrant and aggressive nature. Amongst the many hallmarks used by SCLC to enable its aggressive behaviour, that of its ability to invade surrounding tissue and metastasise is particularly notable and understanding the molecular mechanisms in SCLC metastasis can identify therapeutic targets to attenuate SCLC aggression and improve mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl He
- Department of Oncology, Eastern HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu J, Li Y, Wang J. Small Cell (Neuroendocrine) Carcinoma of the Cervix: An Analysis for 19 Cases and Literature Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:916506. [PMID: 35909972 PMCID: PMC9326003 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.916506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical SCNEC is a rare and highly malignant invasive tumor. The incidence is low, at less than 5% of all cervical cancers. Moreover, most patients with small cell carcinoma are interrelated with high risk HPV (more familiar HPV 18). Compared to squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma, patients of cevical SCNEC are more prone to lymph node invasion early, so the clinical manifestation is usually local or distant metastasis. We summarized the clinical features of 19 patients with cervical small cell carcinoma in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from 2012 to 2021, and retrospectively analyzed data from 1576 patients in 20 related studies and more than 50 pieces of literature in recent years by searching PubMed, Google schalor, Cochrane Library, Clinicalkey, and other databases. The collected patient data included age, clinical manifestation, TCT, HPV detection, the size and morphology of the tumor, local invasion depth, stage, lymph node status, initial treatment method, tumor-free survival, and so on. The positive rates of CGA, SYN, and CD56 in our cases were high, and NSE was a moderately sensitive index. P16 and Ki67 were the most sensitive, and all patients were positive. We found that multimodal treatment can indeed improve tumor-free survival (DFS), but the prognosis of patients is still very poor. For the early stages, our treatment principles refer to the guidelines of SGO, international gynecological cancer Cooperation (GCIG), and NCCN. We suggest a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the general state of advanced patients is poor, whether they can tolerate the operation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, whether the operation area can remain tumor-free, and whether this treatment will prolong the survival time of patients still need to be further discussed. In order to better prolong the tumor-free survival and prognosis of patients, we need to find gene changes suitable for targeted therapy, so as to complete the clinical application of these treatment methods. Further works are needed to explore more effective therapy for cervical SCNEC.
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu CY, Lin HF, Lai WY, Lin YY, Lin TW, Yang YP, Tsai FT, Wang CL, Luo YH, Chen YM, Hsu PK, Kai LJ, Kiat AOH, Chien Y, Chiou SH, Wang CY. Molecular target therapeutics of EGF-TKI and downstream signaling pathways in non-small cell lung cancers. J Chin Med Assoc 2022; 85:409-413. [PMID: 35383703 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung carcinoma (LC) is the third most common cancer diagnosis and accounted for the most cancer-related mortality worldwide in 2018. Based on the type of cells from which it originates, LC is commonly classified into non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). NSCLC account for the majority of LC and can be further categories into adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Accurate classification of LC is critical for its adequate treatment and therapeutic outcome. Since NSCLC express more epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with activation mutations, targeted therapy EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been considered as primary option of NSCLC patients with activation EGFR mutation. In this review, we present the genetic alterations, reported mutations in EGFR, and TKIs treatment in NSCLC patients with an emphasis on the downstream signaling pathways in NSCLC progression. Among the signaling pathways identified, mitogen activation protein kinase (MAPK), known also as extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (Erk) pathway, is the most investigated among the related pathways. EGFR activation leads to the autophosphorylation of its kinase domain and subsequent activation of Ras, phosphorylation of Raf and MEK1/2, and the activation of ERK1/2. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt is another signal pathway that regulates cell cycle and has been linked to NSCLC progression. Currently, three generations of EGFR TKIs have been developed as a first-line treatment of NSCLC patients with EGFR activation and mutation in which these treatment options will be further discussed in this review. The Supplementary Appendix for this article is available at http://links.lww.com/JCMA/A138.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yu Liu
- Division of Traumatology, Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Heng-Fu Lin
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Yi Lai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ying Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu-Wei Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fu-Ting Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Lin Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yung-Hung Luo
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuh-Min Chen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Kuei Hsu
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Loh Jit Kai
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Alan Ong Han Kiat
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Yueh Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Ying Wang
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Trauma, Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Physical Education and Health, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shanmugam M, Kuthala N, Vankayala R, Chiang CS, Kong X, Hwang KC. Multifunctional CuO/Cu 2O Truncated Nanocubes as Trimodal Image-Guided Near-Infrared-III Photothermal Agents to Combat Multi-Drug-Resistant Lung Carcinoma. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14404-14418. [PMID: 34428028 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of various therapeutic modalities to tackle cancer, multidrug resistance (MDR) and incomplete destruction of deep tissue-buried tumors remain as long-standing challenges responsible for tumor recurrence and low survival rates. In addition to the MDR and deep tissue photoactivation problems, most primary tumors metastasize to the lungs and lymph nodes to form secondary tumors. Therefore, it leaves a great challenge to develop theranostic approaches to combat both MDR and deep tissue photoactivation problems. Herein, we develop a versatile plasmonic CuO/Cu2O truncated nanocube-based theranostic nanomedicine to act as a triple modal near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging agent in the biological window II (1000-1500 nm)/photoacoustic imaging (PAI)/T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging agents, sensitize the formation of singlet oxygen (1O2) to exert nanomaterial-mediated photodynamic therapeutic (NIR-II NmPDT), and absorb long NIR light (i.e., 1550 nm) in the biological window III (1500-1700 nm) to exert nanomaterial-mediated photothermal therapeutic (NIR-III NmPTT) effects for the effective destruction of multi-drug-resistant lung tumors. We found that H69AR lung cancer cells do not create drug resistance toward plasmonic CuO/Cu2O TNCs-based nanomedicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munusamy Shanmugam
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan ROC
| | - Naresh Kuthala
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan ROC
| | - Raviraj Vankayala
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342037, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Chi-Shiun Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan ROC
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Kuo Chu Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan ROC
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pei X, Xiang L, Chen W, Jiang W, Yin L, Shen X, Zhou X, Yang H. The next generation sequencing of cancer-related genes in small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 2021; 161:779-786. [PMID: 33888337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix (SCNEC) is a lethal malignancy and little treatment progress has been made for decades. We sought to map its genetic profiles, and identify whether SCNEC harbor mutations and potential targets for therapeutic interventions. METHODS Primary tumor tissue and blood samples were obtained from 51 patients with SCNEC. The next-generation sequencing was carried out to detect mutations of 520 cancer-related genes, including the entire exon regions of 312 genes and the hotspot mutation regions of 208 genes. Quantitative multiplex PCR was performed for the detection of seven high-risk HPV types. RESULTS Of the 51 detected patients, 92.16% were positive for HPV 18. Ninety-eight percent of cases harbored genetic alterations. Two cases were observed with hypermutated phenotype and determined as MSI-H/dMMR. Genetic mutations were clustering in RTK/RAS(42.86%), PI3K-AKT(38.78%), p53 pathway(22.45%) and MYC family(20.41%). Mutations in genes involved in the p53 pathway indicate a poorer prognosis (3-year OS, 33.5% vs 59.9%, p = 0.031). A total of seven patients harboring mutations in homogeneous recombination repair (HRR) genes were reported. In addition, IRS2 and SOX2 were amplified in 14.9% and 6.12% of SCNEC patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS SCNEC is specifically associated with HPV 18 infection. Its genetic alterations are characterized by a combined feature of high-risk HPV driven events and mutations observed in common neuroendocrine carcinoma. We identified several targetable mutated genes, including KRAS, PIK3CA, IRS2, SOX2, and HRR genes, indicating the potential efficacy of target therapies in these patients. MSI-H/dMMR individuals may benefit from checkpoint blockade therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Pei
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Libing Xiang
- Ovarian Cancer Program, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, The Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lina Yin
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuxia Shen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Pathology, Fudan university Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Pathology, Fudan university Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mathieu L, Shah S, Pai-Scherf L, Larkins E, Vallejo J, Li X, Rodriguez L, Mishra-Kalyani P, Goldberg KB, Kluetz PG, Theoret MR, Beaver JA, Pazdur R, Singh H. FDA Approval Summary: Atezolizumab and Durvalumab in Combination with Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Extensive Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer. Oncologist 2021; 26:433-438. [PMID: 33687763 DOI: 10.1002/onco.13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted approval to atezolizumab and durvalumab in March of 2019 and 2020, respectively, for use in combination with chemotherapy for first-line treatment of patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer. These approvals were based on data from two randomized controlled trials, IMpower133 (atezolizumab) and CASPIAN (durvalumab). Both trials demonstrated an improvement in overall survival (OS) with anti-programmed death ligand 1 antibodies when added to platinum-based chemotherapy as compared with chemotherapy alone. In IMpower133, patients receiving atezolizumab with etoposide and carboplatin demonstrated improved OS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.91; p = .0069), with median OS of 12.3 months compared with 10.3 months in patients receiving etoposide and carboplatin. In CASPIAN, patients receiving durvalumab with etoposide and either cisplatin or carboplatin also demonstrated improved OS (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.59-0.91; p = .0047) with median OS of 13.0 months compared with 10.3 months in patients receiving etoposide and either cisplatin or carboplatin. The safety profiles of both drugs were generally consistent with known toxicities of immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapies. This review summarizes the FDA perspective and data supporting the approval of these two agents. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Effective therapeutic options for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) are limited, and there has been modest improvement in the overall survival (OS) of patients with SCLC over the past 3 decades. The approvals of atezolizumab and of durvalumab in combination with chemotherapy for first-line treatment of patients with extensive stage SCLC represent the first approved therapies with OS benefit for this patient population since the approval of etoposide in combination with other approved chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, the efficacy results from IMpower133 and CASPIAN lay the groundwork for possible further evaluation in other treatment settings in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luckson Mathieu
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sujay Shah
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lee Pai-Scherf
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin Larkins
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathon Vallejo
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa Rodriguez
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Pallavi Mishra-Kalyani
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten B Goldberg
- Oncology Center of Excellence, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul G Kluetz
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Oncology Center of Excellence, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc R Theoret
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Oncology Center of Excellence, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia A Beaver
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Oncology Center of Excellence, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Pazdur
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Oncology Center of Excellence, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Oncology Center of Excellence, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Islam E. Development of chemokine CXCL12-dependent immunotoxin against small cell lung cancer using in silico approaches. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
8
|
Huang W, Chen JJ, Xing R, Zeng YC. Combination therapy: Future directions of immunotherapy in small cell lung cancer. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:100889. [PMID: 33065386 PMCID: PMC7567053 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), an aggressive and devastating malignancy, is characterized by rapid growth and early metastasis. Although most patients respond to first-line chemotherapy, the majority of patients rapidly relapse and have a relatively poor prognosis. Fortunately, immunotherapy, mainly including antibodies that target the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), checkpoints programmed death-1 (PD-1), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to block immune regulatory checkpoints on tumor cells, immune cells, fibroblasts cells and endothelial cells, has achieved the milestone in several solid tumors, such as melanoma and non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). In recent years, immunotherapy has made progress in the treatment of patients with SCLC, while its response rate is relatively low to monotherapy. Interestingly, the combination of immunotherapy with other therapy, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy, preliminarily achieve greater therapeutic effects for treating SCLC. Combining different immunotherapy drugs may act synergistically because of the complementary effects of the two immune checkpoint pathways (CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 pathways). The incorporation of chemoradiotherapy in immunotherapy may augment antitumor immune responses because chemoradiotherapy can enhance tumor cell immunogenicity by rapidly inducing tumor lysis and releasing tumor antigens. In addition, since immunotherapy drugs and the molecular targets drugs act on different targets and cells, the combination of these drugs may achieve greater therapeutic effects in the treatment of SCLC. In this review, we focused on the completed and ongoing trials of the combination therapy for immunotherapy of SCLC to find out the rational combination strategies which may improve the outcomes for SCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Jia-Jia Chen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Rui Xing
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Yue-Can Zeng
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang 110022, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, 368 Yehai Road, Haikou 571199, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu L, Lai Q, Gou L, Feng J, Yang J. Opportunities and obstacles of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in small cell lung cancer. J Drug Target 2020; 29:1-11. [PMID: 32700566 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1797050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignant tumour which accounts for approximately 13-15% of all newly diagnosed lung cancer cases. To date, platinum-based chemotherapy are still the first-line treatments for SCLC. However, chemotherapy resistance and systemic toxicity limit the long-term clinical outcome of first-line treatment in SCLC. Recent years, targeted therapy and immunotherapy have made great breakthrough in cancer therapy, and researchers aim to exploit both as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy to improve the survival of SCLC patients, but limited effectiveness and the adverse events remain the major obstacles in the treatment of SCLC. To overcome these challenges for SCLC therapies, prevention and early diagnosis for this refractory disease is very important. At the same time, we should reveal more information about the pathogenesis of SCLC and the mechanism of drug resistance. Finally, new treatment strategies should also be taken into considerations, such as repurposing drug, optimising of targets, combination therapy strategies or prognostic biomarkers to enhance therapeutic effects and decrease the adverse events rates in SCLC patients. This article will review the molecular biology characteristics of SCLC and discuss the opportunities and obstacles of the current therapy for SCLC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- The Clinical Laboratory of Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinhuai Lai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lantu Gou
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiafu Feng
- The Clinical Laboratory of Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, China
| | - Jinliang Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee MS, Jung K, Song JY, Sung MJ, Ahn SB, Lee B, Oh DY, Choi YL. IRS2 Amplification as a Predictive Biomarker in Response to Ceritinib in Small Cell Lung Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 16:188-196. [PMID: 32099898 PMCID: PMC7029374 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a fast-growing and malignant cancer that responds well to chemotherapy; however, the survival rate is less than 15% after 2 years of diagnosis. Therefore, novel therapeutic agents for treating SCLC patients need to be evaluated. This study aims to identify the therapeutic targets based on the comprehensive genomic profiling of SCLC patients. Among the molecular-profiled SCLC samples obtained using targeted sequencing, the array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) identified focal insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) amplification in the SCLC patients. IRS2 amplification was confirmed in 5% of 73 SCLC patients. To determine whether IRS2 amplification could act as a therapeutic target, we generated a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model and subsequently screened 43 targeted agents using the PDX-derived cells (PDCs). Ceritinib significantly inhibited the cell growth and impaired the tumor sphere formation in IRS2-expressing PDCs. Its effects were confirmed in various in vitro assays and were further validated in the mouse xenograft models. In this study, we present that IRS2 amplification and/or expression serve as preclinical implications for a novel therapeutic target in SCLC progression. Furthermore, we suggest that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor inhibitor-based therapy could be used for treating SCLC with IRS2 amplification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sook Lee
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Jung
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Song
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Min-Jung Sung
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Sung-Bin Ahn
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Doo-Yi Oh
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Yoon-La Choi
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang B, Chen S, Zhao JQ, Xiang BL, Gu X, Zou F, Zhang ZH. ADAMTS-1 inhibits angiogenesis via the PI3K/Akt-eNOS-VEGF pathway in lung cancer cells. Transl Cancer Res 2019; 8:2725-2735. [PMID: 35117030 PMCID: PMC8798392 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.10.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ADAMTS-1 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin repeats-1) is a recently characterized protein containing a metalloproteinase domain, a disintegrin-like domain and a thrombospondin type 1 motif, which is involved in angiogenesis. However, the roles of ADAMTS-1 in angiogenesis of lung cancer (LC) remain unclear. METHODS The mRNA expression of ADAMTS-1 and VEGF was examined by qRT-PCR. Western blots were used to detect the protein expression of ADAMTS-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in A549 cells and to analyse the cellular effect of a PI3K/Akt activator and an endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activator. ADAMTS-1 and VEGF contents in cell culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. Cell viability, cell cycle, migration, and angiogenesis of HUVECs were evaluated by MTT assay, flow cytometry, scratch assay and tube formation assay, respectively. RESULTS Our data revealed that the expression of ADAMTS-1 was downregulated, while the expression of VEGF was upregulated in A549 cells. Decreased ADAMTS-1 content was also detected in A549 cell culture supernatant. Overexpression of ADAMTS-1 inhibited VEGF expression and A549 cell proliferation. Moreover, ADAMTS-1 overexpression repressed proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of HUVECs. Mechanistically, ADAMTS-1 suppressed the expression of VEGF in HUVECs by inhibiting PI3K/Akt-eNOS, while a PI3K activator and an eNOS activator each partly reversed the expression of VEGF. In addition, activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway or VEGF overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of ADAMTS-1 overexpression on HUVECs angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that ADAMTS-1 inhibited angiogenesis of LC cells via regulation of the PI3K/Akt-eNOS/VEGF axis, which shed light on LC pathogenesis and provided potential targets for LC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bu Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital of 81st Group Army PLA, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Jian-Qing Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Bao-Li Xiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Fang Zou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen Y, Sun Y, Cui Y, Lei Y, Jiang N, Jiang W, Wang H, Chen L, Luo J, Chen Y, Tang K, Zhou C, Ke Z. High CTHRC1 expression may be closely associated with angiogenesis and indicates poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:318. [PMID: 31798347 PMCID: PMC6884781 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-1041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the potential biomarker collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. Methods A total of 210 LUAD patients diagnosed between 2003 and 2016 in the Department of Pathology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were included in this study. The expression of CTHRC1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and microvessel density (MVD, determined by CD34 immunostaining) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in LUAD tissues. The association between the expression of these proteins and clinicopathological features or clinical outcomes was analyzed. Results Here, we confirmed that CTHRC1 expression was associated with prognosis and can serve as a significant predictor for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in LUAD. Additionally, we observed that CTHRC1 expression was positively associated with tumor angiogenesis markers, such as VEGF expression (P < 0.001) and MVD (P < 0.01). Then, we performed gene set enrichment analysis (GESA) and cell experiments to confirm that enhanced CTHRC1 expression can promote VEGF levels. Based on and cox regression analysis, a predictive model that included CTHRC1, VEGF and MVD was constructed and confirmed as a more accurate independent predictor for OS (P = 0.001) and PFS (P < 0.001) in LUAD than other parameters. Conclusions These results demonstrated that high CTHRC1 expression may be closely related to tumor angiogenesis and poor prognosis in LUAD. The predictive model based on the CTHRC1 level and tumor angiogenesis markers can be used to predict LUAD patient prognosis more accurately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangshan Chen
- 1Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Sun
- 1Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Cui
- 1Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyan Lei
- 2Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Neng Jiang
- 1Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Jiang
- 1Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wang
- 1Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Chen
- 1Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Jiping Luo
- 1Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyang Chen
- 1Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Kejing Tang
- 3Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhi Zhou
- 4State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Zunfu Ke
- 1Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,5Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Next-generation Sequencing Reveals Recurrent Somatic Mutations in Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix. Am J Surg Pathol 2019; 42:750-760. [PMID: 29505425 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) of the uterine cervix is a rare but extremely aggressive tumor. While high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is involved at an early stage of oncogenesis in many tumors, additional driving events have been postulated to facilitate the progression of SCNECs. Identification of oncogenic drivers could guide targeted therapy of this neoplasm. Clinicopathologic features of 10 cervical SCNECs are reported. Analyses included immunohistochemical evaluation of p16, p53, synaptophysin, and chromogranin expression; in situ hybridizations and polymerase chain reaction for high-risk HPV and/or HPV 18; and next-generation sequencing based on a 637-gene panel. The patients ranged in age from 28 to 68 years (mean, 45.6 y; median, 40.5 y). All tumors had diffuse p16 and synaptophysin expression. All but 1 tumor was positive for chromogranin (extent of staining ranged from focal to diffuse). HPV 18 was detected in 6 tumors and HPV 35 in 1 tumor. At least 1 driver mutation was detected in 8 tumors. Four cases harbored TP53 somatic mutations, 3 of which correlated with an aberrant p53 staining pattern. Four PIK3CA mutations (p.G106A, p.N345T, p.E545K, and p.E545D) were detected in 3 tumors, 2 of which also harbored TP53 mutations. Oncogenic driver mutations involving KRAS, Erbb2, c-Myc, NOTCH1, BCL6, or NCOA3 were detected in 4 tumors. Mutations in caretaker tumor suppressors PTEN, RB1, BRCA1, BRCA2, and ARID1B were also identified in 4 tumors that commonly coharbored activating oncogenic mutations. Targeted next-generation gene sequencing identified genetic alterations involving the MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and TP53/BRCA pathways in SCNECs. The presence of genetic alterations that are amenable to targeted therapy in SCNECs offers the potential for individualized management strategies for treatment of this aggressive tumor.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kato Y, Tanaka Y, Hino M, Gemma A. ProGRP as early predictive marker of non-small-cell lung cancer to small-cell lung cancer transformation after EGFR-TKI treatment. Respir Med Case Rep 2019; 27:100837. [PMID: 31016132 PMCID: PMC6468187 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2019.100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) transformation after epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) treatment. The patient was a man who diagnosed with EGFR-mutant advanced NSCLC. After he was introduced afatinib, his tumor had been reduced by the treatment. However, plasma pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP) became higher with disease progression, and SCLC was detected at the second biopsy. It is suggested that elevation of plasma ProGRP level before EGFR-TKI therapy is useful for predicting EGFR-mutant NSCLC to SCLC transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kato
- Respiratory Disease Center, Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Nippon Medical School, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tanaka
- Respiratory Disease Center, Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Nippon Medical School, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Hino
- Respiratory Disease Center, Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Nippon Medical School, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akihiko Gemma
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Enstone A, Greaney M, Povsic M, Wyn R, Penrod JR, Yuan Y. The Economic Burden of Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Literature. PHARMACOECONOMICS - OPEN 2018; 2:125-139. [PMID: 29623624 PMCID: PMC5972116 DOI: 10.1007/s41669-017-0045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), the most aggressive form of lung carcinoma, represents approximately 15% of all lung cancers; however, the economic and healthcare burden of SCLC is not well-defined. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the impact of SCLC on healthcare costs through a systematic literature review (SLR). METHODS Using the OVID search engine, the SLR was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE In-Process, EMBASE, EconLIT and the National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED). Searches were limited to studies published between January 2005 and 24 February 2016, and excluded preclinical studies. Additional internet-based searches were conducted. In total, 229 abstracts were retrieved and systematically screened for eligibility, with 17 publications retained. RESULTS The majority of publications provided data on limited and extensive disease of SCLC. The reported burden was categorised as direct costs and indirect costs, with the majority of the publications (n = 16) reporting on direct costs and one reporting on both direct and indirect costs. The only indirect costs reported for SCLC were lost productivity (premature mortality costs) and caregiver burden. Chemotherapy, diagnostic costs and treatment costs were identified as significant costs when managing SCLC patients, including the associated treatment costs such as hospitalisation, nurse visits, emergency room visits, follow-up appointments and outpatient care. CONCLUSIONS SCLC and its treatment have a substantial impact on costs. The scarcity and heterogeneity of economic cost data negated meaningful cost comparison, highlighting the need for further research. Capturing the economic burden of SCLC may help patients and clinicians make informed treatment choices and improve SCLC management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maire Greaney
- Adelphi Values, Adelphi Mill, Bollington, Cheshire UK
| | - Manca Povsic
- Adelphi Values, Adelphi Mill, Bollington, Cheshire UK
| | - Robin Wyn
- Adelphi Values, Adelphi Mill, Bollington, Cheshire UK
| | | | - Yong Yuan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yu L, Yao Y, Wang Y, Zhou S, Lai Q, Lu Y, Liu Y, Zhang R, Wang R, Liu C, Gou L, Chen X, Yu Y, Chen Q, Yang J. Preparation and anti-cancer evaluation of promiximab-MMAE, an anti-CD56 antibody drug conjugate, in small cell lung cancer cell line xenograft models. J Drug Target 2018; 26:905-912. [PMID: 29630426 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1450413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Clinical Laboratory of Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, China
| | - Yuqin Yao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Research Center for Occupational Respiratory Diseases/Research Center for Public Health and Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Research Center for Occupational Respiratory Diseases/Research Center for Public Health and Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Qinhuai Lai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ying Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ruirui Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Lantu Gou
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Dongguan, China
| | - Yamei Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jinliang Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Dongguan, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yu L, Lu Y, Yao Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Lai Q, Zhang R, Li W, Wang R, Fu Y, Tao Y, Yi S, Gou L, Chen L, Yang J. Promiximab-duocarmycin, a new CD56 antibody-drug conjugates, is highly efficacious in small cell lung cancer xenograft models. Oncotarget 2018; 9:5197-5207. [PMID: 29435172 PMCID: PMC5797043 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is of a highly invasive and metastatic lung cancer subtype and there had not been effective targeted therapies. CD56, a cell surface marker highly expressed on most SCLC, is a promising therapeutic target for treatment of this aggressive cancer. In this study, we generated a novel anti-CD56 antibody named promiximab, characterized by high affinity, internalization and tumor specificity. Then, the promiximab was conjugated with a potent DNA alkylating agent duocarmycin via reduced interchain disulfides to yield the promiximab-Duocarmycin (promiximab-DUBA) conjugates. Mass spectrometry analysis showed promiximab-DUBA had an average DAR (Drug-to-Antibody Ratio) of about 2.04. In vitro, promiximab-DUBA exerted strong inhibitory effects on SCLC cell lines NCI-H526, NCI-H524 and NCI-H69, with IC50 values of 0.07 nmol/L, 0.18 nmol/L and 0.29 nmol/L, respectively. In vivo antitumor activity, promiximab-DUBA at the dose of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg every three days with a total of three times were sufficient to induce sustained regression of NCI-H526 tumors over control treatment with promiximab. Mostly, no recurrence was observed until 65 days post treatment with promiximab-DUBA. In the NCI-H69 subcutaneous xenograft model, significant inhibition of tumor growth was also observed following administration of promiximab-DUBA at the dose of 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg. Moreover, body weight and histopathology of major organs (liver, spleen, heart, lung and kidney) showed no significant changes after treatment of promiximab-DUBA. In conclusion, promiximab-DUBA is highly efficacious in small cell lung cancer xenograft models, and provides a new immunotherapy approach for SCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuqin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
- Research Center for Occupational Respiratory Diseases, West China School of Public Health/No.4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qinhuai Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ruirui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Wenting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuyin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yiran Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shuli Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lantu Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ligong Chen
- Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Medicine/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yan F, Shen N, Pang J, Zhao N, Deng B, Li B, Yang Y, Yang P, Molina JR, Liu S. A regulatory circuit composed of DNA methyltransferases and receptor tyrosine kinases controls lung cancer cell aggressiveness. Oncogene 2017; 36:6919-6928. [PMID: 28869603 PMCID: PMC5730463 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of DNMT1 and KIT is prevalent in lung cancer, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. While the deregulated activation of DNMT1 or KIT has been implicated in lung cancer pathogenesis, whether and how DNMT1 and KIT orchestrate lung tumorigenesis are unclear. Here, using human lung cancer tissue microarrays and fresh frozen tissues, we found that the overexpression of DNMT1 is positively correlated with the upregulation of KIT in tumor tissues. We demonstrated that DNMT1 and KIT form a positive regulatory loop, in which ectopic DNMT1 expression increases, whereas targeted DNMT1 depletion abrogates KIT signaling cascade through Sp1/miR-29b network. Conversely, an increase of KIT levels augments, but a reduction of KIT expression ablates DNMT1 transcription by STAT3 pathway leading to in-parallel modification of the DNA methylation profiles. We provided evidence that KIT inactivation induces global DNA hypomethylation, restores the expression of tumor suppressor p15INK4B through promoter demethylation; in turn, DNMT1 dysfunction impairs KIT kinase signaling. Functionally, KIT and DNMT1 co-expression promotes, whereas dual inactivation of them suppresses, lung cancer cell proliferation and metastatic growth in vitro and in vivo, in a synergistic manner. These findings demonstrate the regulatory and functional interplay between DNA methylation and tyrosine kinase signaling in propelling tumorigenesis, providing a widely applicable approach for targeting lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yan
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Na Shen
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Jiuxia Pang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Na Zhao
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Bo Deng
- Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yanan Yang
- Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ping Yang
- Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Julian R. Molina
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shujun Liu
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Su Y, Hu Y, Wang Y, Xu X, Yuan Y, Li Y, Wang Z, Chen K, Zhang F, Ding X, Li M, Zhou J, Liu Y, Wang W. A precision-guided MWNT mediated reawakening the sunk synergy in RAS for anti-angiogenesis lung cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2017; 139:75-90. [PMID: 28595131 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) with its versatility has exhibited tremendous superiority in drug delivery. Despite plenty of researches on MWNT based delivery systems, precision-guided assistances to maximize their profitable properties are still lacking in substantive progress. We developed here a dual-targeting and co-delivery system based on MWNT for antiangiogenesis therapy in lung cancer which aimed at renin-angiotensin system (RAS) dysregulation by synergistically conducting angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and type 2 receptor (AT2R) pathway. In this work, iRGD peptide connected to polyethyleneimine (PEI) was linked to MWNT skeleton, accompanying with candesartan (CD) conjugated to MWNT mediated by cystamine (SS). The functionalized MWNT is assembled with plasmid AT2 (pAT2) to form iRGD-PEI-MWNT-SS-CD/pAT2 complexes. iRGD and CD act as pilots for complexes to dually target symbolic ανβ3-integrin and AT1R both overexpressed on tumor angiogenic endothelium and lung cancer cell. CD as chemotherapy showed synergistic downregulation of VEGF when combining of pAT2 and efficiently inhibited angiogenesis. iRGD-PEI-MWNT-SS-CD/pAT2 complexes greatly appreciated drug activities by changing drug distribution and exhibited remarkable tumor growth suppression in A549 xenograft nude mice. Our work presents that such dual-targeting strategy highly improves the delivery performance of MWNT and open a new avenue for RAS related lung cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yahui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiangting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zeyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kerong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fangrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xuefang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Taromi S, Kayser G, von Elverfeldt D, Reichardt W, Braun F, Weber WA, Zeiser R, Burger M. An orthotopic mouse model of small cell lung cancer reflects the clinical course in patients. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 33:651-60. [PMID: 27380917 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-016-9808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive subtype of lung cancer with very poor prognosis due to early metastatic spread and development of chemoresistance. In the last 30 years the study of SCLC has been constrained by a lack of primary human tumor specimen thus highlighting the need of a suitable mouse model. In this article we present the establishment of an orthotopic xenograft mouse model which accurately reproduced the clinical course of SCLC. Orthotopic implantation enabled engraftment of primary lung tumors in all injected mice. Furthermore, immunodeficiency of mice allowed formation of spontaneous metastases in characteristic organs. Bioluminescence Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron emission tomography were applied to monitor engraftment, metabolism and the exact growth of tumors over time. In order to mimic the extensive disease stage, mice were injected with aggressive human chemoresistant cells leading to development of chemoresistant tumors and early metastatic spread. As a proof of concept treatment of tumor-bearing mice with conventional chemotherapeutics reduced tumor volumes, but a complete regression of tumors was not achieved. By mimicking the extensive disease stage our mouse model can facilitate the study of mechanisms contributing to chemoresistance and metastasis formation, as well as drug screening and evaluation of new treatment strategies for SCLC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Taromi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Hugstetter Str. 55, 70106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gian Kayser
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Wilfried Reichardt
- Department of Radiology Medical Physics, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Braun
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Weber
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Hugstetter Str. 55, 70106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Meike Burger
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Hugstetter Str. 55, 70106, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University Futwangen, Campus Schwenningen, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Development of molecularly targeted agents and immunotherapies in small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cancer 2016; 60:26-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
22
|
Jung JH, Kim MJ, Lee H, Lee J, Kim J, Lee HJ, Shin EA, Kim YH, Kim B, Shim BS, Kim SH. Farnesiferol c induces apoptosis via regulation of L11 and c-Myc with combinational potential with anticancer drugs in non-small-cell lung cancers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26844. [PMID: 27231235 PMCID: PMC4882547 DOI: 10.1038/srep26844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Though Farnesiferol c (FC) has been reported to have anti-angiogenic and antitumor activity, the underlying antitumor mechanism of FC still remains unclear. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the apoptotic mechanism of FC in human H1299 and H596 non-small lung cancer cells (NSCLCs). FC significantly showed cytotoxicity, increased sub-G1 accumulation, and attenuated the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Survivin and procaspase 3 in H1299 and H596 cells. Furthermore, FC effectively suppressed the mRNA expression of G1 arrest related genes such as Cyclin D1, E2F1 transcription factor and CDC25A by RT-PCR. Interestingly, FC inhibited the expression of c-Myc, ribosomal protein L11 (L11) and nucleolin (NCL) in H1299 and H596 cells. Of note, silencing of L11 by siRNA transfection enhanced the expression of c-Myc through a negative feedback mechanism, while c-Myc knockdown downregulated L11 in H1299 cells. Additionally, combined treatment of FC and puromycin/doxorubicin promoted the activation of caspase 9/3, and attenuated the expression of c-Myc, Cyclin D1 and CDK4 in H1299 cells compared to single treatment. Taken together, our findings suggest that FC induces apoptosis and G1 arrest via regulation of ribosomal protein L11 and c-Myc and also enhances antitumor effect of puromycin or doxorubicin in NSCLCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moon Joon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyemin Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaekwang Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Ah Shin
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon Hyeon Kim
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Bonglee Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bum Sang Shim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Carter CA, Oronsky B, Caroen S, Scicinski J, Degesys A, Cabrales P, Reid TR, Brzezniak C. Partial Response in an RRx-001-Primed Patient with Refractory Small-Cell Lung Cancer after a Third Introduction of Platinum Doublets. Case Rep Oncol 2016; 9:285-9. [PMID: 27403127 PMCID: PMC4924447 DOI: 10.1159/000446209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), initially exquisitely sensitive to first-line cisplatin/etoposide, invariably relapses and acquires a multidrug chemoresistant phenotype that generally renders retreatment with first-line therapy both futile and counterproductive. This report presents the case of a 77-year-old Caucasian male with extensive-stage refractory SCLC who was restarted on platinum doublets as part of a clinical trial called TRIPLE THREAT (NCT02489903) involving pretreatment with the epi-immunotherapeutic agent RRx-001, and who achieved a partial response after only 4 cycles. The patient had received a platinum drug twice before, in 2009 for a diagnosis of non-small-cell lung cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) and in 2015 for SCLC, suggesting that RRx-001 pretreatment may sensitize or resensitize refractory SCLC patients to first-line chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, Calif., USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Gallbladder: Case Report and Comprehensive Analysis of Published Cases. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2015; 2015:304909. [PMID: 26823665 PMCID: PMC4707370 DOI: 10.1155/2015/304909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background. Gallbladder small cell carcinoma is a rare and highly aggressive malignancy with no established standard of care treatment. We described here a case report of small cell gallbladder cancer and we then performed a comprehensive review of 72 case reports of this disease. Methods. Published case reports of small cell carcinoma of the gallbladder between 1983 and 2014 were reviewed. Treatment modalities and survival were analyzed for metastatic and localized disease. Results. Median overall survival for all patients was 13 months. Metastatic disease was identified in 72% of cases. Treatment of metastatic disease with chemotherapy showed a significant survival benefit (p < 0.001) compared to no chemotherapy, and the use of platinum doublet with etoposide showed a nonsignificant 4-month improvement in survival compared to other chemotherapy regimens (p = 0.13). Adjuvant therapy did not demonstrate an improvement of median overall survival in local disease (p = 0.78). Conclusion. Given the limited available data, systemic therapy with platinum and etoposide should be considered for patients with metastatic small cell carcinoma of the gallbladder. Adjuvant chemoradiation or chemotherapy for treatment of local disease warrants further investigation.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abdelraouf F, Sharp A, Maurya M, Mair D, Wotherspoon A, Leary A, Gonzalez de Castro D, Bhosle J, Nassef A, Gaafar T, Popat S, Yap TA, O'Brien M. Focused molecular analysis of small cell lung cancer: feasibility in routine clinical practice. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:688. [PMID: 26581482 PMCID: PMC4652351 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1675-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is an urgent need to identify molecular signatures in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) that may select patients who are likely to respond to molecularly targeted therapies. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of undertaking focused molecular analyses on routine diagnostic biopsies in patients with SCLC. Methods A series of histopathologically confirmed formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded SCLC specimens were analysed for epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR), KRAS, NRAS and BRAF mutations, ALK gene rearrangements and MET amplification. EGFR and KRAS mutation testing was evaluated using real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR cobas®), BRAF and NRAS mutations using multiplex PCR and capillary electrophoresis-single strand conformation analysis, and ALK and MET aberrations with fluorescent in situ hybridization. All genetic aberrations detected were validated independently. Results A total of 105 patients diagnosed with SCLC between July 1990 and September 2006 were included. 60 (57 %) patients had suitable tumour tissue for molecular testing. 25 patients were successfully evaluated for all six pre-defined molecular aberrations. Eleven patients failed all molecular analysis. No mutations in EGFR, KRAS and NRAS were detected, and no ALK gene rearrangements or MET gene amplifications were identified. A V600E substitution in BRAF was detected in a Caucasian male smoker diagnosed with SCLC with squamoid and glandular features. Conclusion The paucity of patients with sufficient tumour tissue, quality of DNA extracted and low frequency of aberrations detected indicate that alternative molecular characterisation approaches are necessary, such as the use of circulating plasma DNA in patients with SCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Abdelraouf
- Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5PT, UK. .,Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Adam Sharp
- Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5PT, UK. .,The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Manisha Maurya
- Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5PT, UK.
| | - Debbie Mair
- Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5PT, UK.
| | - Andrew Wotherspoon
- Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5PT, UK.
| | - Alex Leary
- Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5PT, UK.
| | - David Gonzalez de Castro
- Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5PT, UK.
| | - Jaishree Bhosle
- Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5PT, UK.
| | - Ayatallah Nassef
- Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5PT, UK. .,Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Taghrid Gaafar
- Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5PT, UK. .,Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sanjay Popat
- Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5PT, UK. .,National Heart and Lung institute, London, UK.
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5PT, UK. .,The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Mary O'Brien
- Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5PT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Murray N, Noonan KL. Can we expect progress from targeted therapy of SCLC? Lung Cancer 2015. [DOI: 10.1183/2312508x.10010914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
27
|
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha B Leighl
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Ding Q, Zhan J. Amrubicin: potential in combination with cisplatin or carboplatin to treat small-cell lung cancer. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2013; 7:681-9. [PMID: 23946645 PMCID: PMC3738252 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s41910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive form of lung cancer characterized by early metastasis and high mortality. In recent years, monotherapy and combination therapy of amrubicin with cisplatin or carboplatin has been actively studied and shown promise for the treatment of extensive disease SCLC (ED-SCLC). In this article, we summarize clinical trials of both monotherapy and combination therapy with amrubicin conducted in Japan, the USA, and the European Union. The results suggest that the clinical outcome of amrubicin therapy may be associated with genetic variations in patients. Further study of combination regimens in patients of different ethnicities is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Serum markers in small cell lung cancer: opportunities for improvement. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:255-72. [PMID: 23796706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death from malignancy worldwide. In particular small cell lung cancers, which comprise about 15-20% of all lung cancers, are extremely aggressive and cure rates are extremely low. Therefore, new treatment modalities are needed and detection at an early stage of disease, as well as adequate monitoring of treatment response is essential in order to improve outcome. In this respect, the use of non-invasive tools for screening and monitoring has gained increasing interest and the clinical applicability of reliable, tumor-related substances that can be detected as tumor markers in easily accessible body fluids is subject of intense investigation. Some of these indicators, such as high LDH levels in serum as a reflection of the disease, have been in use for a long time as a general tumor marker. To allow for improved monitoring of the efficacy of new therapeutic modalities and for accurate subtyping, there is a strong need for specific and sensitive markers that are more directly related to the biology and behavior of small cell lung cancer. In this review the current status of these potential markers, like CEA, NSE, ProGRP, CK-BB, SCC, CgA, NCAM and several cytokeratins will be critically analyzed with respect to their performance in blood based assays. Based on known cleavage sites for cytoplasmic and extracellular proteases, a prediction of stable fragments can be obtained and used for optimal test design. Furthermore, insight into the synthesis of specific splice variants and neo-epitopes resulting from protein modification and cleavage, offers further opportunities for improvement of tumor assays. Finally, we discuss the possibility that detection of SCLC related autoantibodies in paraneoplastic disease can be used as a very early indicator of SCLC.
Collapse
|
31
|
Stovold R, Meredith SL, Bryant JL, Babur M, Williams KJ, Dean EJ, Dive C, Blackhall FH, White A. Neuroendocrine and epithelial phenotypes in small-cell lung cancer: implications for metastasis and survival in patients. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:1704-11. [PMID: 23519056 PMCID: PMC3668479 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) has a very aggressive clinical course with early metastasis. This study investigated how the distinctive neuroendocrine characteristics contribute to disease progression and invasion in human SCLC. METHODS The neuroendocrine phenotype (pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)) was quantified by ELISA in blood samples from 43 SCLC patients. The neuroendocrine (POMC, chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase, NCAM) and epithelial (cytokeratin and E-cadherin) phenotypes were investigated, using ELISA and immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In SCLC patients, 16% had elevated circulating POMC, which was associated with significantly worse survival (P=0.02) and liver metastases (P=0.004). In addition, POMC correlated with epithelial-positive circulating tumour cells (P=0.0002). In a panel of SCLC cell lines, all POMC-secreting cell lines expressed cytokeratin (40% of total). Even after cloning, DMS 79 cells expressed both neuroendocrine and epithelial markers. DMS 79 xenografts secreted POMC into the blood, which mirrored the tumour volume. These xenografts expressed both neuroendocrine and epithelial phenotypes in all tumours, with both phenotypes prevalent in cells invading the surrounding tissue. CONCLUSION Both neuroendocrine and epithelial phenotypes coexist in human SCLC tumours in vitro and in vivo and this persists in invading tumour cells. In patients, POMC secretion predicts poor survival and liver metastases, suggesting a crucial role of the neuroendocrine phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Stovold
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, 3.016 AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - S L Meredith
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, 3.016 AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - J L Bryant
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, 3.016 AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - M Babur
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - K J Williams
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - E J Dean
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - C Dive
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - F H Blackhall
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - A White
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, 3.016 AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
A Phase I Study of Pomalidomide (CC-4047) in Combination with Cisplatin and Etoposide in Patients with Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2013; 8:423-8. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e318282707b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
33
|
Zhan J, Han Q, Wang K. Development of antibody therapeutics for small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 22:235-44. [PMID: 23176362 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.750293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is one of most aggressive cancers and only modest improvements have been achieved in overall survival over last 30 years. In recent years, antibody therapeutics has been actively studied and shown promise in treatment of SCLC. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive literature search through Medline and the registry database of clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov) was performed to collect all relevant preclinical and clinical data. The diverse antibody therapeutics which target against different antigens including VEGE-A, CEA, IGF-1R, CD56, EpCAM, CTLA-4, gangliosides GD2 and GD3, Lewis Y and tenascin-C are now under clinical investigation for therapeutic effects in SCLC. EXPERT OPINION During the last few decades, progresses have been made in antibody therapy for SCLC, however great challenges still remain. The major reasons are the complexity of SCLC and a lack of understanding of cancer immunology. The profound studies of signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis, proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis in SCLC are crucial for the identification of new therapeutic targets and biomarkers. Moreover, a better understanding of the interplay between cancer and the immune system is a new direction for the design of more effective antibody therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Zhan
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory for Gene and Antibody Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ceresoli GL. FDG PET/CT metabolic tumour volume in small-cell lung cancer: better staging and prognostic stratification for an improved therapeutic strategy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012; 39:921-4. [PMID: 22426828 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-012-2094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
35
|
Larsen JE, Cascone T, Gerber DE, Heymach JV, Minna JD. Targeted therapies for lung cancer: clinical experience and novel agents. Cancer J 2011; 17:512-27. [PMID: 22157296 PMCID: PMC3381956 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0b013e31823e701a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although lung cancer remains the leading cancer killer in the United States, recently a number of developments indicate future clinical benefit. These include evidence that computed tomography-based screening decreases lung cancer mortality, the use of stereotactic radiation for early-stage tumors, the development of molecular methods to predict chemotherapy sensitivity, and genome-wide expression and mutation analysis data that have uncovered oncogene "addictions" as important therapeutic targets. Perhaps the most significant advance in the treatment of this challenging disease is the introduction of molecularly targeted therapies, a term that currently includes monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The development of effective targeted therapeutics requires knowledge of the genes and pathways involved and how they relate to the biologic behavior of lung cancer. Drugs targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, and vascular endothelial growth factor are now U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. These agents are generally better tolerated than conventional chemotherapy and show dramatic efficacy when their use is coupled with a clear understanding of clinical data, mechanism, patient selection, drug interactions, and toxicities. Integrating genome-wide tumor analysis with drug- and targeted agent-responsive phenotypes will provide a wealth of new possibilities for lung cancer-targeted therapeutics. Ongoing research efforts in these areas as well as a discussion of emerging targeted agents being evaluated in clinical trials are the subjects of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill E. Larsen
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Tina Cascone
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - David E. Gerber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - John V. Heymach
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - John D. Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Haddadin S, Perry MC. History of Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2011; 12:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|