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Chen Y, Zhang L, Xu J, Xu S, Li Y, Sun R, Huang J, Peng J, Gong Z, Wang J, Tang L. Development of a hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose/polyacrylic acid interpolymer complex formulated buccal mucosa adhesive film to facilitate the delivery of insulin for diabetes treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131876. [PMID: 38685543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Buccal mucosa administration is a promising method for insulin (INS) delivery with good compliance. However, buccal mucosa delivery systems still face challenges of long-term mucosal adhesion, sustained drug release, and mucosal drug penetration. To address these issues, a double-layer film consisting of a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/polyacrylic acid interpolymer complex (IPC)-formulated mucoadhesive layer and an ethylcellulose (EC)-formulated waterproof backing layer (IPC/EC film) was designed. Protamine (PTM) and INS were co-loaded in the mucoadhesive layer of the IPC/EC film (PTM-INS-IPC/EC film). In ex vivo studies with porcine buccal mucosa, this film exhibited robust adhesion, with an adhesion force of 120.2 ± 20.3 N/m2 and an adhesion duration of 491 ± 45 min. PTM has been shown to facilitate INS mucosal transfer. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that the PTM-INS-IPC/EC film significantly improved the absorption of INS, exhibiting a 1.45 and 2.24-fold increase in the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) compared to the INS-IPC/EC film and free INS, respectively. Moreover, the PTM-INS-IPC/EC film effectively stabilized the blood glucose levels of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) rats with post oral glucose administration, maintaining lower glucose levels for approximately 8 h. Hence, the PTM-INS-IPC/EC film provides a promising noninvasive INS delivery system for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Jinzhuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Shan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Runbin Sun
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Jianqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Zipeng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China.
| | - Jianta Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China.
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China.
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Bergenstal RM, Johnson ML, Aroda VR, Brazg RL, Dreon DM, Frias JP, Kruger DF, Molitch ME, Mullen DM, Peyrot M, Richter S, Rosenstock J, Serusclat P, Vance C, Weinstock RS, Levy BL. Comparing Patch vs Pen Bolus Insulin Delivery in Type 2 Diabetes Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics and Profiles. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022; 16:1167-1173. [PMID: 34008442 PMCID: PMC9445326 DOI: 10.1177/19322968211016513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CeQur Simplicity™ (CeQur, Marlborough, MA) is a 3-day insulin delivery patch designed to meet mealtime insulin requirements. A recently reported 48-week, randomized, multicenter, interventional trial compared efficacy, safety and self-reported outcomes in 278 adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) on basal insulin therapy who initiated and managed mealtime insulin therapy with a patch pump versus insulin pen. We assessed changes in key glycemic metrics among a subset of patients who wore a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device. METHODS Study participants (patch, n = 49; pen, n = 48) wore a CGM device in masked setting during the baseline period and prior to week 24. Glycemic control was assessed using international consensus guidelines for percentage of Time In Range (%TIR: >70% at 70-180 mg/dL), Time Below Range (%TBR: <4% at <70 mg/dL; <1% at <54 mg/dL), and Time Above Range (%TAR: <25% at >180 mg/dL; <5% at >250 mg/dL). RESULTS Both the patch and pen groups achieved recommended targets in %TIR (74.1% ± 18.7%, 75.2 ± 16.1%, respectively) and marked reductions in %TAR >180 mg/dL (21.1% ± 19.9%, 19.7% ± 17.5%, respectively) but with increased %TBR <70 mg/dL (4.7% ± 5.2%, 5.1 ± 5.8, respectively), all P < .0001. No significant between-group differences in glycemic improvements or adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS CGM confirmed that the patch or pen can be used to safely initiate and optimize basal-bolus therapy using a simple insulin adjustment algorithm with SMBG. Preference data suggest that use of the patch vs pen may enhance treatment adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Bergenstal
- International Diabetes Center, Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Richard M. Bergenstal, MD, International Diabetes Center, Park Nicollet, 3800 Park Nicollet Blvd, Minneapolis, MN 55416, USA.
| | - Mary L. Johnson
- International Diabetes Center, Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Darlene M. Dreon
- Calibra Medical, Johnson & Johnson Diabetes Care Companies, Wayne, PA, USA
| | | | - Davida F. Kruger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Bone and Mineral Disease, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mark E. Molitch
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Mark Peyrot
- Loyola University Maryland, Department of Sociology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sara Richter
- Professional Data Analysts, GBC, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Julio Rosenstock
- Dallas Diabetes Research Center at Medical City, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Pierre Serusclat
- Groupe Hospitalier Mutualiste Les Portes du Sud, Ve’nissieux, France
| | - Carl Vance
- Rocky Mountain Diabetes Center, Idaho Falls, Idaho, USA
| | - Ruth S. Weinstock
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Brian L. Levy
- Calibra Medical, Johnson & Johnson Diabetes Care Companies, Wayne, PA, USA
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Tenorio FS, Martins LEG, da Silva GSP, Martins CB, Neves ALD, Cunha TS. The Relationship Between Different Bench Test Methodologies and Accuracy of Insulin Infusion Pumps: A Systematic Literature Review. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:1255-1270. [PMID: 35953739 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes technology has rapidly evolved, and insulin infusion pumps (IIPs) have gained worldwide acceptance in diabetes care. The safety of medical equipment is highly discussed, imposing complex challenges in its use. The accuracy of IIPs can be determined through laboratory tests, generally following the IEC 60601-2-24 protocol. Studies have evaluated the accuracy and precision of IIPs, and there are discrepant results. So, we conducted a Systematic Literature Review to assess the methodologies used to evaluate the accuracy of IIPs, organizing the findings in a compiled perspective. The methodology was based on Kitchenham and Biolchini guidelines, and when possible it was carried out the Bayesian meta-analyses to compare the accuracy of IIPs. Most studies used the microgravimetric technique to evaluate the device accuracy, and some proposed adaptations for the standard protocol. The variation of results was recurrent, and the establishment of a protocol, especially to evaluate patch pumps, is necessary. The present study gives enough data to understand the scenario of the IIPs evaluation, as well as the different protocols that can be explored for its evaluation. This highlights the need for a reliable, practical, and low-cost methodology to assist the evaluation of IIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tatiana Sousa Cunha
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
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Johnson ML, Bergenstal RM, Levy BL, Dreon DM. A Safe and Simple Algorithm for Adding and Adjusting Mealtime Insulin to Basal-Only Therapy. Clin Diabetes 2022; 40:489-497. [PMID: 36381310 PMCID: PMC9606561 DOI: 10.2337/cd21-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary L. Johnson
- International Diabetes Center, Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, MN
- Corresponding author: Mary L. Johnson,
| | | | - Brian L. Levy
- Calibra Medical, Johnson & Johnson Diabetes Care Companies, Wayne, PA
| | - Darlene M. Dreon
- Calibra Medical, Johnson & Johnson Diabetes Care Companies, Wayne, PA
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Freckmann G, Buck S, Waldenmaier D, Kulzer B, Schnell O, Gelchsheimer U, Ziegler R, Heinemann L. Insulin Pump Therapy for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence, Current Barriers, and New Technologies. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2021; 15:901-915. [PMID: 32476471 PMCID: PMC8258526 DOI: 10.1177/1932296820928100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) use insulin pumps. The first insulin pumps especially designed for patients with T2DM have recently become available. However, national guidelines do not primarily recommend the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) for this patient group. The effectiveness of CSII in T2DM has not yet been convincingly demonstrated, despite some positive evidence. An overview and an assessment of various studies to date will be given. T2DM is a heterogeneous disease with a substantial phenotypic variability; therefore, it is difficult to provide general conclusions about the effectiveness of CSII in T2DM therapy. The pump types, characteristics, and associated barriers may play a relevant role for therapy outcome. Most advanced functions like various bolus dosages offered by conventional insulin pumps are not needed for T2DM treatment and complicate the device handling for this subject group. Additionally, new technologies like increased connectivity, advanced software features, and interoperability are currently becoming available representing further barriers. The implementation of this technological progress might be a benefit for pumps for T2DM as well. However, these have not been sufficiently examined either and increased security challenges due to integrated peripheral components should not be neglected in terms of a sound cybersecurity. Pump features and handling for patients with T2DM should be as easy as possible, indicating a need for insulin pumps specially designed for patients with T2DM. However, it has to be investigated if pumps designed for T2DM are more effective than other intensified insulin regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Freckmann
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sina Buck
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Sina Buck, MSc, Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Lise-Meitner-Straße 8/2, Ulm 89081, Germany.
| | - Delia Waldenmaier
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kulzer
- Forschungsinstitut Diabetes Akademie Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Oliver Schnell
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ralph Ziegler
- Diabetes Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Münster, Germany
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Bergenstal RM, Peyrot M, Dreon DM, Aroda VR, Bailey TS, Brazg RL, Frias JP, Johnson ML, Klonoff DC, Kruger DF, Ramtoola S, Rosenstock J, Serusclat P, Weinstock RS, Naik RG, Shearer DM, Zraick V, Levy BL. Implementation of Basal-Bolus Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Bolus Insulin Delivery Using an Insulin Patch with an Insulin Pen. Diabetes Technol Ther 2019; 21:273-285. [PMID: 31025878 PMCID: PMC6532545 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2018.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Barriers to mealtime insulin include complexity, fear of injections, and lifestyle interference. This multicenter, randomized controlled trial evaluated efficacy, safety, and self-reported outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes, inadequately controlled on basal insulin, initiating and managing mealtime insulin with a wearable patch versus an insulin pen. Methods: Adults with type 2 diabetes (n = 278, age: 59.2 ± 8.9 years), were randomized to patch (n = 139) versus pen (n = 139) for 48 weeks, with crossover at week 44. Baseline insulin was divided 1:1 basal: bolus. Using a pattern-control logbook, subjects adjusted basal and bolus insulin weekly using fasting and premeal glucose targets. Results: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) change (least squares mean ± standard error) from baseline to week 24 (primary endpoint) improved (P < 0.0001) in both arms, -1.7% ± 0.1% and -1.6% ± 0.1% for patch and pen (-18.6 ± 1.1 and -17.5 ± 1.1 mmol/mol), and was maintained at 44 weeks. The coefficient of variation of 7-point self-monitoring blood glucose decreased more (P = 0.02) from baseline to week 44 for patch versus pen. There were no differences in adverse events, including hypoglycemia (three severe episodes per arm), and changes in weight and insulin doses. Subject-reported treatment satisfaction, quality of life, experience ratings at week 24, and device preferences at week 48 significantly favored the patch. Most health care providers preferred patch for mealtime insulin. Conclusions: Bolus insulin delivered by patch and pen using an algorithm-based weekly insulin dose titration significantly improved HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes, with improved subject and health care provider experience and preference for the patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Bergenstal
- Address correspondence to: Richard M. Bergenstal, MD, International Diabetes Center, Park Nicollet, 3800 Park Nicollet Boulevard, Minneapolis, MN 55416
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Zijlstra E. Analysis of "Laboratory and Benchtop Performance of a Mealtime Insulin Delivery System". J Diabetes Sci Technol 2018; 12:828-830. [PMID: 29619894 PMCID: PMC6134312 DOI: 10.1177/1932296818767940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the current issue of Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, Dreon et al give a comprehensive overview of the technical performance of a wearable patch for bolus insulin delivery. The test results generated by the manufacturer of the bolus-patch provide the technical prerequisites for clinical application. As the device received FDA clearance already in 2010, positive results from the nonclinical performance testing were to be expected, but present nevertheless interesting insights into the device development. The single-dose accuracy verification results seem especially promising, but tighter accuracy criteria could have been specified and information on outliers is missing from the analysis. The clinical application of the bolus-patch is currently under investigation in a large-scale 44-week intervention trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Zijlstra
- Profil, Neuss, Germany
- Eric Zijlstra, PhD, Profil,
Hellersbergstrasse 9, Neuss, 41460, Germany.
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