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Dong C, Yang C, Younis MR, Zhang J, He G, Qiu X, Fu L, Zhang D, Wang H, Hong W, Lin J, Wu X, Huang P. Bioactive NIR-II Light-Responsive Shape Memory Composite Based on Cuprorivaite Nanosheets for Endometrial Regeneration. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102220. [PMID: 35218328 PMCID: PMC9036008 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) caused by mechanical damage or infection increase the risk of infertility in women. Although numerous physical barriers such as balloon or hydrogel are developed for the prevention of IUAs, the therapeutic efficacy is barely satisfactory due to limited endometrial healing, which may lead to recurrence. Herein, a second near-infrared (NIR-II) light-responsive shape memory composite based on the combination of cuprorivaite (CaCuSi4 O10 ) nanosheets (CUP NSs) as photothermal conversion agents and polymer poly(d,l-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) (PT) as shape memory building blocks is developed. The as-prepared CUP/PT composite possesses excellent shape memory performance under NIR-II light, and the improved operational feasibility as an antiadhesion barrier for the treatment of IUAs. Moreover, the released ions (Cu, Si) can stimulate the endometrial regeneration due to the angiogenic bioactivity. This study provides a new strategy to prevent IUA and restore the injured endometrium relied on shape memory composite with enhanced tissues reconstruction ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenle Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyShenzhen University General HospitalClinical Medical AcademyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cancer CenterLaboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET)School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen518060China
| | - Chen Yang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cancer CenterLaboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET)School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen518060China
- Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Oujiang LaboratoryWenzhouZhejiang325000China
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Younis
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cancer CenterLaboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET)School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen518060China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cancer CenterLaboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET)School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen518060China
| | - Gang He
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cancer CenterLaboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET)School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen518060China
| | - Xingdi Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyShenzhen University General HospitalClinical Medical AcademyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Lian‐Hua Fu
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cancer CenterLaboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET)School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen518060China
| | - Dong‐Yang Zhang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cancer CenterLaboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET)School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen518060China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyShenzhen University General HospitalClinical Medical AcademyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Wenli Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyShenzhen University General HospitalClinical Medical AcademyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Jing Lin
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cancer CenterLaboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET)School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen518060China
| | - Xueqing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyShenzhen University General HospitalClinical Medical AcademyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cancer CenterLaboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET)School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen518060China
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Xu H, Zhou M, Cao Y, Zhang D, Han M, Gao X, Xu B, Zhang A. Genome-wide analysis of long noncoding RNAs, microRNAs, and mRNAs forming a competing endogenous RNA network in repeated implantation failure. Gene 2019; 720:144056. [PMID: 31437466 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Repeated implantation failure (RIF) was mainly due to poor endometrium receptivity. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) could regulate endometrium receptivity and act in competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) theory. However, the regulatory mechanism of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in repeated implantation failure (RIF) is unclear. We obtained RIF-related expression profiles of lncRNAs, mRNAs, and miRNAs using mid-secretory endometrial tissue samples from 5 women with RIF and 5 controls by RNA-sequencing. Co-expression analysis revealed that three functional modules were enriched in immune response/inflammation process; two functional modules were enriched in metabolic/ biosynthetic process, and one functional module were enriched in cell cycle pathway. By adding the miRNA data, ceRNA regulatory relationship of each module was reconstructed. The ceRNA network of the whole differentially expressed RNAs revealed 10 hub lncRNAs. Among them, TRG-AS1, SIMM25, and NEAT1 were involved in the module1, module2, and module3, respectively; LNC00511 and SLC26A4-AS1 in the module4; H19 in the module5. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results of 15 randomly selected RNAs were consistent with our sequencing data. These can be used as novel potential biomarkers for RIF. Furthermore, they might be involved in endometrium receptivity by acting as ceRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Xu
- Reproductive Medical Center of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Mingjuan Zhou
- Reproductive Medical Center of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Minhang Hospital of Fudan University, The Central Hospital of Minhang District, 170 Xin Song Road, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Mi Han
- Reproductive Medical Center of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xinxing Gao
- Reproductive Medical Center of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Bufang Xu
- Reproductive Medical Center of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Histo-Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Wang F, Liang R, Soibam B, Yang J, Liu Y. Coregulatory long non-coding RNA and protein-coding genes in serum starved cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1862:84-95. [PMID: 30503397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Serum starvation is widely used in cell biology to trigger cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy, and metabolic adaptations. Serum starvation-related molecular events have been well characterized at protein level but not at transcript level: how long non-coding RNAs contribute to the regulation of protein-coding genes is largely unknown. Here, we captured the lncRNA transcriptome in serum starved mouse embryonic fibroblasts and identified three main modes of action: cis-acting/coregulatory, trans-acting, and "miRNA-carrier". Whole-genome and individual gene level analyses support that our annotation provides an important platform for understanding lncRNA/protein-coding gene coregulatory mechanisms in serum starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, China; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States of America
| | - Rui Liang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Soibam
- Computer Science and Engineering Technology, University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, TX 77002, United States of America.
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States of America.
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Elçin AE, Parmaksiz M, Dogan A, Seker S, Durkut S, Dalva K, Elçin YM. Differential gene expression profiling of human adipose stem cells differentiating into smooth muscle-like cells by TGFβ1/BMP4. Exp Cell Res 2017; 352:207-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lindgren KE, Hreinsson J, Helmestam M, Wånggren K, Poromaa IS, Kårehed K, Åkerud H. Histidine-rich glycoprotein derived peptides affect endometrial angiogenesisin vitrobut has no effect on embryo development. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2016; 62:192-200. [DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2016.1156785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kwon HS, Kim YS, Park HH, Choi H, Lee KY, Lee YJ, Heo SH, Chang DI, Koh SH. Increased VEGF and decreased SDF-1α in patients with silent brain infarction are associated with better prognosis after first-ever acute lacunar stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015; 24:704-10. [PMID: 25601176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-existing silent brain infarctions (SBIs) have been reported to be associated with better outcomes after first-ever symptomatic ischemic stroke, although the mechanism of this remains unclear. We investigated the association between SBIs, outcomes of acute lacunar infarction, and biomarkers including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1). METHODS A total of 68 consecutive patients diagnosed with first-ever lacunar infarction (<20 mm) within 24 hours of symptom onset were included in this study. Clinical, laboratory, and imaging data were obtained. Plasma levels of VEGF, SDF-1α, MIF, and HMGB1 were assessed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay kits. RESULTS SBIs were noted in 31 of the 68 patients. Although the initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores were not related with the presence of SBIs (P = .313), patients with SBIs had better outcomes at 3 months (P = .029). Additionally, plasma VEGF levels were higher (P = .035) and SDF-1α levels were lower (P < .001) in patients with SBIs. Logistic regression analysis indicated that VEGF and SDF-1α were independently associated with the presence of SBIs. CONCLUSIONS SBIs are associated with favorable outcomes in patients with first-ever acute lacunar infarction and higher levels of VEGF, and lower levels of SDF-1α in these patients may contribute to their more favorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Sung Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Park
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Yong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyuk Heo
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Il Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Helmestam M, Davey E, Stavreus-Evers A, Olovsson M. Bisphenol A affects human endometrial endothelial cell angiogenic activity in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 46:69-76. [PMID: 24632125 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The widespread Bisphenol A (BPA) is classified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) with estrogenic properties. Human endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs) play a key role in the endometrial angiogenesis that is under the control of estradiol. The hypothesis was that BPA may affect endometrial angiogenesis by disturbing some functional properties of the HEEC. To study this, primary HEECs were exposed to environmentally relevant doses of BPA. The HEECs were co-cultured with primary endometrial stromal cells to create conditions as similar to the in vivo situation as possible. The effects of BPA were evaluated by proliferation and viability assays, tube-formation assays, quantitative PCRs, Western blots and ELISAs. BPA slightly increased HEEC tube formation and VEGF-D protein expression compared with vehicle, without affecting HEEC viability or proliferation. Bisphenol A thus caused changes in HEEC activities in vitro, and may therefore have disturbing effects on endometrial angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Helmestam
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden.
| | - Eva Davey
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Anneli Stavreus-Evers
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Matts Olovsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
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Helmestam M, Lindgren KE, Stavreus-Evers A, Olovsson M. Mifepristone-exposured human endometrial endothelial cells in vitro. Reprod Sci 2013; 21:408-14. [PMID: 23885098 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113497284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The antiprogestin mifepristone has been used for more than 20 years as a medical alternative for early pregnancy termination. After mifepristone administration, significant changes have been observed in the endometrial vessels, with cell injury and cell death in capillary endothelial cells. In this study, the effect of mifepristone on human endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs) in vitro was evaluated using proliferation and viability assays, quantitative polymerase chain reaction of markers important for the regulation of angiogenesis, and by tube formation assay. There were no detectable effects of mifepristone on HEECs messenger RNA expression of the studied markers. Exposure to mifepristone did not alter tube formation. However, mifepristone exposure to HEECs cocultured with endometrial stromal cells significantly reduced the activity in the tube formation assay compared with mifepristone exposure of HEECs in monoculture. This implies that mifepristone causes changes in HEEC-associated angiogenic activity and that this effect is mediated through stromal cells via paracrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Helmestam
- 1Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Latham AM, Odell AF, Mughal NA, Issitt T, Ulyatt C, Walker JH, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Ponnambalam S. A biphasic endothelial stress-survival mechanism regulates the cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor A. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:2297-311. [PMID: 22796052 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is an essential cytokine that regulates endothelial function and angiogenesis. VEGF-A binding to endothelial receptor tyrosine kinases such as VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 triggers cellular responses including survival, proliferation and new blood vessel sprouting. Increased levels of a soluble VEGFR1 splice variant (sFlt-1) correlate with endothelial dysfunction in pathologies such as pre-eclampsia; however the cellular mechanism(s) underlying the regulation and function of sFlt-1 are unclear. Here, we demonstrate the existence of a biphasic stress response in endothelial cells, using serum deprivation as a model of endothelial dysfunction. The early phase is characterized by a high VEGFR2:sFlt-1 ratio, which is reversed in the late phase. A functional consequence is a short-term increase in VEGF-A-stimulated intracellular signaling. In the late phase, sFlt-1 is secreted and deposited at the extracellular matrix. We hypothesized that under stress, increased endothelial sFlt-1 levels reduce VEGF-A bioavailability: VEGF-A treatment induces sFlt-1 expression at the cell surface and VEGF-A silencing inhibits sFlt-1 anchorage to the extracellular matrix. Treatment with recombinant sFlt-1 inhibits VEGF-A-stimulated in vitro angiogenesis and sFlt-1 silencing enhances this process. In this response, increased VEGFR2 levels are regulated by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and PKB/Akt signaling pathways and increased sFlt-1 levels by the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. We conclude that during serum withdrawal, cellular sensing of environmental stress modulates sFlt-1 and VEGFR2 levels, regulating VEGF-A bioavailability and ensuring cell survival takes precedence over cell proliferation and migration. These findings may underpin an important mechanism contributing to endothelial dysfunction in pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony M Latham
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Helmestam M, Andersson H, Stavreus-Evers A, Brittebo E, Olovsson M. Tamoxifen Modulates Cell Migration and Expression of Angiogenesis-Related Genes in Human Endometrial Endothelial Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:2527-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor reduces apoptosis in cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurosci Lett 2012; 508:84-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ricci AG, Olivares CN, Bilotas MA, Meresman GF, Barañao RI. Effect of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibition on Endometrial Implant Development in a Murine Model of Endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2011; 18:614-22. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719110395406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Analía Gabriela Ricci
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) − CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Noemí Olivares
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) − CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Andrea Bilotas
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) − CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Fabiana Meresman
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) − CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosa Inés Barañao
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) − CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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