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Tang Z, Yuan X, Bai Y, Guo Y, Zhang H, Han Y, Yuan Z, Weng Q. Seasonal changes in the expression of PACAP, VPAC1, VPAC2, PAC1 and testicular activity in the testis of the muskrat (<em>Ondatra zibethicus</em>). Eur J Histochem 2022; 66:3398. [PMID: 35502591 PMCID: PMC9119148 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2022.3398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) plays an important role in the steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in the testis through its receptors PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2. In this study, we investigated the seasonal expressions of PACAP, PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2, luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), and CYP17A1 in the testis of the male muskrat during the breeding season and the non-breeding season. Histologically, we found the presence of Leydig cells, Sertoli cells and all kinds of germ cells in the testis during the breeding season but only Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, spermatogonia and primary spermatocyte during the non-breeding season. The immunohistochemical localizations of PACAP and VPAC1 were identified in the Leydig cells, spermatogonia and spermatozoa during the breeding season while only in Leydig cells and spermatogonia during the non-breeding season, and PAC1 and VPAC2 were localized in the Leydig cells in both seasons, in which LHR, StAR, 3β-HSD and CYP17A1 were also expressed. Meanwhile, protein and mRNA expression levels of PACAP, PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2, LHR, FSHR, StAR, 3β-HSD and CYP17A1 in the testis during the breeding season were significantly higher than those during the non-breeding season. These results suggested that PACAP may involve in the regulation of, steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis via an endocrine, autocrine or paracrine manner in the testis of the muskrat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqi Tang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Xiaojie Yuan
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Yuming Bai
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Yiming Guo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Haolin Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Yingying Han
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Zhengrong Yuan
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Qiang Weng
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
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Stress-related dysautonomias and neurocardiology-based treatment approaches. Auton Neurosci 2022; 239:102944. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2022.102944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Prisco M, Rosati L, Morgillo E, Mollica MP, Agnese M, Andreuccetti P, Valiante S. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and its receptors in Mus musculus testis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 286:113297. [PMID: 31604076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To enlighten the involvement of PACAP/receptors system in the control of mammal testis, we investigated the expression of PACAP and the localization of PACAP and its receptors PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 in the testis of Mus musculus. By molecular and immunohistochemical investigations, we highlighted that PACAP and its receptors are widely represented in germ cells of Mus testis, particularly in spermatocytes I, spermatids, and spermatozoa, strongly suggesting their involvement in spermatogenesis process. Moreover, for the first time in the adult mouse testis we highlighted that PACAP is present within Leydig cells, as PACAP receptors, confirming its involvement in the control of steroidogenesis in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Prisco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Luigi Rosati
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eliana Morgillo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Marisa Agnese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Prisco M, Rosati L, Agnese M, Aceto S, Andreuccetti P, Valiante S. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in the testis of the quail Coturnix coturnix: Expression, localization, and phylogenetic analysis. Evol Dev 2019; 21:145-156. [PMID: 30791203 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the involvement of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)/receptors system in the control of testis activity, we have investigated the expression and localization of PACAP and the distribution of its receptors in the testis of mature samples of quail Coturnix coturnix, and we have performed a phylogenetic analysis of PACAP in birds. Using histological, molecular, and bioinformatics tools, we demonstrated that (a) PACAP messenger RNA shows a high sequence identity with that reported in other birds studied so far and in other vertebrates. Furthermore, we showed that purifying selection acts on PACAP; (b) the PACAP peptide is present only in Leydig cells, whereas its receptors are localized within both Leydig and germ cells; (c) the synthesis of PACAP does not take place in seminiferous tubules. The role of PACAP in the control of spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in birds is discussed. Finally, we talk about the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships between PACAP in birds and in other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Prisco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Rosati
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Marisa Agnese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Vázquez-Borrego MC, Gahete MD, Martínez-Fuentes AJ, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Castaño JP, Kineman RD, Luque RM. Multiple signaling pathways convey central and peripheral signals to regulate pituitary function: Lessons from human and non-human primate models. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 463:4-22. [PMID: 29253530 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary gland is a key organ involved in the control of multiple physiological functions including growth, reproduction, metabolism and stress. These functions are controlled by five distinct hormone-producing pituitary cell types that produce growth hormone (somatotropes), prolactin (lactotropes), adrenocorticotropin (corticotropes), thyrotropin (thyrotropes) and follicle stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone (gonadotropes). Classically, the synthesis and release of pituitary hormones was thought to be primarily regulated by central (neuroendocrine) signals. However, it is now becoming apparent that factors produced by pituitary hormone targets (endocrine and non-endocrine organs) can feedback directly to the pituitary to adjust pituitary hormone synthesis and release. Therefore, pituitary cells serve as sensors to integrate central and peripheral signals in order to fine-tune whole-body homeostasis, although it is clear that pituitary cell regulation is species-, age- and sex-dependent. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive, general overview of our current knowledge of both central and peripheral regulators of pituitary cell function and associated intracellular mechanisms, focusing on human and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - M D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - A J Martínez-Fuentes
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - A C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - J P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - R D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
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Ávila-Mendoza J, Pérez-Rueda E, Urban-Sosa V, Carranza M, Martínez-Moreno CG, Luna M, Arámburo C. Characterization and distribution of GHRH, PACAP, TRH, SST and IGF1 mRNAs in the green iguana. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 255:90-101. [PMID: 28974369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The somatotropic axis (SA) regulates numerous aspects of vertebrate physiology such as development, growth, and metabolism and has influence on several tissues including neural, immune, reproductive and gastric tract. Growth hormone (GH) is a key component of SA, it is synthesized and released mainly by pituitary somatotrophs, although now it is known that virtually all tissues can express GH, which, in addition to its well-described endocrine roles, also has autocrine/paracrine/intracrine actions. In the pituitary, GH expression is regulated by several hypothalamic neuropeptides including GHRH, PACAP, TRH and SST. GH, in turn, regulates IGF1 synthesis in several target tissues, adding complexity to the system since GH effects can be exerted either directly or mediated by IGF1. In reptiles, little is known about the SA components and their functional interactions. The aim of this work was to characterize the mRNAs of the principal SA components in the green iguana and to develop the tools that allow the study of the structural and functional evolution of this system in reptiles. By employing RT-PCR and RACE, the cDNAs encoding for GHRH, PACAP, TRH, SST and IGF1 were amplified and sequenced. Results showed that these cDNAs coded for the corresponding protein precursors of 154, 170, 243, 113, and 131 amino acids, respectively. Of these, GHRH, PACAP, SST and IGF1 precursors exhibited a high structural conservation with respect to its counterparts in other vertebrates. On the other hand, iguana's TRH precursor showed 7 functional copies of mature TRH (pyr-QHP-NH2), as compared to 4 and 6 copies of TRH in avian and mammalian proTRH sequences, respectively. It was found that in addition to its primary production site (brain for GHRH, PACAP, TRH and SST, and liver for IGF1), they were also expressed in other peripheral tissues, i.e. testes and ovaries expressed all the studied mRNAs, whereas TRH and IGF1 mRNAs were observed ubiquitously in all tissues considered. These results show that the main SA components in reptiles of the Squamata Order maintain a good structural conservation among vertebrate phylogeny, and suggest important physiological interactions (endocrine, autocrine and/or paracrine) between them due to their wide peripheral tissue expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ávila-Mendoza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Pérez-Rueda
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62210, Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida, Yuc. 97302, Mexico
| | - Valeria Urban-Sosa
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Martha Carranza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Carlos G Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Maricela Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Carlos Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico.
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Georg B, Falktoft B, Fahrenkrug J. PKA, novel PKC isoforms, and ERK is mediating PACAP auto-regulation via PAC 1R in human neuroblastoma NB-1 cells. Neuropeptides 2016; 60:83-89. [PMID: 27745706 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide PACAP is expressed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system where it modulates diverse physiological functions including neuropeptide gene expression. We here report that in human neuroblastoma NB-1 cells PACAP transiently induces its own expression. Maximal PACAP mRNA expression was found after stimulation with PACAP for 3h. PACAP auto-regulation was found to be mediated by activation of PACAP specific PAC1Rs as PACAP had >100-fold higher efficacy than VIP, and the PAC1R selective agonist Maxadilan potently induced PACAP gene expression. Experiments with pharmacological kinase inhibitors revealed that both PKA and novel but not conventional PKC isozymes were involved in the PACAP auto-regulation. Inhibition of MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) also impeded the induction, and we found that PKA, novel PKC and ERK acted in parallel and were thus not part of the same pathways. The expression of the transcription factor EGR1 previously ascribed as target of PACAP signalling was found to be transiently induced by PACAP and pharmacological inhibition of either PKC or MEK1/2 abolished PACAP mediated EGR1 induction. In contrast, inhibition of PKA mediated increased PACAP mediated EGR1 induction. Experiments using siRNA against EGR1 to lower the expression did however not affect the PACAP auto-regulation indicating that this immediate early gene product is not part of PACAP auto-regulation in NB-1 cells. We here reveal that in NB-1 neuroblastoma cells, PACAP induces its own expression by activation of PAC1R, and that the signalling is different from the PAC1R signalling mediating induction of VIP in the same cells. PACAP auto-regulation depends on parallel activation of PKA, novel PKC isoforms, and ERK, while EGR1 does not seem to be part of the PACAP auto-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Georg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Birgitte Falktoft
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Fahrenkrug
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rosati L, Prisco M, Coraggio F, Valiante S, Scudiero R, Laforgia V, Andreuccetti P, Agnese M. PACAP and PAC₁ receptor in the reproductive cycle of male lizard Podarcis sicula. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 205:102-8. [PMID: 24852351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide involved in multiple functions, including vertebrate reproduction. Recently, we reported the presence of PACAP in the testis of Italian wall lizard Podarcis sicula during reproductive period (May-June). Herein we investigated the PACAP mRNA expression and the localization of PACAP/PACAP receptor system, in the other periods of the Podarcis reproductive cycle, namely in summer stasis, early autumnal resumption, mid-autumnal resumption, winter stasis, and spring resumption. Using biomolecular and immunohistochemical investigations, we demonstrated that PACAP mRNA was widely expressed in all germ and somatic cells; in summer stasis (July-August) and early autumnal resumption (September) in particular, the mRNA was always found in Sertoli cells while was transiently expressed in germ and in Leydig cells. Differently from the mRNA, the protein was always present in germ and somatic cells independently from the reproductive cycle phase. As PACAP, the PAC1 receptor was always present in the testis, except for the summer stasis (July-August) and the early autumnal resumption (September), when PACAP was lacking in germ and somatic cells (Leydig and Sertoli cells). The present results strongly suggest that PACAP/PAC1 receptor system is widely represented during the reproductive cycle of male lizard. The possible involvement of PACAP/PACAP receptor system in the control of spermatogenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rosati
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Biology, Italy
| | - Marina Prisco
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Biology, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marisa Agnese
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Biology, Italy
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Barberi M, Di Paolo V, Latini S, Guglielmo MC, Cecconi S, Canipari R. Expression and functional activity of PACAP and its receptors on cumulus cells: effects on oocyte maturation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 375:79-88. [PMID: 23684890 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptor PAC1-R (PACAP type 1 receptor) are transiently expressed in granulosa cells (GCs) of mouse preovulatory follicles and affect several parameters associated with the ovulatory process. We investigated the expression of PACAP and its receptors in cumulus cells (CCs) after the LH surge and their role on cumulus expansion/apoptosis and oocyte maturation. PACAP and PAC1-R expression increased in CCs isolated at different times after treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Moreover, PACAP was able to reverse the inhibition of oocyte meiotic maturation caused by hypoxantine in cumulus cell-oocyte complexes (COCs) and efficiently promoted male pronuclear formation after fertilisation. PACAP was also able to induce cumulus expansion and prevent CC apoptosis. Our results demonstrated the induction of PACAP and its receptors in CCs by LH and EGF, suggesting that PACAP may play a significant role in the complex interactions of gonadotropin and growth factors during ovulation and fertilisation.
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MESH Headings
- 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/pharmacology
- Amphiregulin
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cell Nucleus/physiology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chorionic Gonadotropin/physiology
- Cumulus Cells/drug effects
- Cumulus Cells/metabolism
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- EGF Family of Proteins
- Epidermal Growth Factor/physiology
- Female
- Fertilization in Vitro
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone/physiology
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Oocytes/physiology
- Ovulation/metabolism
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/genetics
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/metabolism
- Sperm Head/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Barberi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Zheng W, Grafer CM, Halvorson LM. Interaction of gonadal steroids and gonadotropin-releasing hormone on pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and PACAP receptor expression in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. Reprod Sci 2013; 21:41-51. [PMID: 23690336 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113488454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors are expressed in the hypothalamus, the gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland, and the gonads, forming an autocrine-paracrine system in these tissues. Within the pituitary, PACAP functions either alone or synergistically with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to stimulate gonadotropin gene expression and secretion. Our goal was to define the hormonal regulation of pituitary PACAP and PACAP receptor (PAC1) gene expression by dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol, and progesterone alone or in conjunction with GnRH. Treatment of adult male rat pituitary cell cultures with DHT or progesterone augmented GnRH-mediated increase in PACAP messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, but neither had an effect when present alone. Conversely, estradiol treatment blunted PACAP gene expression but did not alter GnRH effects on PACAP expression. Expression of PACAP receptor mRNA was decreased by GnRH treatment, minimally increased by DHT treatment, but not altered by the addition of estradiol or progesterone. DHT and GnRH together blunted PACAP receptor gene expression. Taken together, these results suggest that the activity of the intrapituitary PACAP-PAC1 system is regulated via the complex interaction of gonadal steroids and hypothalamic GnRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Zheng
- 1Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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