1
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Afsar B, Afsar RE. Mitochondrial Damage and Hypertension: Another Dark Side of Sodium Excess. Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:495-507. [PMID: 37386238 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00486-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Essential or primary hypertension (HT) is a worldwide health problem with no definitive cure. Although the exact pathogenesis of HT is not known, genetic factors, increased renin-angiotensin and sympathetic system activity, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation play a role in its development. Environmental factors such as sodium intake are also important for BP regulation, and excess sodium intake in the form of salt (NaCl, sodium chloride) increases blood pressure in salt-sensitive people. Excess salt intake increases extracellular volume, oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Recent evidence suggests that increased salt intake also disturbs mitochondrial function both structurally and functionally which is important as mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with HT. In the current review, we have summarized the experimental and clinical data regarding the impact of salt intake on mitochondrial structure and function. RECENT FINDINGS Excess salt intake damage mitochondrial structure (e.g., shorter mitochondria with less cristae, increased mitochondrial fission, increased mitochondrial vacuolization). Functionally, high salt intake impairs mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain, ATP production, mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial uncoupling protein function. Excess salt intake also increases mitochondrial oxidative stress and modifies Krebs cycle protein expressions. Studies have shown that high salt intake impairs mitochondrial structure and function. These maladaptive mitochondrial changes facilitate the development of HT especially in salt-sensitive individuals. High salt intake impairs many functional and structural components of mitochondria. These mitochondrial alterations along with increased salt intake promote the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Afsar
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Rengin Elsurer Afsar
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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2
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Chen X, Wu H, Huang S. Excessive Sodium Intake Leads to Cardiovascular Disease by Promoting Sex-Specific Dysfunction of Murine Heart. Front Nutr 2022; 9:830738. [PMID: 35845798 PMCID: PMC9285006 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.830738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, a high-salt diet (HSD) has become a threat to human health as it can lead to a high risk of cardiac damage. Although some studies investigating HSD have been carried out, the majority has been conducted in males, and there are few female-specific studies, thereby ignoring any effects of sex-specific damage on the heart. In this study, we determined how HSD induces different pathways of cardiovascular diseases through sex-specific effects on cardiac damage in mice. Methods An HSD murine model of male and female C57BL/6J mice was fed with sodium-rich chow (4% NaCl). After 8 weeks, cardiac tissues were collected, and the whole gene transcriptome of the hearts of male and female mice was characterized and analyzed using high-throughput RNA sequencing. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to further assess the harmful effects of HSD on protein expression of genes associated with immunity, fibrosis, and apoptosis in male and female mice. Results HSD drastically altered the cardiac transcriptome compared to that of the normal heart in both male and female mice and had a sex-specific effect on the cardiac composition in the transcriptome. HSD produced various differentially expressed genes and affected different KEGG pathways of the transcriptome in male and female mice. Furthermore, we found that HSD induced different pathways of cardiovascular disease in the male mice and female mice. The pathway of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is significantly enriched in HSD-treated male mice, while the pathway of dilated cardiomyopathy is significantly enriched in HSD-treated female mice. Finally, metabolism, immunity, fibrosis, and apoptosis in the mouse heart showed sex-specific changes predicting cardiac damage. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that HSD adversely impacts cardiac structure and function by affecting the metabolism, immunity, fibrosis, and apoptosis in the murine heart and induces the mouse to suffer from sex-specific cardiovascular disease. This study provides a new perspective and basis for the differences in the pharmacology and interventional treatment of sex-specific cardiovascular diseases induced by HSD in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Chen
- Obstetrical Department, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiying Wu
- Obstetrical Department, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shenzhen Huang
| | - Shenzhen Huang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan University, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Haiying Wu
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3
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Kim YB, Jung WW, Lee SW, Jin X, Kang HK, Hong EH, Min SS, Kim YS, Han HC, Colwell CS, Kim YI. Excessive maternal salt intake gives rise to vasopressin-dependent salt sensitivity of blood pressure in male offspring. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 150:12-22. [PMID: 33011158 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) is a trait carrying strong prognostic implications for various cardiovascular diseases. To test the hypothesis that excessive maternal salt intake causes SSBP in offspring through a mechanism dependent upon arginine-vasopressin (AVP), we performed a series of experiments using offspring of the rat dams salt-loaded during pregnancy and lactation with 1.5% saline drink ("experimental offspring") and those with normal perinatal salt exposure ("control offspring"). Salt challenge, given at 7-8 weeks of age with either 2% saline drink (3 days) or 8% NaCl-containing chow (4 weeks), had little or no effect on systolic blood pressure (SBP) in female offspring, whereas the salt challenge significantly raised SBP in male offspring, with the magnitude of increase being greater in experimental, than control, rats. Furthermore, the salt challenge not only raised plasma AVP level more and caused greater depressor responses to V1a and V2 AVP receptor antagonists to occur in experimental, than control, males, but it also made GABA excitatory in a significant proportion of magnocellular AVP neurons of experimental males by depolarizing GABA equilibrium potential. The effect of the maternal salt loading on the salt challenge-elicited SBP response in male offspring was precluded by maternal conivaptan treatment (non-selective AVP receptor antagonist) during the salt-loading period, whereas it was mimicked by neonatal AVP treatment. These results suggest that the excessive maternal salt intake brings about SSBP in male offspring, both the programming and the expression of which depend on increased AVP secretion that may partly result from excitatory GABAergic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Beom Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Woo Jung
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiangyan Jin
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Kyung Kang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hwa Hong
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Seek Min
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sik Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Chul Han
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
| | - Yang In Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Santos-Rocha J, Lima-Leal GA, Moreira HS, Ramos-Alves FE, de Sá FG, Duarte GP, Xavier FE. Maternal high-sodium intake affects the offspring' vascular renin-angiotensin system promoting endothelial dysfunction in rats. Vascul Pharmacol 2019; 115:33-45. [PMID: 30790705 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal sodium overload induces endothelial dysfunction in adult offspring, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully known. The involvement of tissue renin-angiotensin system on high sodium-programmed endothelial dysfunction was examined. Acetylcholine and angiotensin I and II responses were analyzed in aorta and mesenteric resistance arteries from 24-week-old male offspring of normal-salt (O-NS, 1.3% NaCl) and high-salt (O-HS, 8% NaCl) fed dams. COX-2 expression, O2- production and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity were determined. A separated O-HS was treated with losartan (15 mg kg-1/day) for eight weeks. Compared to O-NS, O-HS were normotensive. Acetylcholine-induced relaxation was impaired in O-HS arteries, which was improved by tempol, apocynin or indomethacin. The angiotensin I-induced contraction was greater in O-HS arteries, whereas the angiotensin II responses were unchanged. ACE activity, O2- production and COX-2 expression were increased in O-HS arteries. In this group, the increased O2- production was inhibited by apocynin or losartan. Chronic losartan decreased COX-2 expression and restored the endothelium-dependent vasodilation in O-HS. Our findings reiterate that perinatal sodium overload programs endothelial dysfunction in adult offspring through a blood pressure-independent mechanism. Our results also suggest that vascular angiotensin II is the main mediator of high sodium-programmed endothelial dysfunction, promoting COX-2 expression and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Santos-Rocha
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Geórgia A Lima-Leal
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Hicla S Moreira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Fernanda E Ramos-Alves
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Francine G de Sá
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Gloria P Duarte
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Fabiano E Xavier
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
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Manzur MJ, Aguilera MO, Kotler ML, Berón W, Ciuffo GM. Focal adhesion kinase, RhoA, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase modulates apoptosis mediated by angiotensin II AT 2 receptors. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:1835-1849. [PMID: 30206964 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in cellular processes such as development, differentiation, and homeostasis. Although the participation of angiotensin II (Ang II) AT2 receptors (AT 2 R) in cellular apoptosis is well accepted, the signaling pathway involved in this process is not well established. We evaluated the participation of signaling proteins focal adhesion kinase (FAK), RhoA, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) in apoptosis induced by Ang II via AT 2 R overexpressed in HeLa cells. Following a short stimulation time (120 to 240 minutes) with Ang II, HeLa-AT 2 cells showed nuclear condensation, stress fibers disassembly and membrane blebbing. FAK, classically involved in cytoskeleton reorganization, has been postulated as an early marker of cellular apoptosis. Thus, we evaluated FAK cleavage, detected at early stimulation times (15 to 30 minutes). Apoptosis was confirmed by increased caspase-3 cleavage and enzymatic activity of caspase-3/7. Participation of RhoA was evaluated. HeLa-AT 2 cells overexpressing RhoA wild-type (WT) or their mutants, RhoA V14 (constitutively active form) or RhoA N19 (dominant-negative form) were used to explore RhoA participation. HeLa-AT 2 cells expressing the constitutively active variant RhoA V14 showed enhanced apoptotic features at earlier times as compared with cells expressing the WT variant. RhoA N19 expression prevented nuclear condensation/caspase activation. Inhibition of p38MAPK caused an increase in nuclear condensation and caspase-3/7 activation, suggesting a protective role of p38MAPK. Our results clearly demonstrated that stimulation of AT 2 R induce apoptosis with participation of FAK and RhoA while p38MAPK seems to play a prosurvival role.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Manzur
- Department of Biochemistry and Biological Sci., Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina.,Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas, San Luis (IMIBIO, SL, CONICET), Argentina
| | - Milton O Aguilera
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Mónica L Kotler
- Laboratorio de Disfunción Celular en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas y Nanomedicina, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto deQuímica Biológica Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter Berón
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Gladys M Ciuffo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biological Sci., Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina.,Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas, San Luis (IMIBIO, SL, CONICET), Argentina
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Silva MS, Lúcio-Oliveira F, Mecawi AS, Almeida LF, Ruginsk SG, Greenwood MP, Greenwood M, Vivas L, Elias LLK, Murphy D, Antunes-Rodrigues J. Increased exposure to sodium during pregnancy and lactation changes basal and induced behavioral and neuroendocrine responses in adult male offspring. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/6/e13210. [PMID: 28336818 PMCID: PMC5371570 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive sodium (Na+) intake in modern society has been associated with several chronic disorders such as hypertension. Several studies suggest that early life events can program physiological systems and lead to functional changes in adulthood. Therefore, we investigated behavioral and neuroendocrine responses under basal conditions and after 48 h of water deprivation in adult (60‐day‐old Wistar rats) male, Wistar rats originating from dams were offered only water or 0.15 mol/L NaCl during pregnancy and lactation. Early life salt exposure induced kidney damage, as shown by a higher number of ED‐1 positive cells (macrophages/monocytes), increased daily urinary volume and Na+ excretion, blunted basal water intake and plasma oxytocin levels, and increased plasma corticosterone secretion. When challenged with water deprivation, animals exposed to 0.15 mol/L NaCl during early life showed impaired water intake, reduced salt preference ratio, and vasopressin (AVP) secretion. In summary, our data demonstrate that the perinatal exposure to excessive Na+ intake can induce kidney injury in adult offspring and significantly affect the key mechanisms regulating water balance, fluid intake, and AVP release in response to water deprivation. Collectively, these novel results highlight the impact of perinatal programming on the homeostatic mechanisms regulating fluid and electrolyte balance during exposure to an environmental stress (i.e. dehydration) in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia S Silva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Lúcio-Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre Souza Mecawi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Brazil
| | - Lucas F Almeida
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia G Ruginsk
- Departament of Physiological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Mingkwan Greenwood
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Vivas
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC-CONICET) Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucila L K Elias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Murphy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Brazil
| | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Ou Z, Jiang T, Gao Q, Tian YY, Zhou JS, Wu L, Shi JQ, Zhang YD. Mitochondrial-dependent mechanisms are involved in angiotensin II-induced apoptosis in dopaminergic neurons. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 17:17/4/1470320316672349. [PMID: 27733642 PMCID: PMC5843909 DOI: 10.1177/1470320316672349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: We recently demonstrated that angiotensin II (Ang II) was involved in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) via induction of apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons, but the mechanisms are not completely elucidated. Here, we asked whether mitochondrial-dependent mechanisms contributed to the Ang II-induced dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis. Materials and methods: CATH.a cells were incubated with Ang II in combination with mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists, and apoptosis rate, caspase-3 activity, cytochrome c levels, and mPTP opening were assessed. Results: We showed that Ang II triggered apoptosis via a mitochondrial-dependent pathway, as elevated cytochrome c levels were observed in the cytosol. By employing cyclosporin A and sanglifehrin A, two specific mPTP inhibitors, we revealed that cytochrome c release from mitochondria into cytoplasm was ascribed to mPTP opening. Meanwhile, the aforementioned effects could be abrogated by an AT1 receptor antagonist losartan rather than an AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that Ang II triggers mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis via facilitating mPTP opening through an AT1 receptor-mediated fashion in dopaminergic neurons. These findings give insight into the effect of Ang II in the etiology of PD, and reinforce the application of AT1 receptor antagonists for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Ou
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, PR China
| | - Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, PR China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, PR China
| | - You-Yong Tian
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, PR China
| | - Jun-Shan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, PR China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, PR China
| | - Jian-Quan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, PR China
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8
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Li W, Lv J, Wu J, Zhou X, Jiang L, Zhu X, Tu Q, Tang J, Liu Y, He A, Zhong Y, Xu Z. Maternal high-salt diet altered PKC/MLC20 pathway and increased ANG II receptor-mediated vasoconstriction in adult male rat offspring. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1684-94. [PMID: 26991838 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weisheng Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juanxiu Lv
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jue Wu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiuwen Zhou
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qing Tu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Axin He
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Center for Prenatal Biology, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
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