1
|
Chen H, Li R, Bian J, Li X, Su C, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zheng J, Wang Y, Zhang H. OLFML3 suppresses trophoblast apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT pathway: A possible therapeutic target in preeclampsia. Placenta 2024; 147:1-11. [PMID: 38277999 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy complication that encompasses various pathogenic mechanisms. Shallow implantation of the placenta due to abnormal trophoblast behavior is considered an important mechanism underlying PE; however, its exact etiology remains unclear. METHODS The expression of OLFML3 in the placenta and important clinical indicators were performed, followed by a correlation analysis. The effect of OLFML3 on the behavior of HTR-8/SVneo cells was examined, and the downstream molecular mechanisms of OLFML3 were investigated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Additionally, a rat model of PE was generated by adenovirus injection via the tail vein to verify the role of OLFML3. RESULTS OLFML3 is highly expressed in both syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts and deregulated in preeclamptic placentas. OLFML3 overexpression in HTR-8/SVneo cells promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and impeded apoptosis, and triggered phosphorylation on ser473 of AKT. Conversely, OLFML3 knockdown exerted opposite effects. Furthermore, OLFML3 overexpression ameliorates CoCl2-induced apoptosis of HTR-8/SVneo cells. In a rat model, OLFML3 overexpression alleviates PE-associated maternal symptoms, leading to lower blood pressure, less severe proteinuria, improved fetal growth restriction, as well as upregulation of P-AKT and downregulation of Cleaved caspase3 and Bax. DISCUSSION OLFML3 may alleviate PE development by inhibiting extravillous trophoblast cell apoptosis through the PI3K/AKT pathway. Our findings indicated that OLFML3 may provide a possible therapeutic target for PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruiping Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiangyujing Bian
- Pharmaceutical Research Lab, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Cunjing Su
- Pharmaceutical Research Lab, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Pharmaceutical Research Lab, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongping Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jianqiong Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yeping Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu H, Deng N, Zhao X, Yi C, Wei W, Gong Y. API5-Hsp20 axis regulate apoptosis and viral infection in mud crab ( Scylla paramamosain). Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1323382. [PMID: 38143869 PMCID: PMC10739306 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1323382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis Inhibitor 5 (API5) is a widely concerned nuclear protein with diverse functions in organisms, so far, study of API5 is still quite limited in lower animals, and its role in viral immune response has not been addressed. Here, we explored the function of API5 in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) during White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) infection. The interacting protein Hsp20 of API5 was screened by pull-down assay, and API5 and hsp20 were knocked down by RNAi interference. The results showed that API5 was upregulated along with virus infection, silencing of API5 led to increased WSSV copy numbers and apoptotic rate of hemocytes, highlighting its significance in the immune response. Moreover, we discovered a novel interaction between API5 and Heat Shock Protein 20 (Hsp20), and then revealed that Hsp20 could promote cell apoptosis of hemocytes and reduce viral copy numbers by suppressing API5. The current study therefore improves the knowledge of API5-Hsp20 axis and provides novel insights into intricate mechanisms governing the antiviral response in marine crustaceans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Nan Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinshan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Cheng Yi
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Weiqian Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yi Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Han Z, He X, Feng Y, Jiang W, Zhou N, Huang X. Hsp20 Promotes Endothelial Progenitor Cell Angiogenesis via Activation of PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway under Hypoxia. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 19:1251-1266. [PMID: 36042130 PMCID: PMC9679071 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) is a kind of endogenous tissue engineering technology that lengthens the jaw and opens airway so that a patient can breathe safely and comfortably on his or her own. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are crucial for MDO-related angiogenesis. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that heat shock protein 20 (Hsp20) modulates angiogenesis under hypoxic conditions. However, the specific role of Hsp20 in EPCs, in the context of MDO, is not yet known. The aim of this study was to explore the expression of Hsp20 during MDO and the effects of Hsp20 on EPCs under hypoxia. METHODS Mandibular distraction osteogenesis and mandibular bone defect (MBD) canine model were established. The expression of CD34, CD133, HIF-1α, and Hsp20 in callus was detected by immunofluorescence on day 14 after surgery. Canine bone marrow EPCs were cultured, with or without optimal cobalt chloride (CoCl2) concentration. Hypoxic effects, caused by CoCl2, were evaluated by means of the cell cycle, cell apoptosis, transwell cell migration, and tube formation assays. The Hsp20/KDR/PI3K/Akt expression levels were evaluated via immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR, and western blot. Next, EPCs were incorporated with either Hsp20-overexpression or Hsp20-siRNA lentivirus. The resulting effects were evaluated as described above. RESULTS CD34, CD133, HIF-1α, and Hsp20 were displayed more positive in the callus of MDO compared with MBD. In addition, hypoxic conditions, generated by 0.1 mM CoCl2, in canine EPCs, accelerated cell proliferation, migration, tube formation, and Hsp20 expression. Hsp20 overexpression in EPCs significantly stimulated cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation, whereas Hsp20 inhibition produced the opposite effect. Additionally, the molecular mechanism was partly dependent on the KDR/PI3K/Akt pathway. CONCLUSION In summary, herein, we present a novel mechanism of Hsp20-mediated regulation of canine EPCs via Akt activation in a hypoxic microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Han
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan He
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Feng
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Jiang
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Nuo Zhou
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China.
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuanping Huang
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China.
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang K, Zhang H, Wang F, Gao S, Sun C. HSPA8 Is Identified as a Novel Regulator of Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy by Modulating the β-Arrestin1/A1AR Axis. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:564-577. [PMID: 34582004 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein alpha 8 (HSPA8) was found to be downregulated in the placentas of patients with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP). We aim to explore the underlying role and mechanism of HSPA8 in HDP progression. Herein, HSPA8 mRNA expression in placentas and peripheral blood of patients with HDP and normal pregnant controls was measured with RT-qPCR. We found that HSPA8 expression was downregulated in placentas and peripheral blood of patients with HDP. HTR8/SVneo human trophoblast cells were transfected with pcDNA-HSPA8 or si-HSPA8. HSPA8 overexpression promoted cell proliferation, migration, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein levels, and inhibited apoptosis, while HSPA8 silencing showed the opposite results. Co-immunoprecipitation assay validated the binding between HSPA8 and β-arrestin1, as well as β-arrestin1 and A1AR proteins. HSPA8 bound with β-arrestin1 protein and promoted β-arrestin1 expression. β-arrestin1 bound with A1AR protein and inhibited A1AR expression. Then, HTR8/SVneo cells were transfected with pcDNA-HSPA8 alone or together with si-β-arrestin1, as well as transfected with pcDNA-β-arrestin1 alone or together with pcDNA-A1AR. β-arrestin1 silencing reversed the effects of HSPA8 overexpression on HTR8/SVneo cell functions. β-arrestin1 overexpression promoted cell proliferation migration, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein levels, and inhibited apoptosis, while these effects were reversed by A1AR overexpression. Lentivirus HSPA8 overexpression vector (Lv-HSPA8) was injected into a preeclampsia (PE) rat model, which attenuated blood pressure and fetal detrimental changes in PE rats. In conclusion, HSPA8 promoted proliferation and migration and inhibited apoptosis in trophoblast cells, and attenuated the symptoms of PE rats by modulating the β-arrestin1/A1AR axis. Our study provided a novel theoretical evidence and potential strategy for HDP treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 2, Jingba Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450014, Henan Province, China.
| | - Hailing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 2, Jingba Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450014, Henan Province, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 2, Jingba Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450014, Henan Province, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 2, Jingba Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450014, Henan Province, China
| | - Caiping Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 2, Jingba Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450014, Henan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Correia Y, Scheel J, Gupta S, Wang K. Placental mitochondrial function as a driver of angiogenesis and placental dysfunction. Biol Chem 2021; 402:887-909. [PMID: 34218539 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is a highly vascularized and complex foetal organ that performs various tasks, crucial to a healthy pregnancy. Its dysfunction leads to complications such as stillbirth, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction. The specific cause of placental dysfunction remains unknown. Recently, the role of mitochondrial function and mitochondrial adaptations in the context of angiogenesis and placental dysfunction is getting more attention. The required energy for placental remodelling, nutrient transport, hormone synthesis, and the reactive oxygen species leads to oxidative stress, stemming from mitochondria. Mitochondria adapt to environmental changes and have been shown to adjust their oxygen and nutrient use to best support placental angiogenesis and foetal development. Angiogenesis is the process by which blood vessels form and is essential for the delivery of nutrients to the body. This process is regulated by different factors, pro-angiogenic factors and anti-angiogenic factors, such as sFlt-1. Increased circulating sFlt-1 levels have been linked to different preeclamptic phenotypes. One of many effects of increased sFlt-1 levels, is the dysregulation of mitochondrial function. This review covers mitochondrial adaptations during placentation, the importance of the anti-angiogenic factor sFlt-1in placental dysfunction and its role in the dysregulation of mitochondrial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Correia
- Aston Medical School, College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, BirminghamB4 7ET, UK
| | - Julia Scheel
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, D-18051Rostock, Germany
| | - Shailendra Gupta
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, D-18051Rostock, Germany
| | - Keqing Wang
- Aston Medical School, College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, BirminghamB4 7ET, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu Y, Mi Y, Zhang F, Cheng Y, Wu X. Suppression of bromodomain-containing protein 4 protects trophoblast cells from oxidative stress injury by enhancing Nrf2 activation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:742-753. [PMID: 33094643 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120968857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered a key hallmark of preeclampsia, which causes the dysregulation of trophoblast cells, and it contributes to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Emerging evidence has suggested bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) as a key regulator of oxidative stress in multiple cell types. However, whether BRD4 participates in regulating oxidative stress in trophoblast cells remains undetermined. The current study was designed to explore the potential function of BRD4 in the regulation of oxidative stress in trophoblast cells. Our data revealed that BRD4 expression was elevated in trophoblast cells stimulated with hydrogen peroxide. Exposure to hydrogen peroxide caused marked decreases in the levels of proliferation and invasion but promoted apoptosis and the production of ROS in trophoblast cells. Knockdown of BRD4, or treatment with a BRD4 inhibitor, markedly increased the levels of cell proliferation and invasion and decreased apoptosis and ROS production following the hydrogen peroxide challenge. Further data indicated that suppression of BRD4 markedly decreased the expression levels of Keap1, but increased the nuclear expression of Nrf2 and enhanced Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activity. BRD4 inhibition-mediated protective effects were markedly reversed by Keap1 overexpression or Nrf2 inhibition. Overall, these results demonstrated that BRD4 inhibition attenuated hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress injury in trophoblast cells by enhancing Nrf2 activation via the downregulation of Keap1. Our study highlights the potential importance of the BRD4/Keap1/Nrf2 axis in the modulation of the oxidative stress response in trophoblast cells. Targeted inhibition of BRD4 may offer new opportunities for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches to treat preeclampsia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Mi
- Department of Obstetrics, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of 117799Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yimin Cheng
- The Hospital of Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of 117799Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shao A, Zhou Y, Yao Y, Zhang W, Zhang J, Deng Y. The role and therapeutic potential of heat shock proteins in haemorrhagic stroke. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:5846-5858. [PMID: 31273911 PMCID: PMC6714234 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are induced after haemorrhagic stroke, which includes subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). Most of these proteins function as neuroprotective molecules to protect cerebral neurons from haemorrhagic stroke and as markers to indicate cellular stress or damage. The most widely studied HSPs in SAH are HSP70, haeme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), HSP20 and HSP27. The subsequent pathophysiological changes following SAH can be divided into two stages: early brain injury and delayed cerebral ischaemia, both of which determine the outcome for patients. Because the mechanisms of HSPs in SAH are being revealed and experimental models in animals are continually maturing, new agents targeting HSPs with limited side effects have been suggested to provide therapeutic potential. For instance, some pharmaceutical agents can block neuronal apoptosis signals or dilate cerebral vessels by modulating HSPs. HO-1 and HSP70 are also critical topics for ICH research, which can be attributed to their involvement in pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic potential. However, the process of HO-1 metabolism can be toxic owing to iron overload and the activation of succedent pathways, for example, the Fenton reaction and oxidative damage; the overall effect of HO-1 in SAH and ICH tends to be protective and harmful, respectively, given the different pathophysiological changes in these two types of haemorrhagic stroke. In the present study, we focus on the current understanding of the role and therapeutic potential of HSPs involved in haemorrhagic stroke. Therefore, HSPs may be potential therapeutic targets, and new agents targeting HSPs are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihan Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchuan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|