1
|
Sur S, Ray RB. Bitter Melon ( Momordica Charantia), a Nutraceutical Approach for Cancer Prevention and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2064. [PMID: 32726914 PMCID: PMC7464160 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Many dietary plant products show promising anticancer effects. Bitter melon or bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) is a nutrient-rich medicinal plant cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of many countries. Traditionally, bitter melon is used as a folk medicine and contains many bioactive components including triterpenoids, triterpene glycoside, phenolic acids, flavonoids, lectins, sterols and proteins that show potential anticancer activity without significant side effects. The preventive and therapeutic effects of crude extract or isolated components are studied in cell line-based models and animal models of multiple types of cancer. In the present review, we summarize recent progress in testing the cancer preventive and therapeutic activity of bitter melon with a focus on underlying molecular mechanisms. The crude extract and its components prevent many types of cancers by enhancing reactive oxygen species generation; inhibiting cancer cell cycle, cell signaling, cancer stem cells, glucose and lipid metabolism, invasion, metastasis, hypoxia, and angiogenesis; inducing apoptosis and autophagy cell death, and enhancing the immune defense. Thus, bitter melon may serve as a promising cancer preventive and therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhayan Sur
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA;
| | - Ratna B. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA;
- Cancer Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng HL, Yang MH, Anggriani R, Chang CI. Comparison of Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Structurally Similar Triterpenoids Isolated from Bitter Melon. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701201208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Momordica charantia L., or bitter melon, has been suggested to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. In a previous study, three structurally similar triterpenes, namely 5β,19-epoxy-25-methoxycucurbita-6,23-diene-3β,19-diol (EMCD), 5β,19-epoxy-25-methoxycucurbita-6,23-dien-3β-ol (EMCO), and 5β,19-epoxy-19,25-dimethoxycucurbita-6,23-dien-3β-ol (EDMO), were isolated from bitter melon. EMCD has been shown to exhibit in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activities of EMCD, EMCO, and EDMO were compared. All three compounds were toxic to the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line but not the FL83B cells. EMCD and EMCO inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in FL83B cells, and the IC50 values were 19.8 and 25.7 μM, respectively. By contrast, EDMO did not effectively reduce iNOS expression. Furthermore, EMCD and EMCO suppressed other TNF-α-induced proinflammatory signals including the activation of inhibitor kappa B kinase complex, the phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB, and the activation of c-Jun kinase. EMCD consistently exhibited a higher efficacy than did EMCO in these assays. Hence, the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of EMCD was tested. EMCD clearly repressed 12- O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema in mice. In conclusion, differences in the functional group on carbon 19 do affect the anti-inflammatory activities of EMCD, EMCO, and EDMO. EMCD exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory activity among these molecules, and its in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was confirmed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Ling Cheng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hao Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Rista Anggriani
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Brawijaya University, Jalan Veteran Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Chi-I Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen CR, Liao YW, Kuo YH, Hsu JL, Chang CI. New Norcucurbitane Triterpenoids from Momordica charantia var. abbreviata. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new 27-norcucurbitane triterpenoids, 5β,19-epoxy-3β-hydroxy-19( S)-methoxy-27-norcucurbita-6,23( E)-dien-25-one (1) and 3β-hydroxy-25-oxo-27-norcucurbita-6,23( E)-dien-5β,19-olide (2), together with one known cucurbitane triterpene, 5β,19-epoxycucurbita-6,23( E)-diene-3β,25-diol (3), were isolated from the fruits of Momordica charantia var. abbreviata. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including EI-MS, 1H, 13C, and 2D NMR data and comparison with the data of known analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiy-Rong Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung 95002, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wen Liao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Jue-Liang Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chi-I Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yen PH, Dung DT, Nhiem NX, Le Tuan Anh H, Hang DTT, Yen DTH, Cuc NT, Ban NK, Van Minh C, Van Kiem P. Cucurbitane-type Triterpene Glycosides from the Fruits of Momordica charantia. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new cucurbitane- type triterpene glycosides, charantosides D-G (1–4) were isolated from a methanol extract of Momordica charantia fruits. The structures of these compounds were determined by chemical and spectroscopic methods to be (19 R)-5 β,19-epoxy-25-methoxycucurbita-6,23-diene-3 β,19-diol 3- O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (19 R)-5 β,19-epoxy-25-methoxycucurbita-6,23-diene-3 β,19-diol 3- O-β-D-allopyranoside, 7 β-methoxycucurbita-5,23 E,25-triene-3 β-ol 3- O-β-D-allopyranoside, and 3 β,7 β-dihydroxycucurbita-5,23 E,25-triene-19-al 3- O-β-D-allopyranoside.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pham Hai Yen
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duong Thi Dung
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Xuan Nhiem
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Le Tuan Anh
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dan Thi Thuy Hang
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duong Thi Hai Yen
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Cuc
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ninh Khac Ban
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chau Van Minh
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phan Van Kiem
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|