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Popov RS, Ivanchina NV, Dmitrenok PS. Application of MS-Based Metabolomic Approaches in Analysis of Starfish and Sea Cucumber Bioactive Compounds. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20050320. [PMID: 35621972 PMCID: PMC9147407 DOI: 10.3390/md20050320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, marine natural products are considered one of the main sources of compounds for drug development. Starfish and sea cucumbers are potential sources of natural products of pharmaceutical interest. Among their metabolites, polar steroids, triterpene glycosides, and polar lipids have attracted a great deal of attention; however, studying these compounds by conventional methods is challenging. The application of modern MS-based approaches can help to obtain valuable information about such compounds. This review provides an up-to-date overview of MS-based applications for starfish and sea cucumber bioactive compounds analysis. While describing most characteristic features of MS-based approaches in the context of starfish and sea cucumber metabolites, including sample preparation and MS analysis steps, the present paper mainly focuses on the application of MS-based metabolic profiling of polar steroid compounds, triterpene glycosides, and lipids. The application of MS in metabolomics studies is also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman S. Popov
- Correspondence: (R.S.P.); (P.S.D.); Tel.: +7-423-231-1132 (P.S.D.)
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Silchenko AS, Kalinovsky AI, Avilov SA, Andrijaschenko PV, Popov RS, Chingizova EA, Kalinin VI, Dmitrenok PS. Triterpene Glycosides from the Far Eastern Sea Cucumber Psolus chitonoides: Chemical Structures and Cytotoxicities of Chitonoidosides E 1, F, G, and H. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:696. [PMID: 34940695 PMCID: PMC8708177 DOI: 10.3390/md19120696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Four new triterpene disulfated glycosides, chitonoidosides E1 (1), F (2), G (3), and H (4), were isolated from the Far-Eastern sea cucumber Psolus chitonoides and collected near Bering Island (Commander Islands) at depths of 100-150 m. Among them there are two hexaosides (1 and 3), differing from each other by the terminal (sixth) sugar residue, one pentaoside (4) and one tetraoside (2), characterized by a glycoside architecture of oligosaccharide chains with shortened bottom semi-chains, which is uncommon for sea cucumbers. Some additional distinctive structural features inherent in 1-4 were also found: the aglycone of a recently discovered new type, with 18(20)-ether bond and lacking a lactone in chitonoidoside G (3), glycoside 3-O-methylxylose residue in chitonoidoside E1 (1), which is rarely detected in sea cucumbers, and sulfated by uncommon position 4 terminal 3-O-methylglucose in chitonoidosides F (2) and H (4). The hemolytic activities of compounds 1-4 and chitonoidoside E against human erythrocytes and their cytotoxic action against the human cancer cell lines, adenocarcinoma HeLa, colorectal adenocarcinoma DLD-1, and monocytes THP-1, were studied. The glycoside with hexasaccharide chains (1, 3 and chitonoidoside E) were the most active against erythrocytes. A similar tendency was observed for the cytotoxicity against adenocarcinoma HeLa cells, but the demonstrated effects were moderate. The monocyte THP-1 cell line and erythrocytes were comparably sensitive to the action of the glycosides, but the activity of chitonoidosides E and E1 (1) significantly differed from that of 3 in relation to THP-1 cells. A tetraoside with a shortened bottom semi-chain, chitonoidoside F (2), displayed the weakest membranolytic effect in the series.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vladimir I. Kalinin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.S.S.); (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (P.V.A.); (R.S.P.); (E.A.C.)
| | - Pavel S. Dmitrenok
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.S.S.); (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (P.V.A.); (R.S.P.); (E.A.C.)
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Silchenko AS, Kalinovsky AI, Avilov SA, Andrijaschenko PV, Popov RS, Dmitrenok PS, Chingizova EA, Kalinin VI. Triterpene Glycosides from the Far Eastern Sea Cucumber Thyonidium (=Duasmodactyla) kurilensis (Levin): The Structures, Cytotoxicities, and Biogenesis of Kurilosides A 3, D 1, G, H, I, I 1, J, K, and K 1. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19040187. [PMID: 33801633 PMCID: PMC8066294 DOI: 10.3390/md19040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine new mono-, di-, and trisulfated triterpene penta- and hexaosides, kurilosides A3 (1), D1 (2), G (3), H (4), I (5), I1 (6), J (7), K (8), and K1 (9) and two desulfated derivatives, DS-kuriloside L (10), having a trisaccharide branched chain, and DS-kuriloside M (11), having hexa-nor-lanostane aglycone with a 7(8)-double bond, have been isolated from the Far-Eastern deep-water sea cucumber Thyonidium (=Duasmodactyla) kurilensis (Levin) and their structures were elucidated based on 2D NMR spectroscopy and HR-ESI mass-spectrometry. Five earlier unknown carbohydrate chains and two aglycones (having a 16β,(20S)-dihydroxy-fragment and a 16β-acetoxy,(20S)-hydroxy fragment) were found in these glycosides. All the glycosides 1–9 have a sulfate group at C-6 Glc, attached to C-4 Xyl1, while the positions of the other sulfate groups vary in different groups of kurilosides. The analysis of the structural features of the aglycones and the carbohydrate chains of all the glycosides of T. kurilensis showed their biogenetic relationships. Cytotoxic activities of the compounds 1–9 against mouse neuroblastoma Neuro 2a, normal epithelial JB-6 cells, and erythrocytes were studied. The highest cytotoxicity in the series was demonstrated by trisulfated hexaoside kuriloside H (4), having acetoxy-groups at C(16) and C(20), the latter one obviously compensated the absence of a side chain, essential for the membranolytic action of the glycosides. Kuriloside I1 (6), differing from 4 in the lacking of a terminal glucose residue in the bottom semi-chain, was slightly less active. The compounds 1–3, 5, and 8 did not demonstrate cytotoxic activity due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in their aglycones.
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Silchenko AS, Kalinovsky AI, Avilov SA, Andrijaschenko PV, Popov RS, Dmitrenok PS, Chingizova EA, Ermakova SP, Malyarenko OS, Dautov SS, Kalinin VI. Structures and Bioactivities of Quadrangularisosides A, A 1, B, B 1, B 2, C, C 1, D, D 1-D 4, and E from the Sea Cucumber Colochirus quadrangularis: The First Discovery of the Glycosides, Sulfated by C-4 of the Terminal 3- O-Methylglucose Residue. Synergetic Effect on Colony Formation of Tumor HT-29 Cells of these Glycosides with Radioactive Irradiation. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18080394. [PMID: 32731458 PMCID: PMC7460491 DOI: 10.3390/md18080394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirteen new mono-, di-, and trisulfated triterpene glycosides, quadrangularisosides A-D4 (1-13) have been isolated from the sea cucumber Colochirus quadrangularis, which was collected in Vietnamese waters. The structures of these glycosides were established by 2D NMR spectroscopy and HR-ESI (High Resolution Electrospray Ionization) mass spectrometry. The novel carbohydrate moieties of quadrangularisosides D-D4 (8-12), belonging to the group D, and quadrangularisoside E (13) contain three sulfate groups, with one of them occupying an unusual position-at C(4) of terminal 3-O-methylglucose residue. Quadrangularisosides A (1) and D3 (11) as well as quadrangularisosides A1 (2) and D4 (12) are characterized by the new aglycones having 25-hydroperoxyl or 24-hydroperoxyl groups in their side chains, respectively. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1-13 against mouse neuroblastoma Neuro 2a, normal epithelial JB-6 cells, erythrocytes, and human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells were studied. All the compounds were rather strong hemolytics. The structural features that most affect the bioactivity of the glycosides are the presence of hydroperoxy groups in the side chains and the quantity of sulfate groups. The membranolytic activity of monosulfated quadrangularisosides of group A (1, 2) against Neuro 2a, JB-6 cells, and erythrocytes was relatively weak due to the availability of the hydroperoxyl group, whereas trisulfated quadrangularisosides D3 (11) and D4 (12) with the same aglycones as 1, 2 were the least active compounds in the series due to the combination of these two structural peculiarities. The erythrocytes were more sensitive to the action of the glycosides than Neuro 2a or JB-6 cells, but the structure-activity relationships observed for glycosides 1-13 were similar in the three cell lines investigated. The compounds 3-5, 8, and 9 effectively suppressed the cell viability of HT-29 cells. Quadrangularisosides A1 (2), C (6), C1 (7), and E (13) possessed strong inhibitory activity on colony formation in HT-29 cells. Due to the synergic effects of these glycosides (0.02 μM) and radioactive irradiation (1 Gy), a decreasing of number of colonies was detected. Glycosides 1, 3, and 9 enhanced the effect of radiation by about 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S. Silchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (P.V.A.); (R.S.P.); (P.S.D.); (E.A.C.); (S.P.E.); (O.S.M.); (V.I.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7(423)2-31-40-50
| | - Anatoly I. Kalinovsky
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (P.V.A.); (R.S.P.); (P.S.D.); (E.A.C.); (S.P.E.); (O.S.M.); (V.I.K.)
| | - Sergey A. Avilov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (P.V.A.); (R.S.P.); (P.S.D.); (E.A.C.); (S.P.E.); (O.S.M.); (V.I.K.)
| | - Pelageya V. Andrijaschenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (P.V.A.); (R.S.P.); (P.S.D.); (E.A.C.); (S.P.E.); (O.S.M.); (V.I.K.)
| | - Roman S. Popov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (P.V.A.); (R.S.P.); (P.S.D.); (E.A.C.); (S.P.E.); (O.S.M.); (V.I.K.)
| | - Pavel S. Dmitrenok
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (P.V.A.); (R.S.P.); (P.S.D.); (E.A.C.); (S.P.E.); (O.S.M.); (V.I.K.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Chingizova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (P.V.A.); (R.S.P.); (P.S.D.); (E.A.C.); (S.P.E.); (O.S.M.); (V.I.K.)
| | - Svetlana P. Ermakova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (P.V.A.); (R.S.P.); (P.S.D.); (E.A.C.); (S.P.E.); (O.S.M.); (V.I.K.)
| | - Olesya S. Malyarenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (P.V.A.); (R.S.P.); (P.S.D.); (E.A.C.); (S.P.E.); (O.S.M.); (V.I.K.)
| | - Salim Sh. Dautov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevskogo Street, Vladivostok 690041, Russia;
| | - Vladimir I. Kalinin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (P.V.A.); (R.S.P.); (P.S.D.); (E.A.C.); (S.P.E.); (O.S.M.); (V.I.K.)
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Kamyab E, Goebeler N, Kellermann MY, Rohde S, Reverter M, Striebel M, Schupp PJ. Anti-Fouling Effects of Saponin-Containing Crude Extracts from Tropical Indo-Pacific Sea Cucumbers. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E181. [PMID: 32244281 PMCID: PMC7231054 DOI: 10.3390/md18040181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers are bottom dwelling invertebrates, which are mostly found on subtropical and tropical sea grass beds, sandy reef flats, or reef slopes. Although constantly exposed to fouling communities in these habitats, many species are surprisingly free of invertebrate epibionts and microfouling algae such as diatoms. In our study, we investigated the anti-fouling (AF) activities of different crude extracts of tropical Indo-Pacific sea cucumber species against the fouling diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. Nine sea cucumber species from three genera (i.e., Holothuria, Bohadschia, Actinopyga) were selected and extracted to assess their AF activities. To verify whether the sea cucumber characteristic triterpene glycosides were responsible for the observed potent AF activities, we tested purified fractions enriched in saponins isolated from Bohadschia argus, representing one of the most active anti-fouling extracts. Saponins were quantified by vanillin-sulfuric acid colorimetric assays and identified by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS analyses. We were able to demonstrate that AF activities in sea cucumber extracts were species-specific, and growth inhibition as well as attachment of the diatom to surfaces is dependent on the saponin concentration (i.e., Actinopyga contained the highest quantities), as well as on the molecular composition and structure of the present saponins (i.e., Bivittoside D derivative was the most bioactive compound). In conclusion, the here performed AF assay represents a promising and fast method for selecting the most promising bioactive organism as well as for identifying novel compounds with potent AF activities for the discovery of potentially novel pharmacologically active natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kamyab
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (N.G.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Norman Goebeler
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (N.G.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palmènin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
| | - Matthias Y. Kellermann
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (N.G.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Sven Rohde
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (N.G.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Miriam Reverter
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (N.G.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Maren Striebel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (N.G.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Peter J. Schupp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (N.G.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstrasse 231, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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Omran NE, Salem HK, Eissa SH, Kabbash AM, Kandeil MA, Salem MA. Chemotaxonomic study of the most abundant Egyptian sea-cucumbers using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). CHEMOECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-019-00296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Włodarczyk M, Szumny A, Gleńsk M. Lanostane-Type Saponins from Vitaliana primuliflora. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081606. [PMID: 31018589 PMCID: PMC6515439 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytochemistry of the genera Androsace, Cortusa, Soldanella, and Vitaliana, belonging to the Primulaceae family is not well studied so far. Hence, in this paper, we present the results of UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of several primrose family members as well as isolation and structure determination of two new saponins from Vitaliana primuliflora subsp. praetutiana. These two nor-triterpenoid saponins were characterized as (23S)-17α,23-epoxy-29-hydroxy-3β-[(O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-27-nor-lanost-8-en-25-one and (23S)-17α,23-epoxy-29-hydroxy-3β-[(O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-27-nor-lanost-8-en-25-one, respectively. Their structures were determined by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1D-, and 2D-NMR) analyses. So far, the 27-nor-lanostane monodesmosides were rarely found in dicotyledon plants. Therefore their presence in Vitaliana and also in Androsace species belonging to the Aretia section is unique and reported here for the first time. Additionally, eleven other saponins were determined by HRMS and MS/MS spectra. The isolated lanostane saponins can be considered as chemotaxonomic markers of the family Primulaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Włodarczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Wroclaw Medical University; Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Gleńsk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Wroclaw Medical University; Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Bioactive compounds and biological functions of sea cucumbers as potential functional foods. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Silchenko AS, Kalinovsky AI, Avilov SA, Andryjaschenko PV, Dmitrenok PS, Kalinin VI, Martyyas EA, Minin KV. Fallaxosides C1, C2, D1 and D2, Unusual Oligosulfated Triterpene Glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Cucumaria fallax (Cucumariidae, Dendrochirotida, Holothurioidea) and Taxonomic Status of this Animal. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new triterpene glycosides, fallaxosides C1 (1), C2 (2), D1 (3) and D2 (4) along with the known cucumarioside A3-2 (5) and koreoside A (6) have been isolated from the sea cucumber Cucumaria fallax (Cucumariidae, Dendrochirotida). Structures of the glycosides have been elucidated by 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. All of the glycosides are rare non-holostane derivatives having shortened side chains and contain pentasaccharide carbohydrate moieties with two or three sulfate groups. Structures of these triterpene glycosides and their comparison with those earlier isolated from Cucumaria spp. and Pseudocnus dubiosus leoninus allow us to suggest that the present assignment of C. fallax to the genus Pseudocnus is not correct, and this species should be assigned to the genus Cucumaria. Cytotoxic activity of glycosides 1–5 against the ascite form of mouse Ehrlich carcinoma cells and mouse spleen lymphocytes and hemolytic activity against mouse erythrocytes have been studied. The glycosides were expectedly not active in all the tests due to the absence of an 18(20)-lactone in their aglycones and the presence of several sulfate groups. There was one exception, cucumarioside A3-2 (5), which demonstrated a weak cytotoxicity against lymphocytes and moderate hemolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S. Silchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly I. Kalinovsky
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A. Avilov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Pelageya V. Andryjaschenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel S. Dmitrenok
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir I. Kalinin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A. Martyyas
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill V. Minin
- P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovsky Pr., 36, 117997, Moscow, Russian Federation
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