1
|
Pegiou E, Engel J, Mumm R, Hall RD. Unravelling the seasonal dynamics of the metabolome of white asparagus spears using untargeted metabolomics. Metabolomics 2023; 19:23. [PMID: 36971968 PMCID: PMC10042981 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-01993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The white asparagus season lasts 4 months while the harvest period per field is 8 weeks. Different varieties are better suited for harvesting early or late in the season. Little is known of the dynamics of secondary metabolites of white asparagus during the production season. OBJECTIVE Characterization of the metabolome of white asparagus spears covering volatile and non-volatile composition in relation to quality aspects. METHODS Eight varieties, harvested repeatedly during two consecutive seasons were analysed following an untargeted metabolomics workflow using SPME GC-MS and LC-MS. Linear regression, cluster and network analyses were used to explore the profile dynamics, unravel patterns and study the influence of genotype and environment. RESULTS The metabolite profiles were influenced by the harvest moment and genetic background. Metabolites that significantly changed over time were distributed across seven clusters based on their temporal patterns. Two clusters including monoterpenes, benzenoids and saponins showed the most prominent seasonal changes. The changes depicted by the other five clusters were mainly ≤ 2-fold relative to the harvest start. Known asparagus aroma compounds were found to be relatively stable across the season/varieties. Heat-enhanced cultivation appeared to yield spears early in season with a similar metabolome to those harvested later. CONCLUSION The dynamics of the white asparagus metabolome is influenced by a complex relationship between the onset of spear development, the moment of harvest and the genetic background. The typical perceived asparagus flavour profile is unlikely to be significantly affected by these dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Pegiou
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Engel
- Biometris, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Mumm
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert D Hall
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pegiou E, Zhu Q, Pegios P, De Vos RCH, Mumm R, Hall RD. Metabolomics Reveals Heterogeneity in the Chemical Composition of Green and White Spears of Asparagus ( A. officinalis). Metabolites 2021; 11:708. [PMID: 34677423 PMCID: PMC8538002 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Green and white asparagus are quite different crops but can be harvested from the same plant. They have distinct morphological differences due to their mode of cultivation and they are characterised by having contrasting appearance and flavour. Significant chemical differences are therefore expected. Spears from three varieties of both green and white forms, harvested in two consecutive seasons were analysed using headspace GC-MS and LC-MS with an untargeted metabolomic workflow. Mainly C5 and C8 alcohols and aldehydes, and phenolic compounds were more abundant in green spears, whereas benzenoids, monoterpenes, unsaturated aldehydes and steroidal saponins were more abundant in white ones. Previously reported key asparagus volatiles and non-volatiles were detected at similar or not significantly different levels in the two asparagus types. Spatial metabolomics revealed also that many volatiles with known positive aroma attributes were significantly more abundant in the upper parts of the spears and showed a decreasing trend towards the base. These findings provide valuable insights into the metabolome of raw asparagus, the contrasts between green and white spears as well as the different chemical distributions along the stem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Pegiou
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.P.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qingrui Zhu
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.P.); (Q.Z.)
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ric C. H. De Vos
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.C.H.D.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Roland Mumm
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.C.H.D.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Robert D. Hall
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.P.); (Q.Z.)
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.C.H.D.V.); (R.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mroczek A, Klimczak U, Kowalczyk M. Determination of Saponins in Leaves of Four Swiss Chard ( Beta vulgaris L.) Cultivars by UHPLC-CAD/QTOF-MS/MS. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.31883/pjfns/134623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
4
|
Morán-Velázquez DC, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Bourdon M, Tang JZ, López-Rosas I, Maceda-López LF, Villalpando-Aguilar JL, Rodríguez-López L, Gauthier A, Trejo L, Azadi P, Vilaplana F, Guerrero-Analco JA, Alatorre-Cobos F. Unravelling Chemical Composition of Agave Spines: News from Agave fourcroydes Lem. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121642. [PMID: 33255527 PMCID: PMC7759909 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spines are key plant modifications developed to deal against herbivores; however, its physical structure and chemical composition have been little explored in plant species. Here, we took advantage of high-throughput chromatography to characterize chemical composition of Agave fourcroydes Lem. spines, a species traditionally used for fiber extraction. Analyses of structural carbohydrate showed that spines have lower cellulose content than leaf fibers (52 and 72%, respectively) but contain more than 2-fold the hemicellulose and 1.5-fold pectin. Xylose and galacturonic acid were enriched in spines compared to fibers. The total lignin content in spines was 1.5-fold higher than those found in fibers, with elevated levels of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) subunits but similar S/G ratios within tissues. Metabolomic profiling based on accurate mass spectrometry revealed the presence of phenolic compounds including quercetin, kaempferol, (+)-catechin, and (-)-epicatechin in A. fourcroydes spines, which were also detected in situ in spines tissues and could be implicated in the color of these plants' structures. Abundance of (+)-catechins could also explain proanthocyanidins found in spines. Agave spines may become a plant model to obtain more insights about cellulose and lignin interactions and condensed tannin deposition, which is valuable knowledge for the bioenergy industry and development of naturally dyed fibers, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia C. Morán-Velázquez
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná km 17.5, Sihochac, Campeche 24450, Mexico; (D.C.M.-V.); (L.F.M.-L.); (L.R.-L.)
| | - Juan L. Monribot-Villanueva
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Instituto de Ecología A. C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Xalapa 91070, Mexico;
| | - Matthieu Bourdon
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK;
| | - John Z. Tang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.Z.T.); (P.A.)
| | - Itzel López-Rosas
- CONACYT-Research Fellow Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná km 17.5, Sihochac, Campeche 24450, Mexico;
| | - Luis F. Maceda-López
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná km 17.5, Sihochac, Campeche 24450, Mexico; (D.C.M.-V.); (L.F.M.-L.); (L.R.-L.)
| | | | - Lorena Rodríguez-López
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná km 17.5, Sihochac, Campeche 24450, Mexico; (D.C.M.-V.); (L.F.M.-L.); (L.R.-L.)
| | - Adrien Gauthier
- UniLaSalle—AGHYLE Research Unit UP 2018.C101, 3 Rue du Tronquet—CS 40118-76134, 76134 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France;
| | - Laura Trejo
- CONACYT-Research Fellow Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Instituto de Biología, UNAM, Santa Cruz, Tlaxcala 90640, Mexico;
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.Z.T.); (P.A.)
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - José A. Guerrero-Analco
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Instituto de Ecología A. C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Xalapa 91070, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (J.A.G.-A.); (F.A.-C.)
| | - Fulgencio Alatorre-Cobos
- CONACYT-Research Fellow Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná km 17.5, Sihochac, Campeche 24450, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (J.A.G.-A.); (F.A.-C.)
| |
Collapse
|