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Zhang X, Zhu X, Bi X, Huang J, Zhou L. The Insulin Receptor: An Important Target for the Development of Novel Medicines and Pesticides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7793. [PMID: 35887136 PMCID: PMC9325136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane protein that is activated by ligands in insulin signaling pathways. The IR has been considered as a novel therapeutic target for clinical intervention, considering the overexpression of its protein and A-isoform in multiple cancers, Alzheimer's disease, and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. Meanwhile, it may also serve as a potential target in pest management due to its multiple physiological influences in insects. In this review, we provide an overview of the structural and molecular biology of the IR, functions of IRs in humans and insects, physiological and nonpeptide small molecule modulators of the IR, and the regulating mechanisms of the IR. Xenobiotic compounds and the corresponding insecticidal chemicals functioning on the IR are also discussed. This review is expected to provide useful information for a better understanding of human IR-related diseases, as well as to facilitate the development of novel small-molecule activators and inhibitors of the IR for use as medicines or pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiguang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticides & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.B.)
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticides & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.B.)
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Tang J, Liang G, Dong S, Shan S, Zhao M, Guo X. Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Normalization in Athetis dissimilis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Under Different Conditions. Front Physiol 2022; 13:842195. [PMID: 35273523 PMCID: PMC8902415 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.842195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reference genes are the key to study gene expression patterns using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). No studies on the reference genes of Athetis dissimilis, an important agricultural pest, have been reported. In order to determine the reference genes for qRT-PCR normalization in A. dissimilis under different conditions, 10 candidate genes [18S ribosomal protein (18S), 28S ribosomal protein (28S), arginine kinase (AK), elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ribosomal protein L32 (RPL32), ribosomal protein L40 (RPL40), alpha-tubulin (α-TUB), beta-actin (β-ACT), and beta-tubulin (β-TUB)] of A. dissimilis were selected to evaluate their stability as reference genes under different biotic and abiotic conditions by using five tools, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, ΔCt, and RefFinder. Furthermore, CSP1 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were used as target genes to validate the candidate reference genes. The results showed that different reference genes were needed under different experimental conditions, among which, EF-1α, RPL40, and 18S are most suitable reference genes for studying genes related development stages of A. dissimilis, RPL40 and α-TUB for larval tissues, α-TUB and 28S for adult tissues, EF-1α and β-ACT for insecticidal treatments, β-ACT and 28S for temperature treatments, EF-1α and β-ACT for starvation treatments, RPL40 and 18S for dietary treatments, and 18S, 28S, and α-TUB for all the samples. These results provide suitable reference genes for studying gene expression in A. dissimilis under different experimental conditions, and also lay the foundation for further research into the function of related genes in A. dissimilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Tang
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gemei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoqi Dong
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuang Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Man Zhao
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianru Guo
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Che ZP, Yang JM, Sun D, Tian YE, Liu SM, Lin XM, Jiang J, Chen GQ. Combinatorial Synthesis of A Series of Paeonol-based Phenylsulfonyl hydrazone Derivatives as Insecticidal Agents. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 23:232-238. [DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200127121129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Plant secondary metabolites play an essential role in the discovery of
novel insecticide due to their unique sources and potential target sites. Paeonol, the main phenolic
components in Moutan Cortex, is recognized as a safe and potent botanical insecticide to many
insects. The structural modification of paeonol in this study into phenylsulfonylhydrazone
derivatives is proved an effective approach for the development of novel insecticides, those
derivatives being more toxic than paeonol. However, there have been no reports on the insecticidal
activity of paeonol-based phenylsulfonylhydrazone derivatives in controlling Mythimna separata.
Methods:
We have been working to discover biorational natural products-based insecticides.
Twelve novel paeonol-based phenylsulfonylhydrazone derivatives have been successfully prepared
by structural modification of paeonol, and the insecticidal activity against M. separata by the leafdipping
method at the concentration of 1 mg/mL has been evaluated.
Results:
Insecticidal activity revealed that out of 12 title compounds, derivatives 5c and 5f
displayed the best against M. separate with the FMR both of 53.6% than toosendanin (FMR =
50.0%).
Conclusion:
The results suggested that for the paeonol-based phenylsulfonylhydrazone series
derivatives, the proper substituent of arylsulfonyl R at the hydroxyl position of paeonol was very
important for their insecticidal activity. These preliminary results will pave the way for further
modification of paeonol in the development of potential new insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ping Che
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Jin-Ming Yang
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Di Sun
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Yue-E Tian
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Sheng-Ming Liu
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Min Lin
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Jia Jiang
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Gen-Qiang Chen
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
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Che Z, Yang J, Sun D, Tian Y, Liu S, Lin X, Jiang J, Chen G. Combinatorial Synthesis of Novel 9R-Acyloxyquinine Derivatives as Insecticidal Agents. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 23:111-118. [PMID: 31958039 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200120112714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is one of the effective ways for pesticide innovation to develop new insecticides from natural products as lead compounds. Quinine, the main alkaloid in the bark of cinchona tree as well as in plants in the same genus, is recognized as a safe and potent botanical insecticide to many insects. The structural modification of quinine into 9R-acyloxyquinine derivatives is a potential approach for the development of novel insecticides, which showed more toxicity than quinine. However, there are no reports on the insecticidal activity of 9Racyloxyquinine derivatives to control Mythimna separata. METHODS Endeavor to discover biorational natural products-based insecticides, 20 novel 9Racyloxyquinine derivatives were prepared and assessed for their insecticidal activity against M. separata in vivo by the leaf-dipping method at 1 mg/mL. RESULTS Among all the compounds, especially derivatives 5i, 5k and 5t exhibited the best insecticidal activity with final mortality rates of 50.0%, 57.1%, and 53.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION Overall, a free 9-hydroxyl group is not a prerequisite for insecticidal activity and C9- substitution is well tolerated; modification of out-ring double-bond is acceptable, and hydrogenation of double-bond enhances insecticidal activity; Quinine ring is essential and open of it is not acceptable. These preliminary results will pave the way for further modification of quinine in the development of potential new insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Che
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Jinming Yang
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Di Sun
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuee Tian
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Shengming Liu
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaomin Lin
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Jia Jiang
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Genqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
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