Growth, productivity and phytochemicals of Coriander in responses to foliar application of Acacia saligna fruit extract as a biostimulant under field conditions

The application of natural extracts to vegetable plants can increase production, optimize nutrient and water uptake, and mitigate the effects of stress on vegetable plants by enhancing primary and secondary metabolism. In this study, Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L.Wendl. fruit aqueous extract (FAE) was applied as a foliar application to assess and demonstrate its effects on growth, productivity, and phytochemicals of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) plants. A. saligna FAE (2%, 4%, and 6%), each combined with 50% of the recommended dose of N fertilizer was applied to coriander plants over the course of two successive seasons in the field. These treatments were compared with the control treatment, which used a 100% recommended dose of N. The four tested treatments were set up in a randomized complete block design with three replicates for a total of 12 experimental plots. Each replicate (experimental plot) was 3 m2 (2 × 1.5 m2) in size and included 300 seeds/m2. The phytochemicals were examined using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods, where the essential oils (EOs) extracted from leaves were analyzed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while the phenolic and flavonoid compounds were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). With the application of A. saligna FAE (4%) + 50% N fertilizer, the levels of total solid content, total carbohydrates, total protein, total phenols, and total antioxidant activity, as well as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a + b, and carotenoids, were increased at harvest. The treatment A. saligna FAE at 6% + 50% N fertilizer did not observe significant improvement in the growth parameters of coriander plants because of the anticipated allelopathic effects. By GC-MS analysis, the major compounds in the EO from control treatment were 2-octyn-1-ol (23.93%), and 2-butyl-1-octanol (8.80%), in treated plants with 2% of A. saligna FAE + 50% N fertilizer were (E)-2-decen-1-ol (32.00%), and 1-methoxymethoxy-oct-2-yne (13.71%), in treated plants with 4% A. saligna FAE + 50% N fertilizer were E-2-undecen-1-ol (32.70%), and 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexene (8.91%), and in the treated plants with A. saligna FAE (6%) + 50% N fertilizer were phytol (80.44%), and (Z)6,(Z)9-pentadecadien-1-ol (13.75%). The flavonoid components 7-hydroxyflavone, naringin, rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin, and catechin were presented with variable concentrations according to the treatments utilized as identified by HPLC analysis from the methanol extracts of the treated plants with the combination treatments of A. saligna FAE (2, 4, and 6%) and N fertilization (50% from the recommended dose) and control coriander plants (100% N recommended dose). The combination of 50% N fertilizer treatment and the biostimulant A. saligna FAE (4%) seems to improve coriander plant growth while simultaneously lowering N fertilizer consumption. Future research will be needed to further study the effectiveness of several concentrations of A. saligna FAE in various conditions and/or species.

Construction of network pharmacology-based approach and potential mechanism from major components of Coriander sativum L. against COVID-19

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Despite the fact that various therapeutic compounds have shown potential prevention or treatment, no specific medicine has been developed for the COVID-19 pandemic. Natural products have recently been suggested as a possible treatment option for COVID-19 prevention and treatment. This study focused on the potential of Coriander sativum L. (CSL) against COVID-19 based on network pharmacology approach. Interested candidates of CSL were identified by searching accessible databases for protein–protein interactions with the COVID-19. An additional GO and KEGG pathway analysis was carried out in order to identify the related mechanism of action. In the end, 51 targets were obtained through network pharmacology analysis with EGFR, AR, JAK2, PARP1, and CTSB become the core target. CSL may have favorable effects on COVID-19 through a number of important pathways, according to GO and KEGG pathway analyses. These findings suggest that CSL may prevent and inhibit the several processes related to COVID-19.

Extraction, characterization, and in vivo antitumor activity of a novel polysaccharide from Coriandrum sativum L

A novel polysaccharide was extracted from Coriandrum sativum L. at a yield of 4.56 ± 0.17% (n = 3). The extraction was optimized using response surface methodology: powder-to-liquid ratio 1:21 g/ml, extraction time 188 min, temperature 81°C, and three replicate extractions. The purified polysaccharide had an average molecular weight of 1.30 × 10⁶  Da and was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, and galacturonic acid in molar ratios of 1.52: 8.14: 20.85: 1: 2.42 with α-L-Araf-(1→, →6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-α-GalpA-(1→ and →2, 4)-α-Rhap-(1→). In vivo tests demonstrated that the polysaccharide suppressed H22 tumor growth in mice and protected the immune organs. Annexin V-FITC/PI, PI, and JC-1 staining showed that the primary mechanism of tumor inhibition was the induction of apoptosis and S-phase arrest with apoptosis achieved via a mitochondrial pathway. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Coriandrum sativum L. is used as a culinary spice but its medicinal value has also been widely recognized. A novel polysaccharide was extracted from this herbaceous plant and its structure and bioactivity were investigated. This high-molecular-weight polysaccharide exhibited antitumor effects against H22 cells in mice and had potential to be developed as an anti-liver cancer medicine and functional food supplement.

Chemical Composition of Fresh Leaves Headspace Aroma and Essential Oils of Four Coriander Cultivars

Aroma is one of the key food characteristics determining consumers' perception and acceptability of products. Coriandrum sativum L. is an aromatic herb commonly used as a food additive and taste enhancer. Besides the culinary applications, coriander is also used in traditional medicine, cosmetics, and the food industry. In this study, we aimed to determine aroma composition of fresh chopped leaves and essential oils extracted from the leaves of four coriander cultivars. The essential oils were extracted from the fresh leaves using steam distillation and volatile aroma components were collected from the headspace by solid phase micro extraction technique. Analyses were carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Free radical scavenging activity of essential oils was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. The essential oils were also investigated for their anti-microbial potential. The aroma of freshly chopped coriander leaves was characterized by thirteen compounds, including six aldehydes, four alcohols, one ester and one hydrocarbon. The essential oils were comprised of twenty-seven compounds, where (E)-2-decenal, decanal, (E)-2-dodecenal and (E)-2-tetradecenal were the main components in all cultivars. Free radical scavenging activity of the essential oil samples was in the range of 6-15%. The essential oils of Desi and Hybrid cultivars exhibited least minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against all tested bacterial strains. Fresh green leaves of the Desi and Peshawari cultivars were found to be the richest in six carbon chain length alcohols and acetates, which are important constituents of the aroma giving a characteristic odor referred to as the "green note." The Hybrid cultivar showed the highest free radical scavenging activity, bearing the highest amount of antioxidants. The study revealed that the fresh leaves HS aroma of Desi and Hybrid cultivars were different, however, their essential oils possessed almost similar chemistry and anti-bacterial activity.

In Vitro Potential of Clary Sage and Coriander Essential Oils as Crop Protection and Post-Harvest Decay Control Products

Owing to their various application fields and biological properties, natural products and essential oils (EO) in particular are nowadays attracting more attention as alternative methods to control plant pathogens and pests, weeds, and for post-harvest applications. Additionally, to overcome EO stability issues and low persistence of effects, EO encapsulation in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) could represent a promising avenue. Thus, in this work, the EO distilled from two aromatic plants (Salvia sclarea L. and Coriandrum sativum L.) have been evaluated in vitro for their antifungal, herbicidal and insecticidal activities, against major plant pathogens and pests of agronomical importance. Both plants were grown on unpolluted and trace-element-polluted soils, so as to investigate the effect of the soil pollution on the EO compositions and biological effects. These EO are rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (clary sage and coriander seeds EO), or aliphatic aldehydes (coriander aerial parts EO), and were unaltered by the soil pollution. The tested EO successfully inhibited the growth of two phytopathogenic fungi, Zymoseptoria tritici and Fusarium culmorum, displaying IC₅₀ ranging from 0.46 to 2.08 g L⁻¹, while also exerting anti-germinative, herbicidal, repellent and fumigant effects. However, no improvement of the EO biological effects was observed in the presence of β-CD, under these in vitro experimental conditions. Among the tested EO, the one from aerial parts of coriander displayed the most significant antifungal and herbicidal effects, while the three of them exerted valuable broad-range insecticidal effects. As a whole, these findings suggest that EO produced on polluted areas can be of great interest to the agricultural area, given their faithful chemical compositions and valuable biological effects.

Encapsulation of Natural Bioactive Compounds by Electrospinning-Applications in Food Storage and Safety

Packaging is used to protect foods from environmental influences and microbial contamination to maintain the quality and safety of commercial food products, to avoid their spoilage and to extend their shelf life. In this respect, bioactive packaging is developing to additionally provides antibacterial and antioxidant activity with the same goals i.e., extending the shelf life while ensuring safety of the food products. New solutions are designed using natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents such as essential oils, some polysaccharides, natural inorganic nanoparticles (nanoclays, oxides, metals as silver) incorporated/encapsulated into appropriate carriers in order to be used in food packaging. Electrospinning/electrospraying are receiving attention as encapsulation methods due to their cost-effectiveness, versatility and scalability. The electrospun nanofibers and electro-sprayed nanoparticles can preserve the functionality and protect the encapsulated bioactive compounds (BC). In this review are summarized recent results regarding applications of nanostructured suitable materials containing essential oils for food safety.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Clary Sage and Coriander Essential Oils Produced on Polluted and Amended Soils-Phytomanagement Approach

The potential of essential oils (EO), distilled from two aromatic plants—clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)—in view of applications as natural therapeutic agents was evaluated in vitro. These two were cultivated on a trace element (TE)-polluted soil, as part of a phytomanagement approach, with the addition of a mycorrhizal inoculant, evaluated for its contribution regarding plant establishment, growth, and biomass production. The evaluation of EO as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, with considerations regarding the potential influence of the TE-pollution and of the mycorrhizal inoculation on the EO chemical compositions, were the key focuses. Besides, to overcome EO bioavailability and target accession issues, the encapsulation of EO in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was also assessed. Firstly, clary sage EO was characterized by high proportions of linalyl acetate (51–63%) and linalool (10–17%), coriander seeds EO by a high proportion of linalool (75–83%) and lesser relative amounts of γ-terpinene (6–9%) and α-pinene (3–5%) and coriander aerial parts EO by 2-decenal (38–51%) and linalool (22–39%). EO chemical compositions were unaffected by both soil pollution and mycorrhizal inoculation. Of the three tested EO, the one from aerial parts of coriander displayed the most significant biological effects, especially regarding anti-inflammatory potential. Furthermore, all tested EO exerted promising antioxidant effects (IC₅₀ values ranging from 9 to 38 g L⁻¹). However, EO encapsulation in β-CD did not show a significant improvement of EO biological properties in these experimental conditions. These findings suggest that marginal lands polluted by TE could be used for the production of EO displaying faithful chemical compositions and valuable biological activities, with a non-food perspective.

Nematocidal Effects of a Coriander Essential Oil and Five Pure Principles on the Infective Larvae of Major Ovine Gastrointestinal Nematodes In Vitro

The anthelmintic effects of extracted coriander oil and five pure essential oil constituents (geraniol, geranyl acetate, eugenol, methyl iso-eugenol, and linalool) were tested, using larval motility assay, on the third-stage larvae (L3s) of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus vitrinus and Cooperia oncophora. Coriander oil and linalool, a major component of tested coriander oil, showed a strong inhibitory efficacy against all species, except C. oncophora with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) that ranged from 0.56 to 1.41% for the coriander oil and 0.51 to 1.76% for linalool. The coriander oil and linalool combinations conferred a synergistic anthelmintic effect (combination index [CI] <1) on larval motility comparable to positive control (20 mg/mL levamisole) within 24 h (p < 0.05), reduced IC50 values to 0.11-0.49% and induced a considerable structural damage to L3s. Results of the combined treatment were validated by quantitative fluorometric microplate-based assays using Sytox green, propidium iodide and C12-resazurin, which successfully discriminated live/dead larvae. Only Sytox green staining achieved IC50 values comparable to that of the larval motility assay. The cytotoxicity of the combined coriander oil and linalool on Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells was evaluated using sulforhodamine-B (SRB) assay and showed no significant cytotoxic effect at concentrations < 1%. These results indicate that testing essential oils and their main components may help to find new potential anthelmintic compounds, while at the same time reducing the reliance on synthetic anthelmintics.